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i) accepting stolen articles at cheaper rates, ii) instigating others to steal, iii) acquiring property in a country which is hostile to our own. Even grass or wood obtained under such circumstances must be regarded as stolen.44 Even transgressing the frontiers forbidden by the State is an infraction of this vow.46 Black market is covered under this aticara. kūţa-tula-kūța-mana : using false weights and measures and taking exhorbitant interest on loans is an infraction of this vow.
These Aticaras are mainly concerned as a warning to the community in which individuals and groups are likely to violate the five vows here and there. Similar infractions of this Vrata have been mentioned with reference to officials as well in the state. Corrupt officials are also to be considered as thieves. 46
4. Brahma-vşata is important in Jaina ethics. It has been considered from the points of view of personal efforts for salvation and of social health. Detailed classification of the vows and their infractions have been worked out. In their analysis we find psychological acumen. The Vrata has negative and positive aspects. In the negative aspect a house-holder has to abstain from sexual contact with other's wife (paradara-gamana), and positively he has to be satisfied with his own wife. He cannot even arrange marriages of other women, except in the case of his own children. He should avoid sex literature and sex brooding. The aticáras of this Vșata cover most aspects of sexual deviation including that with the lower animals and even with inanimate objects like the figures of women. From the earliest days of Jainism, the horror or incest has been constantly felt, as described by Haribhadra, 47 while mentioning the desastrous consequences of the violation of this vşata.
The Jaina theory of ahimsa has influenced the way of Indian thought for centuries, Gandhiji's Satyagặaha was built on the Jaina conception of ahimsa. Zimmer says that Gandhiji's progress of Satyagraha as an expression of ahirsa is a serious very brace and potentially vastly powerful modern experiment in the ancient Hindu science. 48
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