Most Ancient Aryan Society

Author(s): Ram Chandra Jain
Publisher: Institute of Bharatalogical Research Sriganganagar Rajasthan

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4.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
The state in the modern sense had not emerged in this region in those times still the people had evolved such political institutions as the basic character tem in Ancient of their society needed for its preservation and growth.
Republican Sys
Egypt
At the dawn of history, the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are united by a great personage called Menes. He certainly achieved the unity of the realm. He was the establisher of what is miscalled Old Kingdom. This age may truly be termed as the Old Republic. It lasted between 2850-2200 B.C.1 Menes, Mena or m'na
means the establisher of the station'. He is neither the king nor the founder of the unity of the whole of Egypt but only an 'Establisher'. He is the person who is known as the first Pharaoh in the glorious history of Egypt. At first no single minister stood between the Pharaoh and the various branches of administration. There was no Grand Vizier. Under the fourth Dynesty, however, the vizierata was introduced but only to be occupied by a confidant of the Pharaoh. The Egyptian state, the State had definitely existed then in its original form, was divided into various nomarches. Nomarch was the local administrator resembling the modern pattern of a provincial executive head. A nomarch of the Fifth Dynasty, Nesutnefer, is marked by his title as "Leader of the Land" (i.e. Province). This title establishes a significant fact that a provincial ruler acted with the consent of the people. He 'led' them; he did not govern them. Perhaps the people selected him and the Pharaoh nominated him. He enjoyed the confidence of both the pharaoh and the people. The sovereignty resided in the people.