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CHAPTER-IX
439
feels more perturbed, sometimes less perturbed. When he feels less perturbed, he believes himself to be happy. People also say - "He is happy"; but in reality so long as there is rise of Moha, he is not happy.
Further, it should be known that even in mundane existence one is said to be happy on lessening of perturbedness and one is called miserable on increase in perturbedness. Happiness-unhappiness is not caused by association of external objects. For example, some pauper acquired weath, here also he is called happy due to lessening of perturbedness and he also treats himself to be happy. And a very rich person suffered some loss of wealth; there he is called unhappy due to increase in perturbedness and he also believes himself to be unhappy.
One should know the same all everywhere.
Moreover, the decrease-increase in perturbedness too is not in accordance with association of external things, rather it is according to the decrease-increase in passions. For example, someone possesses less wealth and he feels contented. Therefore, he is less perturbed. And someone possesses enough wealth but is avarice (greedy) then he is found to be more perturbed. Further, someone highly abused somebody but he did not become angry, then he is not found perturbed and ifone becomes angry even by a little abuse, then he feels highly perturbed. For example, although the cow has no expectation from its calf, yet it entertains intense feeling of attachment towards it; therefore, the cow is highly perturbed due to the feeling of protecting it. Further, the body of the warrior is useful in many ways but due to rise of pride passion, etc., if the Moha (attachment) towards body, etc. gets lessened in the battle-field then he feels less perturbed even in the event of death. Hence, it should be ascertained that even in mundane existence happiness & sorrow are believed to be caused only on lessening and increase in perturbedness. And decrease-increase in perturbedness is caused by decreaseincrease in attachment passions, etc..
Further, happiness and sorrow are not caused by other external substances. Desire arises in a person out of passions and if external things are obtained as per his desire, then due to some lessening of passions, perturbedness is reduced, then he feels happy; and when
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