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DECEMBER, 1895.]
ESSAYS ON KASMIRI GRAMMAR.
VI. Sri-Vira-Rama Kêralavarman in 384 and 389 M. E. VII. Sri-Vira-Ravi-Kêralavarman in 410 M. E. VIII. Sri-Vira-Padmanabha-Martânḍavarman in 427 M. E.
IX. Sri-Udaiyamârtânḍavarman II. alias Vira Pandyadeva in 491 M. E.
It will be observed, in this list of the early sovereigns of Travancore, whose names and dates the inscriptions have served to bring to light, I have not included the doubtful case of Sri-Vira-Kêralavarman II. of the Arringal fragments, or of Kôda-Martânda, who seems to have taken part in the institution of the Kollam era in 824 A. D. That these names and dates by themselves will not constitute the history of the two centuries under investigation, needs no saying. But that they will stand in good stead when the history of the epoch comes to he written, is my humble hope and trust.
ESSAYS ON KASMIRI GRAMMAR.1 BY THE LATE KARL FRIEDRICH BURKHARD. Translated and edited, with notes and additions, by G. A. Grierson, Ph.D., C.I.E., I.C.S.
NO. I. THE VERB.
A. INTRODUCTORY.
AUTHORITIES.
1 I. Printed (1) Texts
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337
(a) Ns. The Holy Bible, translated into the Kashmeera Language by the Serampore missionaries. Vol. V. containing the New Testament; Serampore 1821 (in Sâradâ characters).
,The Four Gospels, Lodiana متی, مرقسه, لوقا, يوحنا سنز انجيل = .b) Np)
1882 [in Persian (ta'liq) characters].2
(c) K. A Dictionary of Kashmiri proverbs and sayings, by the Rev. J. Hinton Knowles, Bombay, 1885.3
(2) Grammars and Dictionaries
(a) Ed. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Cashmiri Language, by M. P. Edgeworth; J. A. S. B., Vol. X.; Calcutta, 1841 (in the Roman character).
(b) L. Grammar of the Cashmeeree Language, by Major R. Leech, J. A. S. B., Vols. XIII., XIV.; Calcutta, 1844 (in the Roman character).
(c) B. Grammar contained in Dr. Bühler's Detailed Report of a Tour in search of Sanskrit MSS. in Kasmir. J. R. A. S., Bo. Br., for 1877 (in the Roman character).
1 This series of three valuable essays on the Kamiri Language, dealing respectively with the Verb, the Noun, and the Preposition, appeared originally in the Proceedings of Royal Bavarian Academy of Science, for 1887, 1898, and 1899. They are republished in an English dress by the courteous permission of that body and of the 'heirs of the learned author. The translator wishes to record his acknowledgments to Prof. Kuhn of Munich for his kind offices in obtaining the necessary permission. Additions by the translator are enclosed in square brackets. [There are also several publications of the Brinagar missionaries; some in the Persian, and some in the Roman character; including a very useful church-service for Native Christians in the Roman character. The student must be warned against Ns. It is full of serious blunders.- TRANS.]
The proverbs and sayings are in the Roman character. As might be expected from the contents, the language is often extremely elliptical, and appears to resemble closely the colloquial. The work is not of much value from the point of view of grammar, but is of the highest importance from that of lexicography. The English transaltions are not always literal, as indeed was often not possible.
