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DECEMBER, 1895.)
ESSAYS ON KASMIRI GRAMMAR
343
!h becomes chh, e. g., byúlu, seated, fem. bíchk. t becomes ts, e. g., sotu, silly, fem. sæts. th becomes tsh, e. g., mothu, anointed, fem. matsh. d becomes 2, e. g., thodu, high, fem. thax. a becomes j, e. g., lodu, bailt, fem. laj or las. → becomes fi, e. g., kurts, alone, fem. kuni.
2 becomes j, e.g., wózulu, red, fem, wózaj. (5) The following vowel changes occur in declension and conjugation. Some have been already described above :
a becomes a in certain feminine nouns, e. g., xifrat, a favour, pl. ni'mats (regarding
the change of t to és, see above), and in forming feminines, e. 9. khar, an ass,
khar, a she-ass. a becomes o in verbs, e. g., pakar, to go, Aorist poleu.
becomes a in certain feminine nouns, e. g., gal, a sheep, pl. gabi. á becomes ô in feminine monosyllabic nouns and in forming the feminine of adjectives,
e. g., rát, night, pl. röts; ásánu, easy, fem, ásóri. á becomes 6 in verbs, e. g., márun, to kill; aor, moru. i, see e. i becomes u in verbs, e. g, chirun, to squeeze ; aor. chúru. a becomes a in masc, nouns, e. 9., kokur, a cock, dat. Teokaras.
(often confused with o, q. v.) becomes , e. 9., 10 sulu, red, fem. wózaj. u becomes , e. g., kuru, red, fem, kúr. u bocomes e, e. 9., loôtær, a pigeon, fem. Tôter. a becomes o, e. g., hunt, a dog, pl. honi. a becomes 6, e. 9., krurt, a well, pl. kröri. á (sometimes written 8) becomes o in certain feminine nouns, e. g., leur, daughter,
pl. kóri. i and become yu or in verbs, e.g., hekun, to be able; aor. huku. ē becomes yu ord in verbs, e. g., phêrun, to turn; aor. phiru. o (often confused with 1, q. v.) becomes ?, e. . bodu, big, fem. bad. o becomes e, e. g., vyotu, fat, fem, oyet; adoru, damp. fem, ader. o becomes to in verbs, e. 9., wothun, to rise ; aor, wuthu. ô (sometimes written a) becomes , e. 9., mô!u, thick, fem. ma!. 6 becomes a, e. 9., t8ôngu, a lamp, instr. pl. tsángiu. 6 becomes 8, e. 9., khônkhu, one who speaks through his nose, pl. khönkhi; ,
beloved, fem. ô!. ô becomes 1 in verbs, e. 9., sốzun, to send, aor. sizu. ô becomes & in all feminine nouns, e. g., dòr, a beard, pl. déri; also in certain masc
pl. forms, yu becomes i, o. g., phyuru, a drop, dat. phiris. yu becomes i, e. g., nyúlu, blue, fem. nij. Sometimes also, å, e. g., apazyúru, false,
fem. apazôr. With reference to the above it must be remembered that i is often pronounced e, and 0, 0, and vice versa.
(6) The soft aspirates gh, dh, dh, and bh have almost completely disappeared, the corresponding unaspirated letters being substituted for them. Thus, guru, a horse, for ghuru, Prakrit ghóds, Skr. ghôļakah; bôi, a brother = Hindi bhái. The soft aspirate jh has become softened to %, e. g., bôsun, to hear, cf, Skr. budhya-le, Pr. bujjha-i.
(7) As in other Indo-Aryan Vernaculars, the cerebral has almost completely disappeared, and n is substituted for it. Thus, kan, the ear, Pr, kauno, Skr, karnah.]
