________________
DEC. 6, 1872.]
have in the Naipâlî past tense, 'pugyo.' This form 'pugyo', then stands for an original form pu+krita. From the past part. passive 'pugya', the secondary base puga' is derived, as ubha' from 'ubhya;' and from the secondary base 'puga' the verb 'puganâ' is derived. In the next place, this result is confirmed by an examination of the verb pukâranâ.' We have seen that the causal of 'ubhana' is ubhâranâ'. On the assumption, that the element' ganâ' of puganâ' be identical with 'kanâ' and a derivative of the root 'kara' (or kri), if we form a causal of 'puganâ' (or its origi-pahoňka' and a secondary verb 'pahonkana'
or pahun.' The original Sanskrit past participle from which the secondary verb ' puganâ' is derived, must have been pârávankrita or pârévekrita. I think, for reasons which it would take too long to detail here, that it was the latter pârávekrita. This form would be represented in Prâkrit by passammi kiä or pahammi kiä. The latter form would change in old Gaurian to 'pahâmkya' or pahâñkya;' and of these again the latter would change in Modern Gaurian to pahoňkya.* And finally from this form, a secondary base
6
would be derived. This form 'pahonkanâ' or slightly modified pahûnkanâ' or 'pahuňkanâ,' must have been (at all events ideally) the form of the verb on which all the different Gaurian modifications of it are founded. These modifications most probably took place very early. In Marathi, Hindi, and Panjâbî the guttural changed to the palatal, thus we obtain the forms, Marathi-'pahoúchanen,' Hindi-' pahunchanâ,' Panjâbî pahunchanâ' which are also sometimes met with in a slightly corrupted form without the anuswára pahuchanâ' and 'pahuchanâ.' Next the element pahûn' (pahu) or' pahun' (pahu) was contracted to pû or pu, and at the same time the hard guttural was in Naipâlî and (low) Hindi softened to TT, and the hard palatalin Panjabi to T, thus we obtain the Marâth form pûchanen,' the Hindî 'puganâ,' Marwârî also pugavon,' the Naipâlî 'pûganu," and the Panjabi pujanâ' or 'pujjanâ.' The change of gutturals to palatals is rather common in the Aryan family of languages (see Bopp, Comp. Gramm. §. 13, 14); and it is not without example in the Indo-Aryan branch of it itself; e.g., the Sanskrit 'kirâta' a savage, becomes in Prâkrit chilâda'; the Prâkrit 'kiö' (for Sanskrit
GAURIAN VERBS.
"
nal form pukanâ') analogous to the causal 'ubhâranâ' of 'ubhanâ,' we obtain the form 'pukârana. Now this assumed causal really exists, and is, in fact, nothing else but the verb pukaranâ,' mentioned above. For 'pukâranâ' means to call, and "to call some one" means really nothing else but "to cause some one (by means of the voice) to arrive." The verb ' pukâranâ' originally must have had a wider meaning, i.e. in general "to cause to arrive." In course of time its use and meaning was restricted to a particular mode of causing to arrive, viz., by means of the voice.
4
Having thus discovered the origin of the element 'ganâ,' the next question is what is the origin of the other clement' pu' or 'pahun.' We have already seen that the Naipâlî past tense 'pugyo' represents a Sanskrit form pu+kritaḥ; just as ubhyo' a Sanskrit form ud'+' bhritah.' The element ud' is a prefix; but there is none among the Sanskrit prefixes, which could have been phonetically modified to pu,' or still less to 'pahun.' But there is another way of accounting for this element. It may be an adverb qualifying the participle 'kṛitaḥ.' In that case, since the verb puganâ' means to arrive, and the element' ganâ' to make, it must be an adverb meaning, "near;" for to make near is the same as to come or to arrive; if, e.g., I make near a town, 1 arrive at it. This is well illustrated in the well known prayer,
सान्निध्यं कुरु मे देव प्रसन्नो भव सर्वदा । i.e., come to me, God, and be gracious to me always; or literally 'make near to me, O God, etc. Now there is a Sanskrit adverb 'pârśvan' or 'pâréve' meaning near, which still very commonly occurs in Ganrian poetry in the form pahan'
This Gaurian o must not be confounded with the
Sanskrit diphthong air, with which it shares the same letter. It is a pure vowel, the long ô, the Greek Omega (), and like it equivalent to the Sanskrit 4. Gaurian possesses also the corresponding short vowel ŏ, the Greek omikron,
359
kritaḥ') becomes in Gaurian chiyo' (for kiyo which is the old Marathi postposition of the genitive); to the Hindi (gen. postposition) ká corresponds in Marathi châ, in Sindhi jo. Ip all these instances as well as in the original form (pahon kiä) of the base 'pahuncha,' the guttural is immediately followed by the. palatal vowel. This circumstance naturally accounts for the transformation of the guttural into the palatal. Very similarly a Sanskrit dental, followed by a palatal semivowel or palatal vowel, changes in Prâkrit and Gaurian
and like it equivalent to the Sanskrit a, from which it is not distinguished in writing. For this statement as well as for the consecutive phonetic changes given in the text, there is abundant evidence. But this paper has already run to such a length, that I must refrain from entering into
them here.
