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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
which doubtless are really secondary roots derived from original verbal bases.
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A few more examples of this kind of secondary Gaurian verbal bases or verbs are the following: Uthanâ' to rise, to stand up, from the secondary base 'uth' for 'uthya,' Prâkrit 'utthia,' Sanskrit utthita' (from the prefix 'ut' up and root. 'sthâ' stand). Again' uganâ' to spring up, from the secondary base 'uga,' Prâkrit 'uggaä,' Sanskrit 'udgata' (from 'ut' up and gam' to go). Again 'ubhanâ' to be erect, to rise, from the secondary base' ubha,' Prakrit 'ubbhia,' Sanskrit 'udbhrita' (from 'ut'up, and 'bhri' to hold). The Prakrit form 'ubbhia' becomes in the first instance ubhya,' which we have in the low Hindí participle and adjective 'ubhya' erect or reared up. Next 'ubhya' is contracted into ubha,' which we have in the Marathi adjective ubhâ' erect (see Col. Vans Kennedy's Marathi Dictionary). And from this form 'ubha' the secondary verb 'ubhanâ' is derived. The original verb would be ubharanâ' from the Sanskrit udbharaniyam;' just as 'chalanâ,' from Sanskrit 'chalaniyam.' This original verb, indeed, has not altogether disappeared from the Gaurian; for it exists with a very limited meaning and in a slightly modified form in the verb 'ubhalanâ' to boil, to bubble up.
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There is a peculiarity about the verb 'ubhanâ.' It has an apparently irregular causal. According to the regular Gaurian manner of forming causals, the causal of 'ubhanâ' should be 'ubhânâ.' This form, indeed, is probably used in low Hindi when the verb is employed in its literal meaning to cause to be erect. But when it is used metaphorically (as applied to the mind) in the sense of exciting or provoking, it forms the causal ubhâranâ.' This irregularity, however, is only apparent, for ubharanâ' is only the Gaurian phonetic modification of the Sanskrit causal of the original verb; that is, 'ubhâranâ' represents a Prâkrit form 'udbhâranian', and Sanskrit udbhârapiyam', which is the past part. pass. of the verbal base udbhâri' (or udbhâraya), the causal of the original base 'udbhara'; and'udbhara' is the base of the root 'udbhri' from which the past part. pass. 'udbhrita' is derived, which in its turn gives rise to the Gaurian secondary base ubha' and secondary verb ubhanâ.' The Sanskrit original base udbhara' with 3rd pers. sing. pres. udbhari', &c. would be in Gaurian 'ubhara', ubhare', &c. ; but all these forms have
[DEC. 6, 1872
disappeared in Gaurian (except, as already noticed, in the form 'ubhalanâ)', and have been substituted by the secondary base'ubha' with its conjugation ubhe', &c. But fortunately, the Sanskrit causal of the originial base has been preserved in Gaurian; and thus a clue is afforded us for tracing the (otherwise somewhat obcure) origin of the verb 'ubhanâ' and the adjective ubhâ,' e. g. the 3rd pers. sing. pres. of the verb 'ubhâranâ' is ubhâre', Prâkrit 'ubbhâreï' orubbhâredi', Sanskrit udbhârayati. ;' just as Sanskrit 'kathayati,' becomes Prâkrit 'kahedi' or kahei, Gaurian' kahe*.'
The case of the two verbs bhanâ' and 'ubhâranâ' serves to illustrate the origin of another group of verbs, viz, 'puganâ' and 'pukâranâ', chanâ' and pahunchânâ'. The verb 'puganâ' means to arrive, and occurs in low Hindi (Marwârî), and in Naipâlî. The same word occurs in Panjabi as ' pujana' (or pujjanâ') and in Marathi as pochanen'. The Marathi form 'pochanen' has an alternative form pahunchanen.' The latter form is the only one preserved in high Hindi where it is' pahunchanâ.' It occurs also in Panjâbî as 'pahunchanâ.' It follows from this comparison, that the low Hindi puganâ' and the high Hindi pahunchanâ' are identical. From this again it follows that the syllable 'pu' of 'puganâ' is identical with the element' pahun' of pahunchanâ', being merely a contraction of two syllables into one, such as is not uncommon in the modern vernaculars; and further that the element 'ganâ' is identical with the element
'chanâ.'
The next question is, what is this 'ganâ' and chanâ? In the first place we observe, that in Naipâli, as a rule, the initial k of the root 'kara' (Prakrit for kri) to do is softened to g; and, second, that the two verbs 'ubhanâ' and 'puganâ' are conjugated identically; e. g., in Naipâlî, as 'ubhikana' having risen, so 'pugikana' having arrived; as 'ubhyo' risen, so 'pugyo' arrived, etc. Putting this together we must conclude, that as 'ubhana' is derived from 'ut' and the root 'bhara' (or bhri), so 'puganâ' is derived from 'p' and the root 'kara' (or kri); that, in fact, the element 'ganâ' is a phonetic modification of kanâ and is a verb formed from a secondary base derived from the past part. passive of the original verb 'kara.' This participle in Sanskrit is 'krita,' in Prâkrit 'kida' or 'kia,' in Gaurian' gya' (or kya), a form which we
The same Sanskritic or Prakritic causal is preserved in the Gaurian verb 'sambhalanâ,' to keep, to support. For 'sambha lana' is the Skr. sambhârapiyam,' Prák. 'sambhirapiam,' the 3rd pers, sing. pres. is 'sambhale,' Prák. 'sambhârei,' ol 'sambhâredi,' Skr, 'sambharayati,' etc.
