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A COLLECTION OF SANADS OP MOGHUL EMPERORS.
475
now all more or less cut and torn off), and are handsomely written in fair ta'lig, except Båbar's one that measures 13 by 7 inches, and is in very cursive characters). In Akbar's and Jahangir's time we find the Ilahi era exclusively used, while later it is seldom mentioned, but that of the Hijra is employed.
There are also some sanads granting sayúrgháls sealed only by officials, and not by the emperor himself, whose name however is read on the seals of the latter. The size of these sanads is considerably smaller than that of the monarch's; it varies between 16 to 20 inches by about 81 inches; the writing generally is very irregular. Sometimes the Sadr ul-budúr commands the performance of an imperial farmán and gives orders for the assigned lands to be surveyed; such sanads in 'Alamgir's time bear only the seal of the functionary named, whereas under Jahangir and Shah Alam the seals also of the Diwan or of the Khán Khánån were affixed. In Farrukh Siyar's reign in these cases the Qazi's seal takes the first place accompanied by those of different lower officials and private people. If the matter is & re-investment, as in most cases, we always find two seals.
There occur as sealing Sadr ul-budur's:
Rizawi Bukhari, 24th year of 'Alamgir (who died in the same year,-conf. Ma'áthir-i 'Alamgiri, p. (207) and Ma'athir ul-Umará, vol. IÍ, pp. 308, 309);
Sharif Khân, 25th year of 'Alamgir (who was elevated to this dignity in the same year,--conf. Ma'athir-j'Alamgiri, p. 219);
Asad Khan, 15th and 32nd years of 'Alamgir (with the dates 1081, 14 and 1088, 20 on his seals), i.e., Asaf uddaula Jumlat ul-Mulk Asad Khân. He is styled Tarkhan in another farman (16th year); and
Amjad Khan Sadr Jahán, 49th year of Shah Alam.
Not bearing the title of Sadr ul-éudúr on their seals, as also Asad Khân does not, but in that function, appear:
Sivå dat Khân, 38th year of 'Alamgir (with the date 1096, 28 on his seal, in which year he, Sayyid Oghlan, received this title, cf. Ma'athir ul-Umará, vol. II. p. 495):
Amin Khan Bahadur, 47th year of 'Alamgir (with the date 1113, 46 on his seal); and
Amir ul-Umará, 48th year of 'Alamgir (with the date 1113, 45 on his seal).
In the re-investment-documents we find two seals : that of the Diwán (-i qul) and that of the Sadr, but generally without titles. That one of them must belong to the Diwán is (besides Áin-i-Akbari, vol. I, p. 195, line 6 et seq.) shown in a sanad of the 50th year of 'Alamgir which bears Hafiz Khan's seal, who is that year became Diwan of Lahor,-till then having been in the service of Gauharårái Bégum, younger sister of the emperor (Ma'athir-i' Alamgiri, p. 613). The same document has also the seal of Mir Khwaja Shab, who is here exceptionally styled Sadr. The dates of the entries of the sanads in the registers of the sadárat and the dirán (-1-sa'adat) are always noted, the latter falling one or more weeks later than the first. The badr's seal is placed outside the text in the vertical fold on the right, that of the Diwan is a little higher up, above the text itself and under a single line containing the name of the reigning
• The same was also the case during the Sassanian period (cf. Mitteilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen der koeniglichen Macen s Berlin, Heft IV, Savanidische Siegelatoine, herausgegeben von Paul Horn und Georg Steindorff, Berlin, 1891, p. 28.) The Sesanian high functionaries did not real with the portrait of the king, but often with his date.
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