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Encyclopaedia of Jaina Studies
according to Digambara works). The Yakşa-Yakși figures motif to be represented on the pedestals of all the Jinas. are not usually shown with the Jina excepting the Such examples are found at Delvada, Kumbharia and examples from Bārabhuji cave (only Yakşi) and elsewhere. This motif of two deer carried a message Vimalavasahi (devakulikā No. 1, A.D. 1145). In case that all the Jinas similarly stand for peace and tranquillity. of Vimalavasahi, as usual the Yaksa and Yakşi are Another 7th century seated image with deer Sarvānubhūti and Ambikā. The images of Dharmanātha cognizance and trichatra could be seen in the Dhank are also found from 11th century A.D. Two seated cave, Gujarat. Barring a few examples from Kumbharia images with vajra lañchana, belonging to 12th century and Dhank, the cognizance of Sāntinātha in western A.D., are in the Bārabhuji and Trisula caves at Indian examples is not shown and the Jina is identified Khandagiri. A metal image of A.D. 1124, originally only on the basis of the pedestal inscriptions. The installed in the śāntinātha temple at Anahillapuri (Patan, Yakşa-Yakși (with very few exceptions) are always Gujarat), is now preserved in a Jaina shrine at Nadol Sarvānubhūti and Ambika. In an image from devakulikā (Rajasthan). There is also a Caturmukha shrine of No. 1 of the Santinātha temple of Kumbharia, besides Dharmanātha at Radhanpur (Gujarat). The Shivapuri the name of Santinātha in the inscription and the figures museum also preserves a 12th century image of of Sarvänubhuti and Ambikā, the figures of Dharmanatha (Acc. No. 10) found from Narwar. In Supārsvanātha and Pārsvanātha standing in kāyotsarga Karnataka the figures of Dharmanatha with cognizance with 24 small Jina figures in the parikara are also and Yaksa-Yaksi are obtained from Sravanabelagola, carved. However, another standing image (A.D. 1119Moodbidri and Venur.
20) in the gūdhamandapa of Pärsvanātha temple at ŚĀNTINĀTHA (16th Jina)
Kumbharia has the deer cognizance in addition to name The deer cognizance of Säntinātha appears to have of the Jina in pedestal inscription. The parikara also some connection with the name of the Jina because deer exhibits the figures of four-armed śāntidevi and always stands for peace. The Yakşa-Yakși of the Jina Mahavidyās like Vajrāňkuśī, Mānavi, are Garuda (or Vārāha) and Nirvani (or Mahāmānasi, Sarvästramahājvālā, Acchuptā and Mahāmānasi. Two according to Digambara texts). The rendering of the seated figures of Santinātha are in the Rajputana Jina with the lañchana and Yaksa-Yaksi is known from Museum, Ajmer (Acc. No. 468, A.D. 1138) and Victoria 7th century A.D. The earliest image of Säntinätha (7th and Albert Museum, London (A.D. 1157). Three 12 century A.D.) seated in dhyāna-mudrā with the figures century images are in the devakulikās (Nos. 12, 24 and of two deers flanking the dharmacakra is found from 30) of Vimalavasahi, while one figure of A.D. 1236 Khedabrahma (Sabarkantha, Gujarat). The Yakşa-Yakşi is in devakulikā No. 14 of Lūņavasahi. A Cauvisi of are the common Yakşa-Yaksi pair found in Svetämbara Santinātha (A.D. 1510) is also preserved in Bharat Kala images of western India, namely Sarvānubhuti and Bhavan, Varanasi (Acc. No. 21733). The expression of Ambikā. It may be remarked here that at least upto spirituality on faces of all the images is apparent. 10th century A.D. the tradition of carving the cognizance In north India a good number of Sāntinātha images of the Jina in pair was in vogue in whole of the north are procured from Mathura, Kausambi, Gyaraspur India. On the basis of this fact all such figures showing (Mālādevi temple, 10th century A.D., with cognizance two deer on two sides of the dharmacakra are identifiable and the figures of four armed Yaksa and Yakşi), Dudhai with Santinātha. This concept was perhaps taken from (Lalitpur, U.P., with a pair of deer on two sides of the Buddha images of Gupta period from Sarnath. This dharmacakra, 10h century A.D.), Deogadh (six figures, feature from 11h century A.D. onwards was to be seen 9th-12h century A.D.), Khajuraho (four figures, 11th 12th in the western Indian Svetāmbara images as a common century A.D.), Pabhosa (Allahabad Museum, Acc. No.
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