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Encyclopaedia of Jaina Studies
style, however, the older traditions both in colour and landscape indebted to the Mughal style through the figure — drawing, costumes and to some extent the landscape. The paintings and manuscripts were painted in the Popular Mughal style. One of the artists Ustād Sālivāhana, claimed in writing the distinction of having worked for the Mughal Emperor. He executed two documents for the Svetambara Jainas in early 17h century A.D. These are Vijñaptipatra (letter of invitation) and Salibhadra-Mahamunicaritra. In the 17th century A.D., the Jainas began to commission illustrated copies of Bhaktamarastotra. Only the Digambara Jainas ordered paintings of this theme even though it occurs in the literary traditions of both the sects.
Towards the end of the 17h century A.D. miniature painting in Gujarat loses its integrated character. It fragments into various sub-styles which are held together by certain general characteristics, such as animated puppet - like figures, flower – strewn backgrounds, dull colours and monotonous compositions.
In early 18th century A.D. Jaina paintings reflect two types of pictorial expression - one is a Rajasthani idiom (crude and folkish) and the other appears to be a local regional style.
In Rajasthan Jaina painting followed a similar course to that of Gujarat. In Amer and its vicinity during A.D. 1590 - 1610, two idioms were at work- one rooted in the style of Jaina painting (the northern
version of it) and the other direct extension of the Caurapancāśikā style. Both these styles are represented in the illustrated texts of the Digambara Jainas. REFERENCES
Saryu Doshi, Masterpieces of Jaina Painting, Marg Publications, 1985; Moti Chandra, Jain Miniature paintings from Western India, Ahmedabad, 1949; Moti Chandra and Karl Khandalavala, New Documents of Indian Painting - a Reappraisal, Bombay, 1969; S.V. Doshi, 'Islamic Elements in Jain Manuscript Illustrations', The Age of Splendour, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1983; Moti Chandra, 'An Illustrated Manuscript of the Kalpasutra and the Kalakacharya Katha,' Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum (Bombay), No. 4, pp 40-48; Moti Chandra and U.P. Shah, New Documents of Jaina Painting, Bombay, 1975; W. N. Brown, A Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of Miniature Paintings of the Jaina Kalpasutra, Washington, 1934; T. N. Ramchandran, Tiruparuttikuņram and its Temples' Bulletin of Madras Govt. Museum, New series, Vol. I, Pt. 3, Madras, 1934; UP. Shah and M.A. Dhaky (eds.), Aspects of Jaina Art and Architecture, Ahmedabad, 1975; G. Gupta and B.D. Mahajan, Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves, Bombay, 1962; Adris Banerjee, 'Jain Art Through the Ages', Acharya Bhikshu Commemoration Volume, Calcutta, 1961, pp. 167-90; Ghosh (Ed.), Jaina Art and Architecture (eds.), New Delhi, 1975.
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