Book Title: Development of Hinduism
Author(s): M M Ninan
Publisher: M M Ninan

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Page 278
________________ 14. THE CONCEPT OF AVATARS "Using the Hubble constant and information about the expansion of the Universe from the Hubble Space Telescope, we have been able to measure the age of the Universe to between 12 and 14 billion years old.” Dr. Wendy Freedman Dr. Wendy Freedman is one of the leaders of an international team of 27 astronomers at the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, America. Poor scientists, What do these people really know? Compare this with the evolutionary history of man. A timeline of human evolution, history, technology, and the fates of human societies. Shane Ross https://ideotrope.org/index.pl?node_id=40287 This is History, history understood as a single, coherent, evolutionary process, when taking into account the experience of all peoples in all times. Time in BC 4 million First bipedal human ancestor. Bipedalism appears suddenly in the fossil record. Could be Ardipithecus ramidus, a hominid that lived in the wooded grasslands of the Horn of Africa. 1.8 million-100,000 | Homo erectus in Africa, Asia, and Indonesia (and Europe?). First use of crude stone tools and may have harnessed naturally occuring fire (1.5 Myr, Swartkrans, South Africa). Genetic studies indicate modern humans are not descended from H. erectus, which appears as an evolutionary side-branch and dead end. 200,000-150,000 Genetic Eve (or "mitochondrial Eve"), the most recent common female ancestor of all living humans (from mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, dating). The mtDNA from Eve merely acts as a tracer that links all present-day humans to a single population of ancient humans, who lived in Africa. 150,000-30,000 Archaic Homo sapiens, otherwise known as Neanderthals, appear in the fossil record, distinct from earlier protohumans. They occupied Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Differ from modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in skeletal details and behavior. Recent genetic studies also indicate that modern humans are not descended from Neanderthals. They used crude stone tools and may have harnessed naturally occuring fire. They buried their dead and cared for their 274

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