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1.
Truth
proclaimed,' his speech should not be accompanied by anger, greed, fear or laughter. He abstains from indulging in such speech with the three instruments (of mind, speech and body) and in three ways of performance (doing oneself, asking others to do it and appreciating it) for the whole life. A classification is therefore found which divides falsehood into thirty-six varieties.2 As has been seen, violence has been divided into one hundred and eight kinds, stealing into fifty-four types and falsehood into thirty-six kinds. The classification is derived from the formulation of the precept itself, which finds four major causes of falsehood. These are anger, greed, fear and laughter or joke. By multiplication process, as has been seen in the previous chapters, taking the three instruments of mind, speech and body, falsehood can be understood of twelve diffe rent types. Further, these twelve kinds become thirty-six, when multiplied by them the three kinds of performances, namely by one's own self, by asking others, and by appreciating such a falsehood. The vow of monks, as it literally pronounces that he would totally abstain from all thirty six varieties, means complete abstention from falsehood. In the classification, however, one important point seems to be missing, i.e. wrong attitude as a cause of falsehood. It only discusses four major causes, viz. anger, greed, fear and joke, but the most important cause of any major falsehood and which is the most disastrous of all is the wrong attitude (mithyājñāna), the opposite of which is the 'right attitude'. In the five bhāvanās or the helping devices pertaining to this vow a hint to the 'right attitude' is found in the first bhāvanā of ‘anuvicibhāअहावरे दुच्चे भंते ! महव्वए मुसावायाओ वेरमणं । सव्वं भंते ! मूसावायं पञ्चखामि । से कोहा वा, लोहा वा, भया वा, हासा वा, नेव सयं मुखं वइज्जा, नेवऽण्णेहिं मुसं वायाविज्जा, मुसंवयंतेवि अण्णे न समजाणामि । जावज्जीवाए तिविहं तिविहेणं, मणेण वायाए कार्येणं, न करोमि, न कारवेमि, करंतपि अण्णं न समणुजाणामि । ......
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-Daśav. 4.8.
2. Śramaņa Sūtra-Upadhyaya Amarmuni, pp. 62-63.
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