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1.
The Aticaras of the Vow1
The first 'aticara' or transgression of this vow is called 'sahasabhyakhyāna'. It means making false accusation rashly and negligently, for instance calling a man thief when actually he is not. The second transgression is called 'rahasyābhyākhāna',. i. e. disclosing the secret and private matters of others and indulging in backbiting etc. 'Svadāramantrabheda' is the third transgression, which means disclosing or divulging the secrets of one's own wife. The fourth transgression called 'mrşopadeśa' means giving wrong and faulty suggestions and orders to others. The last transgression called 'kūṭalekhakarana' means making false documents etc. to deceive others. But, so far as this is done carelessly without properly inquiring into the matter, it is partial transgression. For those who pledge to abstain from speaking gross lies, a false document made intentionally is a breach of the vow called anācāra. The Digambara version is presented in the 'Ratnakaraṇḍaśrāvakācāra'; the five transgressions enumerated there are spreading false doctrines,. revealing the secrets and deformities of others, back-biting, making false documents, and not returning the deposits made by others fully or even partly." Here a difference can be noted, that is Samantabhadra calls these transgressions vyatikramas, while in the Svetambara texts they are called aticāras. As is noted before vyatikrama is a prior stage of aticāras. But this term seems to have been used simply to mean a transgression and not in this technical sense. Moreover, in this text no such uniformity in using the terms to signify a 'transgression' has been observed in all the vratas. In different vratas different तयाणंतरं च णं थूलगस्स मूसावायवरेमणस्स पंचअइयारा जाणियव्वा न समायरियन्वा तंजहा, सहसा अब्मक्खाणे, रहस्स अब्मक्खाणे, सदारमन्तमेए मोसोवएसे कूडलेहकरणे । -Upāsaka. 1. 42.
2.
Truth
परिवादरहोभ्याख्या पैशुन्यं कूटलेखकरणं च न्यासापहारितापि च व्यतिक्रमाः पंच सत्यस्य ।
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-Ratnak. Śrā., Stanza 56.
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