________________
The Concept of Pancasila in Indian Thought
limits of one's worldly possessions, cash, grain and the like and then asks one to desire no more than the complete detachment for everything which surpasses the limited amount.1
232
The Aticăras of the Vow
The five aticāras of this precept specially mean the trespassing of the explicit limits of the possessions of nine types decided at the time when the vow is taken, because it basically enjoins the householder to limit his possessions. As for example Upāsaka Ananda had limited his possession of cattle to forty thousand. Likewise he limited all the other eight types of possessions of the household requisites in size, quality or quantity. Aticara in connection with this precept simply means crossing negligently or unknowingly the decided limits (or Pramāṇātikrama) of the objects. The term 'pramāṇātikrama' is common to all the five aticāras of this vow. These aticāras are: (1) Kshetra-vastu pramāṇātikrama-transgressing the said limits of the farm and houses etc., (2) hiranya.suvarna pramāṇātikrama-transgressing the limits of gold and silver either in loose form or in the form of ornaments, (3) dhandhanya-pramāṇātikrama-violating the limits of wealth and corn etc., (4) dvipada-catuṣpada-pramāṇātikrama-trespassing the limits of servants, children and animals, (5) kupya-dhātupramāṇātikrama-violation of the limits of any other term of the household such as utensils and other requisites.
These five transgressions depict two salient features of the doctrine of aparigraha, (i) the possessions should be limited, 1. धनधान्यादि ग्रन्थ परिमाण ततोधिकेषु निस्पृहता ।
परिमितपरिग्रहः स्यादिच्छा परिमाण नामापि ॥ - Ratnak Sra. 61. तयानंतरं च णं चउप्पयविहिपरिमाणं करेई नन्नत्थ चउहिं वहि दस गोसाहस्सिएणं वएणं अवसेसं सव्वं चउप्पयविहिं पञ्चक्खामि ।
-Upāsaka. 1.18. हिरण्णसुवण्णपमाणाइकम्मे, घण घण्णं
2.
3.
तं जहा - खेत्तवत्थुपमाणाइकम्मे,
पमाणाई कम्मे, दुप्पयच उप्पयपमाणाई कम्मे, कुवियधातुपमाणाम्मे ।
-Ibid., 1.45.
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
