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218
THE CANONICAL LITERATURE OF THE JAINAS
[ CHAP.
simple as it appears. It is a subtle science, and the Jainc pontiff's" have pointed out its various intricacies.2 Panhāvāgaruna (s. 21) mentions 60 synonyms of ahimsā and 30 of himsă in s. 2.
Maxims-It is but natural that in works dealing with religion and ethics, one can easily come across maxims - apopthegms (subhāṣitas). In the canonical literature we find a lot of them. Mr. G. J. Patel has singled out some of them in his following works:1 Heratzearatat e attaa [Ha 3911827arcin' at 31415918 ] pp. 193-203. 2 2 8 ATÁ [, i again'at , pp. 241-250. 3 „ eifah 3997 (eitsFiT1574gt glergara ) pp. 271-281. 4 astaigal 3927 [ xitariaaiisuga)
pp. 138–146. The following remark made by Prof. Winternitz in connection with the contents of Uttarajjhayana may be here noted:
"We find here many sayings which excel in aptitude of comparison or pithiness of language. As in the Sutta-Nipāta and the Dhammapada, some of these series of sayings are bound together by a common refrain.- A His. of Ind. Lit. (vol. II, p. 467)
Metaphysics-It is a well-known fact that the theory of kurman plays an important part in the Jaina metaphysics and ethics as well. It has engaged the attention of several Jaina authors who have developed it into a science. This has been possible in view of the various particulars pertaining to this theory being dealt with in the Agumas such as Thāna (II, 4; s. 105; IV, s. 268; & VIII; S. 596 ), Samavāya (s. 51, 52, 58, 69 & 97), Viālapannutti (I, 4, 1; VI, 3, 4-5; VI, 9, 1; & VIII, 10, 7), Kammapuyauli-pähuder, the 8th Puvva, Pannavaná (XXIII-XXVII) and Uttar ujjhayana (XXXIII).
Logic-By logic I mean pure logic having only one category viz. pramănu which, of course, touches upon other categories as far as they are necessary for its proper elaboration. Thus the doctrine of the nature and salvation of the soul has no direct place in this pure logic. So far as the Jainas are concerned, their logic deals with 3 topics viz. pramāna, naya and nikscpa. The latter
1 - 2
See Arhatadarsanadipilä (pp. 835-849). See Viāhapannatti (1, 8; 68), Dasaveyaliyanijjutti (v. 45) and Haribhadra Sūri's com. (pp. 246-25a) on this last work.
