Book Reviews

Author(s): J W De Jong
Publisher: J W De Jong

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240
REVIEWS
sisumāra who, becoming mänini, looks upon the vānara as her rival. The second verse explains the reason for the break-up of their friendship:
kim kalatram pradha nam syad uta mitram gunādhikam kalatramitrayor núnam kalatram atiricyate (IV, 2)11
The aspects of krtrimam vairam which the Pancatantra has illustrated through four sections are now opposed to those of sahajam vairam of the fifth tantra, the enmity between mongoose and cobra (ahinakulavairam). The extensive discourse on vairalaksana (aspect of enmity) verbalized in the second tantra provides, in my opinion, the basis on which the Pascatantra is constructed and, at the same time, it strengthens considerably Dr. Falk's Umkehrungstheorie.
University of Toronto
GEORGE T. ARTOLA
NOTES
1 Artola, G. T., 'The Oldest Sanskrit Fables', Adyar Library Bulletin, Vols. 31-32, Madras: Vasanta Press, 1968, 281-312, surveys the earliest nidarśanas as they are employed in the parvans of the Mahabharata that predate the Pancatantra. 2 Edgerton, F., The Panchatantra Reconstructed, 2 vols., New Haven, 1924. Unless otherwise indicated, titles, translations and other quotations are from this work. 3 Raghavan, V., Bhoja's Śrngara Prakaša, Madras, 1963, pp. 620-621. 4 Hertel, J., Das Pancatantra, seine Geschichte und seine Verbreitung, Leipzig and Berlin, 1914, p. 10. 5 They are found in Mahābhārata XII, 138, and it may be said that they constitute a nitiśästra which deserves further study. 6 Artola, op. cit., 293-296. 7 Ruben, W., Das Pancatan tra und seine Morallehre, Berlin (Inst. für Orientforschung, Veröffentlichung 44, 1959), p. 128. 8 Geib, R., Zur Frage nach der Urfassung des Pañcatantra, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1969, pp. 44-46. 9 Ibid., 72-77. 10 Edgerton has mistranslated this verse by having selected 'antelope' as an equivalent of sāranga, which here must refer to a bird, for the distinction must be made between mammals, reptiles and birds, just as it is made between gods, demons and men. 11 Should a wife take first place, or a friend that excels in nobility? Surely as between wife and friend the wife comes first.
G. A. Zograf, Morfologičeskij stroj novyx indo-arijskix yazykov. Izdatelstvo ‘Nauka', Moscow, 1976. 368 pp.
An immense amount of linguistic information, chiefly though not exclusively morphological in character, is assembled here and forms the subject of a minute, illuminating contrastive analysis. Stressing the importance of the interrelationship of linguistic units within their systems (p. 9), the author proceeds from an analysis of the grammatical forms and categories of individual languages to a consideration of NIE 'grammemes' (grammatical categories considered in their operation, range and distribution) and towards a characterisation of individual NIA languages or language groups in terms of what may be called 'allograms'. He concentrates on morphology as offering the easiest starting-point for a contrastive study. Zograf is conscious,