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________________ THI _____ apraila-jUna 1965 varSa 46] [aMka 4-6 YA
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________________ sampAdaka DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha varSa 46 pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina apraila-jUna, 1995 1. mana - zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 2. jaina darzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA prastuta aGka meM pro0 0 sAgaramala jaina ke nimna Alekha prakAzita kiye jA rahe hai : : 3. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa 4. jaina dharma kA lezyA - siddhAnta : eka vimarza 5. prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAtha jI upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha vyakti nahIM prakriyA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke naye prakAzana jaina jagat saha-sampAdaka DaoN0 zivaprasAda aMka 4-6 97 - 122 123 - 133 134 - 149 150 - 165 166 - 169 vArSika zulka cAlIsa rupaye eka prati dasa rupaye yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki lekhaka ke vicAroM se sampAdaka athavA saMsthAna sahamata hoM / 170 - 176 177 - 179
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa - pro0 sAgaramala jaina naitika-sAdhanA meM mana kA sthAna bhAratIya-darzana jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI samasyA kI eka vistRta vyAkhyA hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne kevala mukti kI upalabdhi ke hetu AcAra-mArga kA upadeza hI nahIM diyA varana unhoMne yaha batAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA ki bandhana aura mukti kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? apane cintana aura anubhUti ke prakAza meM unhoMne isa prazna kA jo uttara pAyA vaha hai -- "mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai|" jaina, bauddha aura hindU darzanoM meM yaha tathya sarvasammata rUpa se grAhya hai| jainadarzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha paurANika brahmAstra se bhI bar3hakara bhayaMkara hai| karmasiddhAnta kA eka vivecana hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma-bandha kI kyA sthiti hai ? mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandha utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara kI sthiti taka kA ho sakatA hai| vacanayoga milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai| ghrANendriya arthAt nAsikA ke milane para pacAsa sAgara kA, cakSu ke milate hI sau sAgara kA aura zravaNendriya arthAt kAna ke milate hI hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai| kintu yadi mana mila gayA to mohanIyakarma kA bandha lAkha aura karor3a sAgara ko bhI pAra karane lgaa| sattara kroDAkor3I (karor3a * karor3a) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa mohanIyakarma "mana" milane para hI bA~dhA jA sakatA hai| yaha hai mana kI apAra zakti ! isalie mana ko khulA chor3ane se pahale vicAra karanA hogA ki kahIM vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta meM to nahIM dhakela rahA hai? jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti ke mArga kA prathama praveza dvAra bhI hai| vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para Age bar3ha sakate haiN| amanaska prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane kA adhikAra hI prApta nahIM hai| samyakdRSTitva kevala samanaska praNiyoM ko ho sakatA hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA meM mokSa-mArga kI ora bar3hane ke adhikArI ho sakate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM ki "mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai jisase jJAna (viveka) pragaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura ajJAna (mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai|" isa prakAra ajJAna kA nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi, jo mukti (nirvANa) kI anivArya zarta hai, binA manaH zuddhi ke sambhava hI nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai| zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai jabaki aniyantrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA
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________________ 98 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu hai| isI tathya ko AcArya hemacandra ne nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM, "mana kA nirodha ho jAne para karma (bandhana) meM pUrI taraha ruka jAte haiM kyoMki karma kA Asava mana ke adhIna hai lekina jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM karatA hai usake karmoM (bandhana ) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai|"2 bauddhadarzana meM citta, vijJapti Adi mana ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| tathAgata buddha kA kathana hai "sabhI pravRttiyoM kA Arambha mana se hotA hai, mana kI unameM pradhAnatA hai ve pravRttiyA~ manomaya haiN| jo sadoSa mana se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise -- ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke pairoM kA anugamana karatA hai| kintu jo svaccha (zuddha) mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise sAtha nahIM chor3ane vAlI chaayaa|"4 kumArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika ahitakArI aura sanmArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika hitakArI hai| ataH jo isakA saMyama kareMge ve mAra ke bandhana se mukta ho jaaeNge| laMkAvatArasatra meM kahA gayA hai, "citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti hotI hai|"7 vedAnta paramparA meM bhI sarvatra yahI dRSTikoNa milatA hai ki jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| brahmabindu upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki "manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| usake viSayAsakta hone para bandhana hai aura usakA nirviSaya honA hI mukti hai|"8 gItA meM kahA gayA hai -- "indriyA~ mana aura buddhi hI isa vAsanA ke vAsa sthAna kahe gaye haiM aura yaha vAsanA inake dvArA hI jJAna ko Avata kara samApta ho gaI hai aise brahmabhUta yogI ko hI uttama Ananda prApta hotA hai|"10 AcArya zaMkara bhI viveka cUDAmaNi meM likhate haiM ki mana se hI bandhana kI kalpanA hotI hai aura usI se mokSa kii| mana hI dehAdi viSayoM meM rAga ko bA~dhatA hai aura phira viSavat viSayoM meM virasatA utpanna kara mukta kara detA hai| isIlie isa jIva ke bandhana aura mukti ke vidhAna meM mana hI kAraNa hai| rajoguNa se malina huA mana bandhana kA hetu hotA hai tathA raja-tama se rahita zuddha sAtvika hone para mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai|"11 yadyapi uparokta pramANa yaha to batA dete haiM ki mana bandhana aura mukti kA prabalatama ekamAtra kAraNa hai| lekina phira bhI yaha prazna abhI anuttarita hI raha jAtA hai ki mana hI ko kyoM bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai ? jaina sAdhanA meM mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ? yadi hama isa prazna kA uttara jaina tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se khojane kA prayAsa kareM, to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA meM jar3a aura cetana ye do mUla tattva hai| zeSa Asava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura nirjarA to ina do mUla tattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 99 kriyAoM (yoga) kA abhAva hai dUsarI ora manobhAva se pRthaka kAyika aura vAcika karma evaM jar3akarma paramANu bhI bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva Atmika avazya mAne gaye haiM, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie kahA gayA hai ki binA cetana-sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote haiN| cetana sattA rAgAdi ke utpAdana kA nimitta kAraNa avazya hai lekina binA mana ke vaha rAgAdi bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktii| isIlie yaha kahA gayA ki mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| dUsare hindU, bauddha aura jaina AcAra-darzana isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki bandhana kA kAraNa avidyA (moha) hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA kA vAsa sthAna kahA~ hai ? AtmA ko isakA vAsa sthAna mAnanA bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki jaina aura vedAMta donoM paramparAoM meM AtmA kA svabhAva to samyagjJAna hai, mithyAtva, moha kiMvA avidyA AtmAzrita ho sakate haiM lekina ve Atma-guNa nahIM haiM aura isalie unheM Atmagata mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| avidyA ko jar3a prakRti kA guNa mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hogI kyoMki ve jJAnAbhAva hI nahIM varan viparIta jJAna bhI hai| ataH avidyA kA vAsasthAna mana ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo jar3a aura caitanya ke saMyoga se nirmita hai| ataH usI meM avidyA nivAsa karatI hai usake nivartana para zuddha AtmadazA meM avidyA kI sambhAvanA kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM ho sktii| mana AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA bhAga adA karatA hai, ise nimna rUpaka se samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAna lIjie, karmAvaraNa se kuMThita zakti vAlA AtmA usa A~kha ke samAna hai jisakI dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa ho cukI hai| jagata eka zveta vastu hai aura mana ainaka hai| AtmA ko mukti ke lie jagata ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karanA hai lekina apanI svazakti ke kuMThita hone para vaha svayaM to sIdhe rUpa meM yathArtha jJAna nahIM pA sktaa| use mana rUpI cazme kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai lekina yadi ainaka raMgIna kA~coM kA ho to vaha vastu kA yathArtha jJAna na dekara bhrAMta jJAna hI detA hai| usI prakAra yadi mana rAgadvyAdi vRttiyoM se dUSita (raMgIna) hai to vaha yathArtha jJAna nahIM detA aura hamAre bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai| lekina yadi mana spI ainaka nirmala hai to vaha vastutattva kA yathArtha jJAna dekara hameM mukta banA detA hai| jisa prakAra ainaka meM binA kisI cetana A~kha ke saMyoga ke dekhane kI koI zakti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jar3a mana-paramANuoM meM bhI binA kisI cetana AtmA ke saMyoga ke bandhana aura mukti kI koI zakti nahIM hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa prakAra ainaka se dekhane vAle netra hai lekina vikAsa yA raMgInatA kA kArya ainaka meM hai, usI prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa rAgavAdi vikAra na to AtmA ke kArya hai aura na jar3a tattva ke kArya hai varan mana ke hI kArya hai| . jaina vicAraNA ke samAna gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM, mana aura buddhi isa "kAma" ke vAsasthAna haiN| inake AzrayabhUta hokara hI yaha kAma jJAna ko AcchAdita kara jIvAtmA ko mohita kiyA karatA hai| 2 jJAna AtmA kA kArya hai lekina jJAna meM jo vikAra AtA hai vaha AtmA kA kArya na hokara mana kA kArya hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie jahA~ gItA meM vikAra yA kAma kA vAsasthAna mana ko mAnA gayA hai vahA~ jaina vicAraNA meM vikAra yA kAmAdi kA vAsasthAna AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai| ve mana ke kArya avazya hai lekina unakA
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________________ 100 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vAsa sthAna AtmA hI hai| jaise raMgIna dekhanA cazme kA kArya hai, lekina raMgInatA kA jJAna to cetanA meM hI hogaa| sambhavataH yahA~ zaMkA hotI hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM to aneka baddha prANiyoM ko amanaska mAnA gayA hai, phira unameM jo avidyA yA mithyAtva hai vaha kisakA kArya hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prathama to sabhI prANiyoM meM bhAva mana kI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai| dUsare zvetAmbara paramparA ke anurUpa yadi mana ko sampUrNa zarIragata mAneM13 to vahA~ devya mana bhI hai, lekina vaha kevala oghasaMjJA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, unheM kevala vivekazakti-vihIna mana (irrational mind) prApta hai| jaina zAstroM meM jo samanaska aura amanaska prANiyoM kA bheda kiyA gayA hai vaha dUsarI vivekasaMjJA (Faculty of reasoning) kI apekSA se hai| jinheM zAstra meM samanaska prANI kahA gayA hai unase tAtparya viveka zakti yukta prANiyoM se hai| jo amanaska prANI kahe gaye haiM unameM vivekakSamatA nahIM hotI hai| ve na to sudIrghabhUta kI smRti rakha sakate haiM aura na bhaviSya kI aura na zubhAzubha kA vicAra kara sakate haiN| unameM mAtra vartamAnakAlika saMjJA hotI hai aura mAtra aMdha vAsanAoM ( mUla pravRttiyoM) se unakA vyavahAra cAlita hotA hai| amanaska prANiyoM meM sattAtmaka mana to hai, lekina unameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA hai, isI vivekAbhAva kI apekSA se hI unheM amanaska kahA jAtA jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitika vikAsa kA prArambha viveka kSamatAyukta mana kI upalabdhi se hI hotA hai jaba taka viveka kSamatAyukta mana prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka zubhAzubha kA vibheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jaba taka zubhAzubha kA jJAna prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka naitika vikAsa kI sahI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura naitika pragati nahIM ho pAtI hai| ataH vivekakSamatA yukta (Rational mind) naitika pragati kI anivArya zarta hai| breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI bauddhika kSamatA yA zubhAzubha viveka ko naitika pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA kA unase pramukha matabheda yaha hai ki ve naitika uttaradAyitva (Moral responsibility) aura naitika pragati (Moral progress) donoM ke lie vivekakSamatA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina vicAraka naitika pragati ke lie to viveka Avazyaka mAnate haiM lekina naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie viveka zakti ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnate haiN| yadi koI prANI vivekAbhAva meM bhI anaitika karma karatA hai to jaina dRSTi se vaha naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hogaa| kyoMki (1) prathamataH, vivekAbhAva hI pramattatA hai aura yahI anaitikatA kA kAraNa hai| ataH vivekapUrvaka kArya nahIM karane vAlA naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM hai| (2) dUsare, viveka zakti to sabhI cetana AtmAoM meM hai, jisameM vaha prasupta hai, usa prasupti ke lie bhI ve svayaM hI uttaradAyI haiN| (3) tIsare aneka prANI to aise haiM jinameM viveka kA pragaTana ho cukA thA, jo kabhI samanaska yA vivekavAna prANI the, lekina unhoMne usa vivekazakti kA yathArtha upayoga na kiyaa| phalasvaspa unameM vaha vivekazakti punaH kuNThita ho gii| ataH aise prANiyoM ko naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa|
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 101 sUtrakRtAMga meM isa sambandha meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai -- kaI jIva aise bhI haiM, jinameM jarA-sI tarkazakti, prajJAzakti yA mana yA vANI kI zakti nahIM hotI hai| ve mUr3ha jIva bhI sabake prati samAna doSI haiM aura usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki saba yoniyoM ke jIva eka janma meM saMjJA (viveka) vAle hokara apane kiye hue karmoM ke kAraNa dUsare janma meM asaMjJI (viveka zUnya) banakara janma lete haiN| ataeva vivekavAn honA yA na honA apane hI kiye hue karmoM kA phala hotA hai isase vivekAbhAva kI dazA meM jo kucha pApa-karma hote haiM unakI javAbadArI bhI unakI hI hai| yadyapi jaina tatvajJAna meM jIvoM ke avyavahAra-rAzi kI jo kalpanA kI gaI hai, usa varga ke jIvoM ke naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sUtrakRtAMga ke isa AdhAra para nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki avyavahAra-rAzi ke jIvoM ko to viveka kabhI pragaTita hI nahIM huA ve to kevala isa AdhAra para hI uttaradAyI mAne jA sakate haiM ki unameM jo vivekakSamatA prasupta hai ve usakA pragaTana nahIM kara rahe haiN| eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi naitika pragati ke lie "saviveka mana" Avazyaka hai to phira jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra ve sabhI prANI jinameM aise "mana" kA abhAva hai, naitika pragati ke patha para kabhI Age nahIM bar3ha skeNge| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra isa prazna kA uttara yaha hogA ki "viveka" ke abhAva meM bhI karma kA bandha aura bhoga to calatA hai, lekina phira bhI jaba vicAraka-mana kA abhAva hotA hai to karma vAsanA-saMkalpa se yukta hote hue bhI vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hote haiM aura karmoM ke vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hone ke kAraNa bandhana meM tIvratA bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra navIna karmoM kA bandha hote hue bhI tIvra bandha nahIM hotA hai aura purAne karmoM kA bhoga calatA rahatA hai| ataH nadI-pASANa nyAya ke anusAra saMyoga se kabhI na kabhI vaha avasara ho jAtA hai, jaba prANI viveka ko prApta kara letA hai aura naitika vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai| . mana kA svarUpa . isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mana AcAradarzana kA kendra bindu hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI paramparAyeM mana ko naitika jIvana ke sandarbha meM atyadhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna pradAna karatI hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki mana kA svarUpa kyA hai aura vaha naitika jIvana ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatA hai isa tathya para bhI vicAra kreN| mana ke svarUpa ke vizleSaNa kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki kyA mana bhautika tattva hai athavA AdhyAtmika tattva hai ? bauddha vicAraNA mana ko cetana tattva mAnatI hai jabaki sAMkhyadarzana aura yogavAsiSTha meM use jar3a mAnA gayA hai|14 gItA sAMkhya vicAraNA ke anurUpa mana ko jar3a prakRti se hI utpanna aura triguNAtmaka mAnatI hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana ke bhautika pakSa ko "dravyamana" aura cetana pakSa ko "bhAvamana" kahA gayA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki dravyamana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM
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________________ 102 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 se banA huA hai| yaha mana kA bhautika pakSa (Physical or structural aspect of mind ) hai / sAdhAraNa rUpa se isameM zarIrastha sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka aMga A jAte haiN| manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika racanA tantra meM pravAhita hone vAlI caitanyadhArA bhAvamana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, isa racanA tantra ko AtmA se milI huI cintana - manarUpa caitanya zakti hI bhAva mana (Psychical aspect of mind ) hai / 'yahA~ para eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai / digambara sampradAya ke grantha gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa meM dravyamana kA sthAna hRdaya mAnA gayA hai jabaki zvetAmbara AgamoM meM aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki mana zarIra ke kisa vizeSa bhAga meM sthita hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI apane gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha mAnate haiM ki " zvetAmbara paramparA kA samagra sthUla zarIra hI dravyamana kA sthAna iSTa hai / " jahA~ taka bhAvamana ke sthAna kA prazna hai usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai| kyoMki Atma- pradeza sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai ataH bhAvamana kA sthAna bhI sampUrNa zarIra hI siddha hotA hai / L yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bauddha darzana meM mana ko hRdayapradezavartI mAnA gayA hai| jo digambara sampradAya kI dravyamana sambandhI mAnyatA ke nikaTa AtA hai| jabaki sAMkhya paramparA zvetAmbara sampradAya ke nikaTa hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM ki sAMkhya Adi darzanoM kI paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna kevala hRdaya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSmaliMga zarIra meM, jo aSTAdaza tattvoM kA viziSTa nikAyarUpa hai, praviSTa hai aura sUkSma zarIra kA sthAna samasta sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai| ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra hI siddha hotA hai / jaina vicAraNA mana ke AdhyAtmika aura bhautika donoM svarUpoM ko svIkAra karake hI saMtoSa nahIM mAna letI varan ina bhautika aura AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke bIca gahana sambandha ko bhI svIkAra kara letI hai| jaina naitika vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrta cetana Atmatattva aura jar3a karmatattva kA jo sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai usakI vyAkhyA ke lie use mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta ho sakatA hai| anyathA jaina vicAraNA kI bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA hI asambhava hogI / vedAntika advaitavAda, bauddha vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke darzanoM meM bandhana kA kAraNa anya tattva ko nahIM mAnA jAtA / ataH vahA~ sambandha kI samasyA hI nahIM aatii| sAMkhyadarzana meM AtmA ko kUTastha mAnane ke kAraNa vahA~ bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha kI koI samasyA nahIM rahatI / isalie ve mana ko ekAMta jar3a athavA cetana mAnakara apanA kAma calA lete haiM / lekina jar3a aura cetana ke madhya sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa jaina-darzana ke lie mana ko ubhayarUpa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana apane ubhayAtmaka svarUpa ke kAraNa hI jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala aura cetana Atma-tattva ke madhya yojaka kar3I bana gayA hai| mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kArya-kSetra bhautika jagat hai| jar3a pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika padArthoM se prabhAvita hotA hai aura apane cetana - pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika mana ke dvArA Atmatattva aura jar3atattva ke madhya aparokSa sambandha banA
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 103 dete haiM aura isa sambandha ke AdhAra para hI apanI bandhana kI dhAraNA ko siddha karate haiN| mana, jar3a jagat aura cetana jagat ke madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo donoM svatantra sattAoM meM sambandha banAye rakhatA hai, jaba taka yaha mAdhyama rahatA hai tabhI taka jar3a evaM cetana jagat meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA rahatI hai, jisake kAraNa bandhana kA krama calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti ke lie pahale mana ke ina ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga-alaga karanA hotA hai| inake alaga-alaga hone para mana kI prabhAvaka zakti kSINa hone lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA hI vilaya hokara nirvANa kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai aura nirvANa dazA meM isa ubhaya svarUpa mana kA hI abhAva hone se bandhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| ubhayAtmaka mana ke mAdhyama se jar3a aura cetana meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA (Interaction) mAna lene mAtra se samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| prazna yaha hai ki bAhya bhautika ghaTanAyeM evaM kriyAyeM Atmatattva ko kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM jabaki donoM svatantra haiN| yadi ubhayarUpa mana ko unakA yojaka tattva mAna bhI liyA jAya to isase samasyA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM hotaa| yaha to samasyA kA khisakAnA mAtra hai| jo sambandha kI samasyA bhautika jagat aura Atmatattva ke madhya thI, use kevala dravya mana aura bhAva mana ke nAma se manojagat meM sthAnAntarita kara diyA gayA hai| dravya mana aura bhAva mana kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM yaha samasyA abhI banI huI hai| cAhe yaha sambandha kI samasyA bhautika aura AdhyAtmika stara para ho, cAhe jar3a karma paramANu aura cetana AtmA ke madhya ho athavA mana ke bhautika aura abhautika staroM para ho, samasyA avazya banI rahatI hai| usake nirAkaraNa ke do hI mArga haiN| yA to bhautika aura AdhyAtmika saMjJAoM meM se kisI eka ke astitva kA niSedha kara diyA jAe athavA unameM eka prakAra kA samAnAntaravAda mAna liyA jaae| jaina dArzanikoM ne pahile vikalpa meM yaha doSa pAyA ki yadi kevala cetana tattva kI sattA mAnI jAe to samasta bhautika jagat ko mithyA kahakara anubhUti ke tathyoM ko ThukarA denA hogA, jaisA ki vijJAnavAdI evaM zUnyavAdI bauddha dArzanikoM tathA advaitavAdI AcArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| yadi dUsarI ora cetana kI svatantra sattA kA niSedha kara mAtra jar3atatva kI sattA ko hI mAnA jAye to bhautikavAda meM AnA hogA, jisameM naitika jIvana ke lie koI sthAna zeSa nahIM rhegaa| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, "jaina dArzanikoM ne mana aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA aura isalie ve samAnAntaravAda ko bhI usakI samasta sImAoM sahita svIkAra kara lete haiN| ve caitasika aura acaitasika tathyoM meM eka pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya P(Pre-established harmony) svIkAra karate haiN|"17 lekina jaina vicAraNA meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke madhya kevala samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya hI nahIM mAnatI hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se to jaina vicAraka unameM vAstavika sambandha bhI mAnate haiN| samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya to kevala pAramArthika yA dravyArthika dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM jar3a aura cetana meM nitAnta bhinnatA mAnate hue bhI anubhava ke stara para yA manovaijJAnika stara para unameM vAstavika sambandha ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| DaoN kalaghaTagI likhate haiM ki "jaina cintakoM ne mAnasika bhAvoM ko jar3a karmoM se prabhAvita hone ke sandarbha meM eka pariSkArita samAnAntaravAda prastuta kiyA hai -- unakA samAnAntaravAda
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________________ 104 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vyakti ke mana aura zarIra ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA manobhautika samAnAntaravAda hai-- yadyapi ve mAnasika aura zArIrika tathyoM ke madhya hone vAlI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta karatA hai -- jaina dRSTikoNa jar3a aura cetana ke madhya rahe hue tAtvika virodha ke samanvaya kA eka prayAsa hai jo vaiyaktika mana evaM zarIra ke madhya pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA kI saMsthApanA karatA hai| isa prakAra hamane yaha dekhA ki jaina vicAraNA meM bAhya bhautika jagat se sambandhita "mana" kA dravyAtmaka pakSa kisa prakAra apane bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura "jIvAtmA" ko bandhana meM DAlatA hai| lekina mana jina sAdhanoM ke dvArA bAhya jagata se sambandha banAtA hai ve to indriyA~ haiM, mana kI viSaya-sAmagrI to indriyoM ke mAdhyama se AtI hai| bAhya jagat se mana kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA hai varan vaha indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jAgatika viSayoM se apanA sambandha banAtA hai| mana jisa para kArya karatA hai vaha sArI sAmagrI to indriya-saMvedana se prApta hotI hai| ataH mana ke kArya ke sambandha meM vicAra karane se pahale hameM indriyoM ke sambandha meM bhI thoDA vicAra kara lenA hogaa| mana ke sAdhana-indriyA~ __indriya zabda ke artha kI vizada vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama kevala yahI kaheM ki "jina-jina kAraNoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA hai ve indriyA~ hai|" isa artha ko lekara gItA yA jaina AgamoM meM kahIM koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jaataa| yadyapi kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM indriyA~ "mana" kA sAdhana yA "karaNa" mAnI jAtI haiN| indriyoM kI saMkhyA jaina dRSTi meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI jAtI haiM -- (1) zrotra, (2) cakSu, (3) ghrANa, (4) rasanA aura (5) sprshn| sAMkhya vicAraNA meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai -- 5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ aura 1 mn| jaina vicAraNA meM 5 jJAnendriyA~ to usI rUpa meM mAnI gaI haiM kintu mana noindriya (Quasi sense-organ) kahA gayA hai| pA~ca karmendriyoM kI tulanA -- unakI 10 bala kI dhAraNA meM vAkbala, zarIrabala evaM zvAsocchvAsa bala se kI jA sakatI hai|19 bauddha grantha vizaddhimaggo meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 mAnI gaI hai|20 bauddha vicAraNA meM ukta pA~ca indriyoM ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukha-duHkha tathA zubha evaM azubha Adi ko bhI / indriya mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM indriyA~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM -- (1) dravyendriya (2) bhaavendriy| indriyoM kI AMgika saMracanA (Structural aspect) dravyendriya kahalAtI hai aura Antarika kriyA zakti (Functional aspect) bhAvendriya kahalAtI hai| inameM se pratyeka ke punaH upa vibhAga kiye gaye haiM jinheM saMkSepa meM nimna sAriNI se samajhA jA sakatA hai : indriya dravyendriya bhAvendriya ...upakaraNa (indriya rakSaka aMga) nivRtti indriya aMga) labdhi (zakti) upayoga (cetanA) Jain EdubariMga itern aMtara~ga bahiraMgaor aMtaraMga & Personal use Only
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 105 indriyoM ke vyApAra yA viSaya (1) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai| zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai -- jIva kA zabda, ajIva kA zabda aura mizra shbd| kucha vicAraka 7 prakAra ke zabda mAnate haiN| (2) cakSu indriya kA viSaya raMga-rUpa hai| raMga kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta, pA~ca prakAra kA hai| zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiN| (3) ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha hai| gandha do prakAra kI hotI hai -- sugandha aura durgandha / (4) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai| rasa 5 prakAra ke hote haiM -- kaTu, amla, lavaNa, tikta aura kssaay| (5) sparzana indriya kA viSaya sparzAnubhUti hai| sparza ATha prakAra ke hote haiM -- uSNa, zIta, skSa, cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza aura koml| isa prakAra zrotrendriya ke 3, cakSurindriya ke 5 ghrANendriya ke 2, rasanendriya ke 5 aura sparzendriya ke 8, kula milAkara pA~coM indriyoM ke 23 viSaya hote haiN| jaina vicAraNA meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki pA~coM indriyoM ke dvArA jIva uparokta viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai yaha jIvAtmA zrotra, cakSa, tvacA, rasanA, ghrANa aura mana ke Azraya se hI viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai|| ye viSaya-bhoga AtmA ko bAhayamukhI banA dete haiN| pratyeka indriya apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI hai aura isa prakAra AtmA kA Antarika samatva bhaMga ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki, "sAdhaka zabda, rUpa,rasa, gandha tathA sparza ina pA~coM prakAra ke kAmaguNoM (indriya-viSayoM) ko sadA ke lie chor3a de22 kyoMki ye indriyoM ke viSaya AtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| indriyA~ apane viSayoM se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita karatI haiM aura AtmA ko una viSayoM se kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM isakI vistRta vyAkhyA prajJApanAsUtra aura anya jaina granthoM meM milatI hai| vistAra bhaya se hama isa vivecanA meM jAnA nahIM cAhate haiN| hamAre lie itanA hI jAna lenA paryApta hai ki jisa prakAra dravyamana bhAvamana ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura bhAvamana se AtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| usI prakAra dravya-indriya (Structural aspect of sense organ) kA viSaya se samparka hotA hai aura vaha bhAva-indriya (Functional and Psychic aspect of sense organ) ko prabhAvita karatI hai aura bhAva-indriya AtmA kI zakti hone ke kAraNa usase AtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| naitika cetanA kI dRSTi se mana aura indriyoM ke mahatva tathA svarUpa ke sambandha meM yatheSTa rUpa se vicAra kara lene ke pazcAt yaha jAna lenA ucita hogA ki mana aura indriyoM kA aisA kauna sA mahattvapUrNa kArya hai jisake kAraNa unheM naitika cetanA meM itanA sthAna diyA jAtA hai| vAsanAprANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva mana aura indriyoM ke dvarA viSayoM kA samparka hotA hai| isa samparka se kAmanA utpanna hotI hai| yahI kAmanA yA icchA naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ane vAle vyavahAra kA AdhArabhUta preraka tattva hai| sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-darzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vAsanA,
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________________ 106 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kAmanA yA icchA se prasUta samasta vyavahAra hI naitika vivecanA kA viSaya hai| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM vAsanA, kAmanA, kAmaguNa, icchA, AzA, lobha, tRSNA, Asakti Adi zabda lagabhaga samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| jinakA sAmAnya artha mana aura indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI"cAha" se hai| bandhana kA kAraNa indriyoM kA unake viSayoM se hone vAlA samparka yA sahaja zArIrika kriyAe~ nahIM hai, varan vAsanA hai| niyamasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya vyakti ke uThanA-baiThanA, calanA-phiranA, dekhanA-jAnanA Adi kriyAe~ vAsanA se yukta hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai jabaki kevalI (sarvajJa yA jIvanmukta) kI ye sabhI kriyAe~ vAsanA yA icchArahita hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotiiN| icchA yA saMkalpa (pariNAma ) pUrvaka kie hue vacana Adi kArya hI bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiN| icchArahita kArya bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote|23 isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina AcAra-darzana meM vAsanAtmaka tathA aicchika vyavahAra hI naitika nirNaya kA pramukha AdhAra hai| jaina naitika vivecanA kI dRSTi se vAsanA (icchA) ko hI samagra jIvana ke vyavahAra kSetra kA cAlaka tattva kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM jIvavRtti (want) kSudhA (Appetite), icchA (Desire) abhilASA (wish) aura saMkalpa (will) meM artha vaibhinya evaM krama mAnA gayA hai| unake anusAra isa samagra krama meM cetanA kI spaSTatA ke AdhAra para vibheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvavRtti cetanA ke nimnatama stara vanaspati jagat meM pAyI jAtI hai, pazujagat meM jIvavRtti ke sAtha-sAtha kSudhA kA bhI yoga hotA hai lekina cetanA ke mAnavIya stara para Akara to jIvavRtti se saMkalpa taka ke sAre hI tattva upalabdha hote hai| vastutaH jIvRtti se lekara saMkalpa taka ke sAre staroM meM vAsanA ke mUla tattva meM mUlataH koI antara nahIM hai, antara hai, kevala cetanA meM usake bodha kaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, inameM mAtrAtmaka antara hai, guNAtmaka antara nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai bhAratIya darzana meM isa krama ke sambandha meM koI vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM vAsanA, kAmanA, icchA aura tRSNA Adi zabda to avazya milate haiM aura vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se inameM antara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI sAdhAraNa rUpa se samAnArthaka rUpa meM hI unakA prayoga huA hai| bhAratIya-darzana kI dRSTi se vAsanA ko jIvavRtti (want) tathA kSudhA (Appetite), kAmanA ko icchA (Desire), icchA ko abhilASA (Desire) aura tRSNA ko saMkalpa (will) kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka jahA~ vAsanA ke kevala usa spa ko, jise hama saMkalpa (will) kahate haiM, naitika nirmANa kA viSaya banAte haiM, vahA~ bhAratIya cintana meM vAsanA ke ve rUpa bhI jinameM vAsanA kI cetanA kA spaSTa bodha nahIM hai, naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAte haiN| cAhe vAsanA ke rUpa meM andha aindrika abhivatti ho yA mana kA vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa ho, donoM ke hI mUla meM vAsanA kA tattva nihita hai aura yahI vAsanA prANIya vyavahAra kI mUlabhUta preraka hai| vyavahAra kI dRSTi se vAsanA (jIvavRtti) aura tRSNA (saMkalpa) meM antara yaha hai ki pahalI spaSTa rUpa se cetanA ke stara para nahIM hone ke kAraNa mAtra andha pravRtti hotI hai jabaki dUsarI cetanA ke stara para hone ke kAraNa vimarzAtmaka hotI hai| cetanA meM icchA ke
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________________ mana -- zakti, svasya aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 107 spaSTa bodha kA abhAva icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai| isIliye jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ne pazu Adi cetanA ke nimna staroM vAle prANiyoM ke vyavahAra ko bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnA hai| vahA~ pAzavika stara para pAyI jAne vAlI vAsanA kI andha pravRtti hI naitika nirNayoM kA viSaya banatI hai| vAsanA kyoM hotI hai ? gaNadharavAda meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra devadatta apane mahala kI khir3akiyoM se bAhya jagat ko dekhatA hai usI prakAra prANI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhya padArthoM se apanA samparka banAtA hai|24 kaThopaniSad meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ko bahirmukha karake hiMsita kara diyA gayA hai isalie jIva bAhya viSayoM kI ora hI dekhatA hai antarAtmA ko nhiiN|25 indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha viSaya anukUla aura kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| anukUla viSayoM kI ora punaH-punaH pravRtta honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se bacanA yahI vAsanA hai| jo indriyoM ko anukUla hotA hai vahI sukhada aura jo pratikUla hotA hai vahI duHkhada hai|26 ataH sukhada kI ora pravRtti karanA aura duHkhada se nivRtti cAhanA, yahI vAsanA kI cAlanA ke do kendra hai, jinameM sukhada viSaya dhanAtmaka tathA duHkhada viSaya RNAtmaka cAlanA ke kendra haiN| isa prakAra vAsanA, tRSNA yA kAmaguNa hI samasta vyavahAra kA preraka tattva hai| bhAratIya cintana meM vyavahAra ke preraka ke rUpa meM jisa vAsanA ko svIkArA gayA hai vahI vAsanA pAzcAtya phrAyaDIya manovijJAna meM "kAma" aura mekaDUgala ke prayojanavAdI manovijJAna meM hArmI (harme ) yA arja (urge) athavA mUla pravRtti kahI jAtI hai| pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya paramparAe~ isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki prANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva vAsanA, kAmanA yA tRSNA hai| inake do rUpa banate haiM -- rAga aura de| rAga dhanAtmaka aura dveSa RNAtmaka hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM karTa levina ne inheM kramazaH AkarSaNa zakti (positive valence ) aura vikarSaNa zakti (negative valence ) kahA hai| vyavahAra kI pAlanA ke do kendra -- sukha aura duHkha anukUla viSaya kI ora AkarSita honA aura pratikala viSayoM se vikarSita honA yaha indriya svabhAva hai, lekina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki indriyA~ kyoM anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti rakhanA cAhatI haiN| yadi isakA uttara manovijJAna ke AdhAra para dene kA prayAsa kiyA jAe to hameM mAtra yahI kahanA hogA ki anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai jise hama sukha-duHkha kA niyama bhI kahate haiN| manovijJAna prANI jagata kI isa naisargika vRtti kA vizleSaNa to karatA hai lekina yaha nahIM batA sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM hai ? yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka tattva hai| jaina dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra ke cAlaka tattva ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate haiN| mana evaM indriyoM ke mAdhyama se isI niyama ke anusAra prANIya vyavahAra kA saMcAlana
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________________ 108 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 hotA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vAsanA hI apane vidhAnAtmaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai| jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA - pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha duHkha / isa prakAra vAsanA se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra kA nirdhAraNa karane lagate haiN| apane anukUla viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa honA aura unheM grahaNa karanA yaha indriyoM kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai| mana ke abhAva meM yaha indriyoM kI andha pravRtti hotI hai lekina jaba indriyoM ke sAtha mana kA yoga ho jAtA hai to indriyoM meM sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI punaH punaH prApti kI tathA duHkhada anubhUti se bacane kI pravRtti vikasita ho jAtI hai| - basa yahIM icchA, tRSNA yA saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne icchA kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai -- mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI punaH prApti kI pravRtti hI icchA hai| 27 athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai| 28 yaha indriyoM kI sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI lAlasA yA icchA hI tIvra hokara Asakti yA rAga kA rUpa le letI hai| dUsarI ora duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacane kI abhivRtti ghRNA evaM dveSa kA rUpa le letI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai, "manojJa, priya yA anukUla viSaya hI rAga kA kAraNa hote haiM aura pratikUla yA amanojJa viSaya dveSa kA kAraNa hote sukhada anubhUtiyoM se rAga aura duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se dveSa tathA isa rAga-dveSa se anyAnya kaSAya aura azubha vRttiyA~ kaise pratiphalita hotI haiM, ise uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki indriya aura mana ke unake viSayoM ko sevana karane kI lAlasA jAgRta hotI hai / sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se hI rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakta hokara jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI, puruSa aura napusaMka bhAva kI vAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura una bhAvoM kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM aneka rUpoM (zarIroM) ko dhAraNa karatA hai 1 isa prakAra indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIna, lajjita aura karuNAjanaka sthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai | 30 gItA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "mana se indriyoM ke viSayoM kA cintana kie jAne para una viSayoM se samparka kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura usa samparka icchA se kAmanA yA Asakti kA janma hotA hai| Asakta viSayoM kI prApti meM jaba
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 109 bAdhA utpanna hotI hai to krodha (ghRNA, dveSa) utpanna ho jAtA hai| krodha meM mUDhatA yA aviveka, aviveka se smRtinAza aura smRtinAza se buddhi vinaSTa ho jAtI hai aura buddhi ke vinaSTa hone se vyakti vinAza kI ora calA jAtA hai| 1 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai to una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA rAga ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiM aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai athavA anukUla viSayoM kI prApti meM koI bAdhA AtI hai to ghRNA yA vidveSa ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiN| isa prakAra sukha-duHkha kA preraka niyama eka dUsare rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| jahA~ sukha kA sthAna rAga yA Asakti kA bhAva le letA hai aura duHkha kA sthAna ghRNA yA dveSa kA bhAva le letA hai| ye rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika adhaHpatana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hotI hai| sabhI bhAratIya darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM, "rAga aura dveSa ye donoM hI karma-paramparA ke bIja haiM aura yahI karma-paramparA ke kAraNa haiN| 2 sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai, "he arjuna ! icchA (rAga) aura dveSa ke dvandra meM moha se AvRta hokara prANI isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN|"33 tathAgata buddha kahate haiM,"jisane rAga-dveSa aura moha ko chor3a diyA hai vahI phira mAtA ke garbha meM nahIM pdd'taa|"34 isa samagra vivecanA ko hama saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiM ki vividha indriyoM evaM mana ke dvArA unake viSayoM ke grahaNa kI cAha meM vAsanA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa hotA hai| vAsanA kA pratyaya punaH apane vidhAnAtmaka evaM niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke rUpa meM sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai| yahI sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAe~ rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| yahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi vividha prakAra ke anaitika vyApAra kA kAraNa hotI hai| lekina ina sabake mUla meM to aindrika evaM manojanya vyApAra hI hai aura isaliye sAdhAraNa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika AcaraNa evaM naitika vikAsa ke lie indriya aura mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara diyA jaae| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki indriyoM para kAbU kiye binA rAgadveSa evaM kaSAyoM para vijaya pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ataH aba isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA iSTa hogA ki kyA indriya aura mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai aura yadi nirodha sambhava hai to usakA vAstavika rUpa kyA hai ? indriya nirodha : sambhAvanA aura satya . indriyoM ke viSaya apanI pUrti ke prayAsa meM kisa prakAra naitika patana kI ora le jAte haiM isakA sajIva citraNa uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 32veM adhyayana meM milatA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki-- rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSu indriya hai aura rUpa cakSu indriya se grahaNa hone yogya hai| priya rUpa, rAga kA aura apriya rUpa dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura hokara pataMgA mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyanta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN|37 spa kI AzA meM par3A huA gurukarmI, ajJAnI jIva, basa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai| paritApa
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________________ 110 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 utpanna karatA hai tathA pIDita karatA hai|38 rUpa meM mUchita jIva una padArthoM ke utpAdana, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahA~ hai ? vaha saMyoga kAla meM bhI atapta rahatA hai|39 rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotA, jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upayoga ke samaya bhI vaha duHkha pAtA hai|40 zrotrendriya zabda kI grAhaka aura zabda zrota kA grAhaya hai| priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra rAga meM gRddha banA huA mRga mugdha hokara zabda meM santoSita na hotA huA mRtyu pA letA hai| usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM atyanta mUrchita hone vAlA jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai|42 zabda kI Asakti meM par3A huA bhArI karmI jIva, ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura pIr3A detA hai|43 vaha manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM tathA viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai, unake saMbhoga kAla ke samaya meM bhI atRpta hI banA rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai|4 tRSNAvaza vaha jIva corI, jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta hI rahatA hai, duHkha se nahIM chUTa sktaa|5 nAsikA gandha ko grahaNa karatI hai aura gaMdha nAsikA kA grAhya hai| sugandha rAga kA kAraNa hai aura durgandha deSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra sugandha meM machita haA sarpa bA~bI se bAhara nikalakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra gandha meM atyanta Asakta jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pA letA hai| sugandha ke vazIbhUta hokara bAlajIva aneka prakAra se trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kA ghAta karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|48 vaha jIva sugandhita padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya tathA viyoga kI cintA meM hI lagA rahatA hai, ataH vaha unake bhogakAla meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai| jihvA rasa ko grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa jihvA kA grAhya hai| manapasanda rasa rAga kA kAraNa aura mana ke pratikUla rasa dveSa kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|50 jisa prakAra mAMsa khAne ke lAlaca meM pha~sA huA maccha kA~Te meM pha~sakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rasoM meM atyanta gRddha jIva akAla meM mRtyu kA grAsa bana jAtA hai| use kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha rasabhoga ke samaya bhI duHkha aura kleza hI pAtA hai| 2 isI prakAra amanojJa rasoM meM deSa karane vAlA jIva bhI duHkha paramparA bar3hAtA hai aura kaluSita mana se karmoM kA upArjana karake usake duHkhada phala ko bhogatA hai| zarIra sparza ko grahaNa karatA hai aura sparza zarIra kA grAhya hai| sukhada sparza rAga kA tathA duHkhada sparza dveSa kA kAraNa hai| 4 jo jIva sukhada sparzoM meM ati Asakta hotA hai vaha jaMgala ke tAlAba ke ThaNDe pAnI meM par3e hue makara dvArA grasita bhaise kI taraha akAla meM hI mRtyu pAtA hai| sparza kI AzA meM par3A huA vaha gurukarmI jIva carAcara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|00 sukhada sparzoM meM mUrchita huA prANI una vastuoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya evaM viyoga kI cintA meM hI ghulA karatA hai| bhoga ke samaya bhI vaha tRpta nahIM
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa.aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 111 hotA phira usake lie sakha kahA~ ?57 sparza meM Asakta jIvoM ko kiMcita bhI sakha nahIM hotA hai| jisa vastu kI prApti kleza evaM duHkha se huI usake bhoga ke samaya bhI kaSTa hI milatA hai|58 AcArya hemacandra bhI yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki sparzendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hAthI, rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara machalI, ghrANendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara, cakSu indriya ke vazIbhUta hokara pataMgA aura zravaNendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hariNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai| jaba eka-eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai phira bhalA pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI kyA sthiti hogii| gItA meM bhI zrIkRSNa ne indriya-damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letI hai vaise hI mana sahita viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka hI indriya isa puruSa kI buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hotI hai| sAdhanA meM prayatnazIla buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI ye pramathana svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra se hara letI haiM aura use sAdhanA se cyuta kara detI haiN| ataH sampUrNa indriyoM ko vaza meM karake tathA samAhita citta hokara mana ko mere meM lgaa| jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ apane adhikAra meM haiM, vahI prajJAvAna hai| anyatra punaH kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka sabase pahale indriyoM ko vaza meM karake jJAna ke vinAza karane vAle isa kAma kA parityAga kreN| dhammapada meM tathAgata buddha bhI kahate haiM ki "jo manuSya indriyoM ke viSayoM meM asaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) sAdhanA se usI prakAra girA detA hai jaise durbala vRkSa ko havA girA detI hai| lekina jo indriyoM ke viSayoM meM susaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) usI prakAra sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM kara sakatA jaise vAyu parvata ko vicalita nahIM kara sktaa|"61 jaina-darzana aura gItA meM indriya-damana kA vAstavika artha prazna yaha hai ki yadi indriya-vyApAra bandhana ke kAraNa haiM to phira kyA inakA nirodha sambhava hai ? yadi hama isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM to yaha pAyeMge, ki jaba taka jIva deha dhAraNa kiye hai usake dvArA indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava nahIM hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha eka aise vAtAvaraNa meM rahatA hai jahA~ use indriyoM ke viSayoM se sAkSAt samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai| A~kha ke samakSa dRzya-viSaya prastuta hone para vaha usake rUpa aura raMga ke darzana se vaMcita nahIM raha sakatA, bhojana karate samaya usake rasa ko asvIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| kisI zabda ke upasthita hone para karNa yantra usakI AvAja ko sune binA nahIM raha sakatA aura ThIka isI prakAra anyAnya indriyoM ke viSaya upasthita hone para vaha unheM asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA arthAt manovaijJAnika dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asambhava tathya hai| tathApi yaha prazna uThatA hai ki bandhana se kaise bacA jAya ? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue jainadarzana kahatA hai ki bandhana kA kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM varan unake mUla meM nihita rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI hai| jaisA ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa ullekha hai| ki indriyoM aura mana ke viSaya, rAgI
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________________ 112 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, ye viSaya vItarAgiyoM ke lie bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho skte| 62 kAmabhoga kisI ko bhI sammohita nahIM karA sakate na kisI meM vikAra hI paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai| 63 gItA meM bhI isI prakAra nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka indriya ke viSayoM arthAt bhogoM meM upasthita, jo rAga aura dveSa haiM, unake vaza meM nahIM ho kyoMki ye donoM hI kalyANa mArga meM vighna karane vAle mahAn zatru haiN| 64 jo mUDhabuddhi puruSa karmendriyoM ko haThAt rokakara indriyoM ke bhogoM kA mana se cintana karatA rahatA hai, usa puruSa ke rAga-dveSa nivRtta na hone ke kAraNa vaha mithyAcArI yA dambhI kahA jAtA hai| 65 indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ko na grahaNa karane vAle puruSa ke kevala viSaya to nivRtta ho jAte haiM, kintu rAga nivRtta nahIM hotaa| jabaki nirvANa lAbha ke lie rAga kA nivRtta honA paramAvazyaka hai| 66 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki nirodha indriya-vyApAroM kA nahIM varan unameM nihita rAga-dveSa kA karanA hotA hai, kyoMki bandhana kA vAstavika kAraNa indriya- vyApAra nahIM, varan rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ haiM / jaina dArzanika kahate haiM indriyoM ke zabdAdi manojJa athavA amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hote haiM, vItarAga ke liye nahIM / 67 gItA kahatI hai ki rAga-dveSa se vimukta vyakti indriya-vyApAroM ko karatA huA bhI pavitratA ko hI prApta hotA hai| 68 isa prakAra jainadarzana aura gItA indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kI bAta nahIM kahate, varan indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ke nirodha kI dhAraNA ko prasthApita karate haiM / isI prakAra manonirodha ke sambandha meM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ banA lI gaI haiM, yahA~ hama usakA bhI yathArtha svarUpa prastuta karane kA prayAsa kreNge| icchAnirodha yA manonigraha bhAratIya AcAra-darzana meM icchA-nirodha evaM vAsanAoM ke nigraha kA svara kAphI mukharita huA hai / AcAradarzana ke adhikAMza vidhi-niSedha icchAoM ke damana se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki icchAe~ tRpti cAhatI haiM aura isa prakAra citta zAnti yA AdhyAtmika samatva kA bhaMga ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki samatva ke naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie icchAoM kA damana kara diyA jAya / mana icchAoM evaM saMkalpoM kA utpAdaka hai, ataH icchAnirodha kA artha manonigraha hI mAna liyA gyaa| pataMjali ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI yoga hai| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki mana svayaM hI samagra klezoM kA dhAma hai| usameM jo bhI vRttiyA~ uThatI hai ve sabhI bandhanarUpa hai| ataH una manovyApAroM kA sarvathA avarodha kara denA yahI nirvikalpaka samAdhi hai, yahI naitika jIvana kA Adarza hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM icchAnirodha aura manonigraha ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "yaha mana usa duSTa aura bhayaMkara azva ke samAna hai jo cAroM
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 113 dizAoM meM bhAgatA hai|"69 ataH sAdhaka saMrambha, samArambha aura Arambha meM pravRtta hone vAle isa mana kA nigraha kreN|70 gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai-- "yaha mana atyanta hI caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karane vAlA aura bar3A balavAna hai, isakA nirodha karanA vAyu ke rokane ke samAna atyanta hI duSkara hai|"71 phira bhI kRSNa kahate haiM ki "nissaMdeha isa mana kA kaThinatA se nigraha hotA hai, phira bhI abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai"72 aura isalie he arjuna ! tU mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara isa mana ko mere meM lgaa| bauddha grantha dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "yaha citta atyanta hI caMcala hai, isa para adhikAra kara kyoMki kumArga se isakI rakSA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, isakI vRttiyoM kA kaThinatA se hI nivAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH buddhimAna manuSya ise aise hI sIdhA kara jaise iSukAra (bANa banAne vAlA) bANa ko sIdhA karatA hai|" yaha citta kaThinatA se nigrahita hotA hai, atyanta zIghragAmI aura yatheccha vicaraNa karane vAlA hai isalie isakA damana karanA hI zreyaskara hai, damita kiyA huA citta hI sukhavardhaka hotA hai| 4 madhyakAlIna jaina AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM, "A~dhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti prApta karane ke icchuka evaM tapa karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai ataH jo manuSya mukti cAhate hoM unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle lampaTa mana kA nirodha karanA caahie|" manonigrahaNa ke uparokta sandarbho ke AdhAra para bhAratIya naitika cintana para yaha AkSepa lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha Adhunika manovijJAna kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utrtaa| Adhunika manovijJAna icchAoM ke damana evaM manonigraha ko mAnasika samatva kA hetu nahIM mAnatA, varan isake ThIka viparIta use citta vikSobha kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| damana, nigraha, nirodha Aja . kI manovaijJAnika dhAraNA meM mAnasika santulana ke bhaMga karane vAle mAne gaye haiN| phrAyaDa ne manovighaTana evaM manovikRtiyoM kA pramukha kAraNa damana aura pratirodha ko hI mAnA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI isa mAnyatA ko jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA ki icchA-nirodha aura manonigrahaNa mAnasika svAsthya ke liye ahitakara haiN| yahI nahIM icchAoM ke damana meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hotI hai ve damita icchAeM utane hI vega se vikRta rUpa se prakaTa hokara na kevala apanI pUrti kA prayAsa karatI haiM varan vyakti ke vyaktitva ko bhI vikRta banA detI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hai to phira naitika jIvana se isa "damana" kI dhAraNA ko hI samApta kara denA hogaa| prazna hotA hai ki kyA bhAratIya nIti nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi se yaha tathya ojhala thA ? lekina bAta aisI nahIM hai jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana ke nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi meM damana ke anaucitya kI dhAraNA atyanta spaSTa thI, jise sapramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi gaharAI se dekheM to gItA spaSTa rUpa se damana yA nigraha ke anaucitya ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki prANI apanI prakRti ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karate haiM ve nigraha kaise kara sakate haiN|"76 yogavAsiSTha meM isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki he rAjarSi ! tInoM loka meM jitane bhI prANI hai svabhAva se hI unakI deha vyAtmaka hai| jaba taka zarIra rahatA hai taba taka zarIradharma svabhAva se hI anivArya hai arthAt prAkRtika vAsanA kA damana yA nirodha nahIM hotaa||
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________________ 114 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 gItA kahatI hai ki yadyapi viSayoM ko grahaNa nahIM karane vAle arthAt indriyoM ko unake viSayoM ke upabhoga karane se roka dene vAle vyaktiyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ke bhoga kA to nigraha ho jAtA hai, lekina unakA rasa (Asakti) banA rahatA hai| arthAta ve malataH naSTa nahIM ho pAte aura anukUla paristhitiyoM meM punaH vyutthita ho jAte haiN| "rasavarjaraso'tyasya" kA pada spaSTa rUpa se yaha saMketa karatA hai ki gItA meM naitika vikAsa kA vAstavika mArga nigraha kA nahIM hai| na kevala gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM damana ko anucita mAnA gayA hai varana bauddha aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| buddha ke madhyamamArga ke upadeza kA sAra yahI hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM vAsanAoM kA damana itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanA unase Upara uTha jaanaa| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga aura vAsanAoM ke bhoga kA mArga donoM hI buddha kI dRSTi meM sAdhanA ke sacce mArga nahIM hai| tathAgata buddha ne jisa madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA usakA spaSTa Azaya yahI thA ki sAdhanA meM damana para jo atyadhika bala diyA jA rahA thA use kama kiyA jaay| bauddha sAdhanA kA Adarza to cittazAnti hai jabaki damana to cittakSobha yA mAnasika dvandva ko hI janma detA hai| bauddhAcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki "citta-kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho|"78 damana kI prakriyA cittakSobha kI prakriyA hai, cittazAnti kI nhiiN| bodhicaryAvatAra kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki buddha ke dharma meM jahA~ dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA manA hai vahA~ apane ko pIr3A denA bhI anArya karma kahA gayA hai| saugata tantra ne AtmapIr3A ke mArga ko ThIka nahIM smjhaa| kyA damana mAtra se citta-vikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA ? dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoNgii| jaba taka citta meM bhoga-lipsA hai taba taka cittakSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha vicAraNA ko damana kA pratyaya abhipreta nahIM hai| damana ke virodha meM uTha khar3I bauddha vicAraNA kI carama pariNati cAhe vAmAcAra ke rUpa meM huI ho, lekina phira bhI usake damana ke virodha ko avAstavika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| cittazAnti ke sAdhanAmArga meM damana kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM ho sakatA / jahA~ taka jaina vicAraNA kA prazna hai vaha apanI pAribhASika bhASA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki "sAdhanA kA saccA mArga upazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai|" __ jaina dRSTikoNa ke anusAra aupazamika mArga vaha mArga hai jisameM mana kI vRttiyoM, vAsanAoM ko dabAkara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hA jAtA hai| icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI 'aupazamika mArga hai| jisa prakAra Aga ko rAkha se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai usI prakAra upazama meM karma-saMskAra yA vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAte hue naitikatA ke mArga para Age bar3hA jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kaheM to yaha damana (Repression) kA mArga hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kA mArga damana kA mArga hai lekina yaha manaHzuddhi kA vAstavika mArga nahIM hai, yaha to mAnasika gandagI ko DhakanA mAtra hai, chipAnA mAtra hai| jaina vicArakoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM batAyA hai ki yaha vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kI avasthA naitika vikAsa meM Age taka nahIM calatI hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki aisA sAdhaka padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jisa damana ko Adhunika manovijJAna meM vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 115 bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, vahI vicAraNA jaina-darzana meM maujUda thii| jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI damana ko vikAsa kA saccA mArga nahIM maanaa| unhoMne kahA, vikAsa kA saccA mArga vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAnA nahIM hai apitu unakA kSaya karanA hai| vAstava meM damana kA mArga svAbhAvika nahIM hai, vAsanAoM yA icchAoM ke nirodha karane kI apekSA ve kSINa ho jAe~, yahI apekSita hai| prazna hotA hai ki vAsanAoM ke kSaya aura nirodha meM kyA antara hai| nirodha meM citta meM vAsanA uThatI hai aura phira use dabAyA jAtA hai, jabaki kSaya meM vAsanA kA uThanA hI zanaiH-zanaiH kama hokara samApta ho jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM damana kI kriyA meM vAsanAtmaka ahaM (d) aura AdarzAtmaka ahaM (Super-ego) meM saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| lekina kSaya meM yaha saMgharSa nahIM hotA hai| vahA~ to vAsanA uThatI hI nahIM hai| damana yA upazama meM hameM krodha kA bhAva AtA hai aura hama use dabAte haiM yA use abhivyakta hone se rokate haiM, jabaki kSAyika bhAva meM krodhAdi vikAra samApta ho jAte haiN| upazamana (damana) meM mana meM krodha kA bhAva hotA hai, mAtra krodha-bhAva kA pragaTIkaraNa nahIM hotA jise sAdhAraNa bhASA meM gussA pI jAnA kahate haiN| upazama bhI gusse kA pI jAnA hI hai| isameM lokamaryAdA Adi bAhya tattva hI usake nirodha kA kAraNa banate haiN| isalie yaha Atmika vikAsa nahIM hai apitu usakA DhoMga hai, eka Aropita AvaraNa hai| kSAyika bhAva meM krodha utpanna hI nahIM hotA hai| sAdhAraNa bhASA meM hama kahate haiM ki aise sAdhaka ko gussA AtA hI nahIM hai, ataH yahI vikAsa kA saccA mArga hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka naitika evaM AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke apane lakSya ke atyadhika nikaTa pahu~ca kara bhI punaH patita ho jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to upazama mArga kA sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke 14 guNasthAna (sIr3hiyoM) meM se 11veM guNasthAna taka pahu~ca kara vahA~ se aisA gira sakatA hai ki punaH nimnatama avasthA prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai| yaha tathya jaina sAdhanA meM damana kI paramparA kA kyA anaucitya hai ise spaSTa kara detA hai| yahA~ para yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki Agama granthoM meM mana ke nirodha kA upadeza aneka sthAnoM para diyA gayA hai, vahA~ nirodha kA kyA artha hai ? vahA~ para nirodha kA artha damana nahIM lagAnA cAhie anyathA aupazamika aura kSAyika dRSTiyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| ataH vahA~ nirodha kA artha kSAyika dRSTi se hI karanA samucita hai| prazna hotA hai ki kSAyika dRSTi se mana kA zuddhIkaraNa kaise kiyA jAya ? , uttarAdhyayanasatra meM mana ke nigraha ke sambandha meM jo rUpaka prastuta kiyA gayA hai usameM zramaNakezI gautama se pUchate haiM -- Apa eka duSTa bhayAnaka azva para savAra hai, jo bar3I tIvra gati se bhAgatA hai, vaha Apako unmArga kI ora na le jAkara sanmArga para kaise le jAtA hai ? gautama ne isa lAkSaNika carcA ko spaSTa karate hue batAyA hai -- "yaha mana hI sAhasika, duSTa evaM bhayaMkara azva hai, jo cAroM ora bhAgatA hai| maiM usakA jAtivAn azva kI taraha zrutaspI rassiyoM se bA~dhakara samatva evaM dharma-zikSA se nigraha karatA huuN|"
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________________ 116 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 isa zloka ke prasaMga meM do zabda mahattvapUrNa haiM -- samme tathA dhmmsikkhaaye| dharma-zikSaNa dvArA mana ko nigraha karane kA artha damana nahIM hai varan unakA udAttIkaraNa hai| dharma-zikSaNa kA artha hai -- mana ko sadpravRttiyoM meM saMlagna kara denA tAki vaha anartha mArga para jAe hI nhiiN| aise hI zruta rUpa rassI se, bA~dhane kA artha hai -- viveka evaM jJAna ke dvArA use ThIka ora calAnA yaha samatva ke artha meM hai| samatva ke dvArA nigrahaNa kA artha bhI damana nahIM hai varan manodazA ko samabhAva se yukta banAnA hai| mana kA samatva damana meM to sambhava hI nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha to saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| jaba taka vAsanAoM aura naitika Adarza kA saMgharSa hai taba taka samatva ho hI nahIM sktaa| jaina-sAdhanA paddhati to samatva (samabhAva) kI sAdhanA hai| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga to citta-kSobha utpanna karatA hai, ataH vaha use svIkArya nahIM hai| jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza kSAyika sAdhanA hai jisameM vAsanA-damana nahIM, varan vAsanAzUnyatA hI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| gItA meM bhI mana ke nigraha kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai vaha hai, vairAgya aura abhyaas| vairAgya manovRttiyoM athavA vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, apitu bhogoM ke prati eka anAsakta vRtti hai| taTastha vRtti yA udAsIna vRtti damana se bilakula bhinna hai, vaha to bhogoM ke prati rAga-bhAva kI anupasthiti hai| dUsarI ora abhyAsa zabda bhI damana kA samarthaka nahIM hai| yadi gItAkAra ko damana hI iSTa hotA to vaha abhyAsa kI bAta nahIM khtaa| damana meM abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki yadi damana hI karanA ho to phira abhyAsa kisaliye ? abhyAsa hotA hai vilayana, pariSkAra yA udAttIkaraNa ke lie| vastutaH sAdhanA kA lakSya vAsanA yA caitasika AvegoM kA vilayana (samApti) hotA hai na ki unakA damana / kyoMki jaba taka damana hai taba taka citta-vikSobha hai kintu sAdhanA kA lakSya to samAdhi hai| samAdhi vAsanAoM ke damana se nahIM, apitu unake vilayana se phalita hotI hai| damana meM vAsanA rahatI hai ataH usameM citta-vikSobha bhI rahatA hai| jabaki vilayana meM vAsanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai ataH vaha citta kI zAnta avasthA hai| yahI citta kI zAnta evaM nirvikalpaka avasthA sampUrNa sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA lakSya hai| yahI samAdhi hai, vItarAgatA hai| vAsanAkSaya yA manojaya kA samyagmArga cittavRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana (vAsanA-zUnyatA) kaise ho? isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM eka samucita mArga prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki, "mana jina-jina viSayoM meM pravRtta hotA hai, unase use balAt rokanA nahIM cAhie, kyoMki balAt rokane se vaha usa ora adhika daur3ane lagatA hai aura na rokane se zAnta ho jAtA hai| jaise madonmatta hAthI ko rokA jAya to vaha aura adhika prerita hotA hai, agara use nahIM rokA jAve to vaha iSTa-viSaya prApta karake zAnta ho jAtA hai| yahI sthiti mana kI hai|" sAdhaka apane viSayoM ko grahaNa karate hue indriyoM ko na to roke aura na pravRtta kareM, apitu itanA sajaga (apramatta) rahe ki unake kAraNa mana meM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ utpanna na hoN| vaha kiMcit bhI saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM kare, kyoMki citta saMkalpoM se vyAkula hotA hai| sabhI citta vikSobha saMkalpajanya haiN| ataH saMkalpayukta citta meM sthiratA nahIM A sakatI hai| vastutaH yahA~ AcArya kA mantavya yaha hai
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________________ mana ki citta ko zAnta karane ke liye use saMkalpa-vikalpa se mukta karanA hogA aura isa hetu jJAtA - draSTA yA sAkSI banAnA hogaa| jaba citta yA mana draSTA, sAkSI aura apramatta hogAto svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha vAsanAoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta ho jaaegaa| citta - vikSobha kevala pramattadazA meM raha sakatA hai, apramattadazA meM nahIM / yaha bAta Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya hai| jaba mana svayaM apanI vRttiyoM kA draSTA banegA to vaha unakA kartA nahIM raha jAegA, kyoMki eka hI mana eka hI samaya meM draSTA aura kartA donoM nahIM ho sakatA / jisa samaya vaha draSTA-bhAva meM hogA usI samaya usameM kartAbhAva nahIM raha sakatA / udAharaNa ke lie jaba hama krodha karate haiM, usa samaya apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnate nahIM haiM aura jaba apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnane kA prayAsa karate haiM to krodha zAnta hone lagatA hai| manovijJAna kA yaha niyama hai ki jaba viveka jAgrata hogA to vAsanA kSINa hogI aura jaba vAsanA jAgrata hogI to viveka kSINa hogaa| ataH sAdhanA meM AvazyakatA hotI hai viveka ko jAgrata banAye rakhane kI / vAsanA-kSaya kA samyak mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, apitu viveka ko jAgrata karanA hai / sAdhaka ko apanI zakti vAsanAoM se saMgharSa karane meM nahIM apitu viveka ko jAgrata karane meM lagAnI caahie| vastutaH mana meM jaba viveka kA prakAza hotA hai to vAsanA usameM praveza nahIM kara paatii| jaise jaba ghara kA mAlika jAgatA hai to cora ghara meM praveza nahIM krtaa| jaba mana apramatta yA jAgrata rahatA hai to vAsanAe~ svayaM vilupta ho jAtI haiN| mana kI vibhinna avasthAyeM zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 117 vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattatA kI ora mana kI yaha yAtrA aneka sopAnoM se hotI hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM isa sambandha meM samAnAntara rUpa se . ina sopAnoM kA ullekha milatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM mana kI cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - -- 1. vikSipta mana avasthA hai| ise pramattatA kI avasthA bhI kaha sakate haiN| -- yaha mane kI viSayAsakta aura saMkalpa-vikalpayukta vikSubdha 2. yAtAyAta mana mana isa avasthA meM kabhI bahirmukhI ho viSaya kI ora daur3atA hai| to kabhI antarmukhI ho draSTA yA sAkSI banane kA prayAsa karatA hai / sAdhanA kI prArambhika sthiti meM mana kI yaha avasthA rahatI hai / yaha 'pramattApramattaM' avasthA hai| -- 3. zliSTa mana yaha citta kI apramatta avasthA hai / yahA~ citta nirviSaya to nahIM hotA kintu usake viSaya zubha- bhAva hote haiN| yaha azubha manobhAvoM kI vilaya kI avasthA hai, ataH ise Anandamaya avasthA bhI kahA gayA hai 1 4. sulIna mana yahA~ cittavRttiyoM kA pUrNa vilayana ho jAtA hai aura citta zubha - azubha donoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| yaha usakI zuddha jJAtA - draSTA avasthA hai ise paramAnanda yA samAdhi kI avasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ 118 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 jaina paramparA ke anurUpa bauddha aura hindU paramparAoM meM bhI manobhUmiyoM kA. ullekha upalabdha hai| bauddha-darzana meM jaina-darzana ke samAna hI citta kI 1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottara -- ina cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha hai jo ki kramazaH vikSipta, yAtAyAta, zliSTa aura sulIna ke samatulya haiN| yoga-darzana meM mana kI nimna pA~ca avasthAoM kA ullekha hai -- 1. kSipta, 2. mUda, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddh| isameM bhI yadi hama kSipta aura mUr3ha citta ko eka hI varga meM rakheM, to tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yahA~ bhI jaina-darzana se samAnatA hI parilakSita hotI hai| jise nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -- jaina-darzana bauddha-darzana yoga-darzana vikSipta kAmAvacara kSipta evaM mUr3ha yAtAyAta rUpAvacara vikSipta zliSTa arUpAvacara ekAgra sulIna lokottara niruddha jaina-darzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha-darzana kA kAmAvacara citta aura yoga-darzana ke kSipta evaM mUr3ha citta samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM kI bahulatA tathA vikalatA rahatI hai| isI prakAra yAtAyAta mana, rUpAvacara citta aura vikSipta citta bhI samAnArthaka hI haiM kyoMki sabhI ne ise citta kI alpakAlika, prayAsasAdhya sthiratA kI avasthA mAnA hai| yahA~ vAsanAoM kA vega tathA citta vikSobha to banA rahatA hai kintu usameM kucha mandatA avazya A jAtI hai| tIsare stara para jaina-darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha-darzana kA aspAvacara citta aura yoga-darzana kA ekAgracitta bhI samakakSa hai kyoMki ise sabhI ne mana kI sthiratA aura apramattatA kI avasthA mAnA hai| citta kI antima avasthA, jise jaina-darzana meM sulIna mana, bauddha-darzana meM lokottara citta aura yoga-darzana meM niruddha citta kahA gayA hai, svarUpa kI dRSTi se samAna hI hai kyoMki isameM sabhI ne vAsanA-saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva mAnA hai| vastutaH sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA carama lakSya mana kI usa vAsanA-zUnya, nirvikAra, nirvicAra evaM apramatta dazA ko prApta karanA hai, jise sabhI ne samAdhi ke sAmAnya nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| sAdhanA hai -- vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattA kI ora tathA citta-kSobha se citta-zAnti kI ora prgti| mana kA yaha svarUpa vizleSaNa hameM isa dizA meM nirdezita kara sakatA hai kintu prayAsa to svayaM hI karane hoNge| sAdhanA kevala sva-prayAsoM se hI phalavatI hotI hai| sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/56 2. yogazAstra (hemacandra), 4/38
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 119 12. dhammapada yamaka varga 1 dhammapada yamaka varga 2 dhammapada cittavarga 43 dhamampada cittavarga 37 cittaM vartate cittaM, cittameva vimucyte| cittaMhi jAyate nAnyaccittameva nirudhyte|| - laMkAvatArasUtra 145 brahmabindu upaniSad - 2 gItA - 3/40 gItA - 6/27 gItA, 3/40 gItA, 3/40 13. dekhiye -- darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 140 tathA bhAga 2, pR0 311 14. manazcaiva jaDaM manya -- yogavAsiSTha, nirvANa prakaraNa, sarga 78/21 15. bhUmirApojJAlo vAyuH khaM mano buddhireva c| ahaMkAra itIyaM me bhinnA prkRtirssttdhaa|| - gItA 7/4 16. manaH dvividhaH -- dravyamanaH bhAvamanaH c| 17. rAdhAkRSNana -- bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 -- jainadarzana 18. The Jaina's have given a modified parallelism with reference to psychic activity as determined by the Karmic matter -- They presented a sort of psycho-physical parallelism concerning individual mind & bodies yet they were not unaware of interaction between the mental and bodily activity -- Jaina's do not speak merely interms of pre-established harmony their theory transcends parallelism and postulates a more intimate connection between body and mind their motion of the structure of the mind and functional aspects of the mind shows that they were aware of the significance of interaction. Jaina theory was an attempt at the integration of metaphysical dichotomy of Jiva and Ajiva and the establishment of the interaction of individual mind and body. - Some Problems of Jain Psychology, Page 29. 19. vizada tulanAtmaka vivecanA ke liye dekhiye -- darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 134-135
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________________ 120 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 20. 21. 22 23. vizada vivecanA ke lie dekhie -- vizuddhimaggo, bhAga 2, pR0 103-128 (hindI anuvAda) gItA, 15/9 sadde-sve ya gandhe ya, rase-phAse taheva y| paMcavihe kAmaguNa, niccaso privjje|| - uttarAdhyayana, 16/10 jANato passaMto IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevlinno| kevaliNANI tamhA teNa tuso'bandhago bhnnido|| pariNAma puvvavayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakaraNaM hoii| pariNAmarahiya vayaNaM tamhA NANIssa Nahi bndho|| IhApuvvaM vayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakAraNaM hoii| ' IhArahiyaM vasaNaM tamhA NANIssa Na hi bndho|| ThANaNisejjavihArA IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevlinno| tamhA Na hoI bandho sAkaTaM mohsnniiyss|| - niyamasAra, 171, 172, 173, 174 TippaNI -- IhA zabda vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa kI apekSA --vimarzarahita "vAsanA" ke adhika nikaTa hai| gaNadharavAda -- vAyubhUti se carcA 25. __ parAMci khAni vyatRNatsvayaMbhU stasmAtparAGpazyati nAntarAtman -- kaTha0 2/1/1 26. savve suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA -- AcArAMga indriya manonukUlAyAmpravRtto -- abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 2, pR0 575 28. lAbhasyArthasyAbhilASAtireke -- vahI, pR0 575 rAgassaheu samaNunnamAhu dosassaMheuM amaNunnamAhu -- uttarA0 32/23 tulanA kIjiye : rAga kI utpatti ke do hetu hai -- 1. zubha (anukUla) karake dekhanA, 2. anucita vicaar| dveSa kI utpatti ke do hetu haiM -- 1. pratikUla karake dekhanA tathA 2. anucita vicaar| - aMguttara nikAya, dUsarA nipAta, 11/6-7 24. 27.. 29. 30. tao se jAyaMti paoyaNAiM nimajjiuM mohmhnnnnvmmi| suhesiNo dukkhaviNoyaNaTThA tappaccayaM ujjamae ya raagii|| koI gha mANaM ca taheva mAyaM lohaM durgacchaM araiM raiM c| hAsaM bhayaM yoga pamitthiveyaM napaMsaveyaM vivihe ya bhaave|| AvajjaI eyamaNegasve evaMvihe kAmaguNesu stto| anne ya eyappabhave visese kAruNNadINe hirimaM visse|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 32/105, 102, 103
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 121 31. dhyAyato viSayAna puMsaH: sNgstessuupjaayte| saMgAtsaMjAyate kAmaH kaamaatkrodho'bhijaayte|| krodhAda bhavati saMmoha: saMmohAtsmativibhramaH / smRtibhraMzAd buddhinAzo buddhinAzAtpraNazyati / / -- gItA, 2/62-63 rAgo yA dosA vi ya kammabIyaM kammaM ca mohappabhavaM vyNti| kammaM ca jAimaraNassa mUlaM dukkhaM ca jAI maraNaM vyNti|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 3216 icchA-deSa-samutthena dvandamohena bhArata ! sarvabhUtAni sammohaM sarge yAnti parantapa ! / / -- gItA, 7/27 saMyuttanikAya, nandana varga, pR0 12 35. vinendriyajayaM naiva kaSAyAn jetumIzvaraH / -- yogazAstra, 4/24 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/23 37. vahI, 32/24 38. vahI, 32/27 vahI, 32/28 vahI, 32/32 vahI, 32/36 vahI, 32/37 vahI, 32/40 vahI, 32/41 vahI, 32/43 vahI, 32/49 vahI, 32/50 vahI, 32/53 vahI, 32154 vahI, 32/62 vahI, 32/63 vahI, 32/71 vahI, 32/72 vahI, 32/75 vahI, 32/76 vahI, 32/79 57. vahI, 32/80 58. vahI, 32/84 59. yogazAstra (hemacandra) prakAza 4 60. gItA, 2/60-67, 3/41
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________________ 22 : zramama/apraila-jUna/1995 13. 36. 11. dhammapada, 1/7-8 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/100 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/101 54. gItA, 3/34 gItA, 3/6 gItA, 2/59 37. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/109 58. gItA, 2/64 59. maNo sAhasio bhImo duTThaso pridhaavii| -- uttarAdhyayana 23/58 70. rambha samArambhe Arambhe ya taheva yA maNaM pavattamANaM tu niyattijja jayaM jii|| -- uttarAdhyayana 24/11 gItA, 6/34 72. gItA, 6/35 73. manaHsaMyamya maccitto yukta AsIta mtprH| -- gItA 6/14 74. dhammapada, cittavarga, 33-35 yogazAstra (hemacandra), 36-39 76. prakRti yAnti bhUtAni nigrahaH kiM krissyti| -- gItA 3/33 77. sarvAsyA evaM rAjarSi ! bhuutjaatairjgttrye| devAdevArapi dehoyaM vyAtmaiva svabhAvataH / ajJamastvatha tajjJa vA yAvatsvAntaM shriirkrm|| -- yogavAsiSTha 105/109 tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate manaH / saMkSubdhe cittaratne tu siddhirnaiva kdaacn|| prajJopAyavinizcaya, 5/40 ( uddhRta bodhicaryAvatAra, bhUmikA ), pR0 20 79. bodhicaryAvatAra, bhUmikA, pR0 20 80. vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye dekhiye -- gunnsthaanaarohnn| 81. yogazAstra 12/33-36 75.
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA ___- pro0 sAgaramala jaina pAzcAtya AcAra darzana meM yaha prazna sadaiva vivAdAspada rahA hai ki naitikatA sApekSa hai yA nirapekSa / naitikatA ko nirapekSa mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM pramukha rUpa se jarmana dArzanika kAMTa kA nAma AtA hai| kAMTa kA kathana hai ki "kevala usa siddhAnta ke anusAra AcaraNa karo jise tuma usI samaya eka sArvabhauma niyama banAne kA bhI saMkalpa kara sko|"] kAMTa yaha mAnate haiM ki "naitika niyama nirapekSa Adeza haiM arthAt naitika niyama aise niyama haiM jo deza-kAla athavA vyakti ke AdhAra para parivartita nahIM hote| yadi satya bolanA naitikatA hai to phira kisI bhI sthiti meM asatya bolanA naitika nahIM ho sktaa| hameM pratyeka paristhiti meM satya hI bolanA caahie|" kAMTa kI mAnyatA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM, jo AcaraNa naitika hai vaha sadaiva naitika rahegA aura jo anaitika hai vaha sadaiva anaitika rhegaa| dezakAlagata athavA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se ve prabhAvita nahIM hote haiM arthAt AcAra ke jo karma naitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM naitika karma raheMge aura AcAra ke jo karma anaitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM anaitika karma rheNge| isa prakAra jo vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitikatA nirapavAda evaM dezakAla aura vyaktigata tathyoM se nirapekSa hai use nirapekSa naitikatA kI vicAraNA kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta naitika darzana kI jo vicAraNAe~ naitika karmoM evaM AcaraNoM ko apavAda yukta evaM deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla mAnatI hai, naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNAe~ kahI jAtI hai| naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki eka hI karma eka avasthA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura vahI karma dUsarI avasthA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai| hAbsa, mila tathA sijavika prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka isI dRSTikoNa ko apanAte haiN| naitika karmoM ke apavAda ke prazna ko lekara inakA kAMTa se virodha hai| ye vicAraka naitika jagata meM apavAda ko svIkAra karate haiN| haoNbsa likhate haiM ki "akAla ke samaya jaba anAja kraya karane para bhI na mile, na dAna meM hI prApta ho taba kSudhAtRpti ke liye koI caurya karma kA AcaraNa kare to usakA vaha anaitika karma kSamya hI mAnA jaaegaa|"2 mila ise adhika spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM, ki "aise samaya meM corI karake jIvana kI rakSA karanA kevala kSamya karma hI nahIM hai apitu manuSya kA kartavya hai|" isI prakAra sijavika bhI naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM apavAda ko sthAna dete haiM, ve likhate haiM -- "yadyapi yaha kahA gayA hai ki saba logoM ko saca bolanA cAhie tathApi hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki jina rAjanItijJoM ko apanI kAryavAhI gupta rakhanI par3atI hai ve dUsare vyaktiyoM ke sAtha hamezA saca hI bolA kreN|" phalavAdI naitika vicAraka jAna DIvI likhate haiM "vAstava meM aise sthAna aura samaya -- arthAt aise sApekSa sambandha ho sakate haiM jinameM
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________________ 124 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 sAmAnya kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI, jinheM sAdhAraNataH bhaitika aura aindrika kahA jAtA hai, Adarza hoN|"4 ina sabhI ke viparIta kAMTa naitika niyamoM meM kisI bhI apavAda ko sthAna nahIM dete haiN| unake bAre meM yaha ghaTanA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kAMTa ke lie kisI jahAja se phaloM kA pArsala A rahA thaa| rAste meM jahAja vipatti meM pha~sa gayA aura yAtrI bhUkhoM marane lge| aisI sthiti meM kAMTa kA phaloM kA pArsala bhI khola liyA gyaa| jaba kAMTa ke pAsa khulA huA pArsala pahu~cA, to kAMTa ne pArsala kA kholA jAnA sarvathA anaitika tthhraayaa| kAMTa batAte haiM ki naitika kabhI anaitika nahIM banatA aura anaitika kabhI naitika nahIM bntaa| deza aura paristhitiyA~ anaitika ko naitika nahIM banA sktiiN| dUsare spensara Adi kucha anya vikAsavAdI vicAraka evaM samAjazAstrIya vicAraka bhI naitika karmoM kI naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| spensara yadyapi naitikatA ko tathya svIkAra karate haiM phira bhI ve usase santuSTa nahIM hote haiM aura nirapekSa nIti kI kalpanA kara DAlate haiN| pazcima kI taraha bhArata meM bhI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSoM para kAphI vicAraNAe~ huI haiN| naitika karmoM kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirApavAditA kI carcA ke svara smRti- granthoM aura paurANika sAhitya meM kAphI joroM se sunAI dete haiN| jahA~ taka jainavicAra meM naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa kI mAnyatA kA prazna hai use ekAMtika rUpa se na to sApekSa kahA jA sakatA hai, na nirpekss| yadi use sApekSa kahane kA Agraha hI rakhA jAye to vaha isIliye sApekSa hai kyoMki vaha nirapekSa bhI hai| nirapekSa ke abhAva meM sApekSa bhI saccA sApekSa nahIM hai| vaha nirapekSa isaliye hai kyoMki vaha sApekSatA se Upara bhI hai| Aiye jarA isa prazna para gaharA vicAra kareM ki jaina naitikatA kisa artha meM sApekSa hai aura kisa artha meM nirapekSa hai| jaina naitikatA kA sApekSa jaina tattvajJAna jisa anekAMtavAda ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake calatA hai usake anusAra sArA jJAna sApekSa hI hogA cAhe vaha kitanA hI vistRta kyoM nahIM ho| yadi hama apUrNa haiM to vastu ke ananta pakSoM ko nahIM jAna sakate, ataH jo kucha bhI jAneMge vaha apUrNa hogA, sApekSa hogaa| yadi jJAna hI sApekSa rUpa meM hogA to hamAre naitika nirNaya jinheM hama prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para karate haiM, sApekSa hI hoMge isa prakAra anekAntavAda kI dhAraNA se naitika nirNayoM kI sApekSatA hotI hai| gItA bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki "kiM kartavya" kA nizcaya kara pAnA athavA karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirapekSa rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai| __ AcaraNa ke jina tathyoM ko hama zubha yA azubha athavA puNya yA pApa ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, unake sandarbha meM sAdhAraNa vyakti dvArA die gae yaha nirNaya sApekSika hI ho sakate haiN| hamAre nirNayoM ke dene se kama se kama kartA ke prayojana evaM karma ke pariNAma ke pakSa to upasthita hote hI hai| dUsare vyakti ke AcAra ke bAre meM lie jAne vAle nirNayoM meM hama prayojana sApekSa hote haiN| koI bhI vyakti pUrNatayA na to yaha jAna sakatA hai ki kartA kA prayojana kyA thA, na svayaM ke karmoM kA dUsaroM para kyA pariNAma huA, isakA pUrA jJAna rakha sakatA hai|
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 125 ataH jana sAdhAraNa ke naitika nirNaya hamezA sApekSa ho sakate haiN| dUsarI ora hameM jisa jagat meM naitika AcaraNa karanA hai vaha sArA jagat hI ApekSikatAoM se yukta hai kyoMki usakI pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| ataH isa sApekSikatA ke jagata meM naitika AcaraNa bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| sabhI karma deza-kAla athavA vyakti se sambandhita hote haiM aura isalie ve nirapekSa nahIM ho skte| bAhya jAgatika paristhitiyA~ aura karma ke pIche rahA huA vaiyaktika abhiprayojana (Intention ) bhI AcaraNa ko naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sApekSa banA dete haiN| jainadarzana dArzanika dRSTi se vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke zabdoM meM AdIpavyoma sabhI vastue~ syAdvAda kI mudrA se aMkita hai arthAt sabhI jAgatika tathya aneka guNa-dharmoM se yukta hai| naitika karma bhI eka jAgatika tathya hai vaha bhI aneka pakSoM se yukta hai| ataH usa para kisI nirapekSa athavA ekAntika dRSTikoNa se vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usake deza - kAlagata aneka pakSoM kI binA samIkSA kiye unheM naitika athavA anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| koI bhI karma dezakAla bhAva Adi tathyoM se bhinna ekAnta rUpa meM na to naitika kahA jA sakatA hai aura na anaitika / pAzcAtya dArzanika breDale isI vicAra ke samarthaka haiN| ve likhate haiM "pratyeka karma ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, vaha aneka rUpoM se sambandhita hotA hai, usa para vicAra karane ke aneka dRSTikoNa hote haiM aura vaha aneka guNoM se yukta hotA hai, sadaiva aneka aise siddhAnta ho sakate haiM jinake antargata usa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isalie use (ekAnta rUpa meM) naitika athavA anaitika mAnane meM kucha kama kaThinAI nahIM hotii| eka karma eka dazA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura dUsarI dazA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai, vahI karma eka vyakti ke lie naitika ho sakatA hai| dUsare vyakti ke lie anaitika ho sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA karmoM kI naitika dRSTi se isa sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatI hai| prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "jo Asrava yA bandha ke kAraNa haiM ve sabhI mokSa ke hetu ho jAte haiM aura jo mokSa ke hetu haiM ve sabhI bandha ke hetu ho jAte haiN| "8 isa prakAra koI bhI anaitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM naitika bana jAtA hai aura koI bhI naitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM anaitika bana sakatA hai| vastutaH AcaraNa yA kriyA apane Apa meM na to naitika hotI hai aura na anaitika varan paristhitiyA~ evaM vyakti kA prayojana use naitika athavA anaitika banA detA hai / ' 10 dAna denA naitika karma hai lekina kupAtra ko yaza prApti ke nimitta diyA huA dAna anaitika ho jAtA hai| ataH AcaraNa kI zubhatA athavA azubhatA kA nizcaya nirapekSa rUpa se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiN| "tribhuvanodara vivaravartI samasta asaMkhyeya bhAva apane Apa meM na to mokSa ke kAraNa haiM aura na saMsAra ke kAraNa haiM / sAdhaka kI apanI antaH sthiti hI unheM acche yA bure kA rUpa de detI hai / " lekina na kevala sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti jise jaina zabdAvalI meM bhAva kahate haiM AcaraNa ke tathyoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai varan usake sAtha-sAtha jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra aura kAla ko bhI karmoM kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA nirdhAraka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja apanI AcArAMgasUtra kI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM bandha aura nirjarA (naitikatA aura anaitikatA ) meM bhAvoM kI pramukhatA hai parantu bhAvoM ke sAtha sthAna aura kriyA kA
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________________ 126 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 bhI mUlya hai|11 AcArya haribhadra ke aSTaka prakaraNa kI TIkA meM AcArya jinezvara ne carakasaMhitA kA eka zloka 2 uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA artha hai ki dezakAla aura rogAdi ke kAraNa mAnavajIvana meM kabhI-kabhI aisI avasthA bhI A jAtI hai jaba akArya kArya bana jAtA hai aura kArya akArya bana jAtA hai| jo vidhAna hai, vaha niSedha kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai aura jo niSedha hai vaha vidhAna kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA meM cAra ApekSikatAe~ naitika mUlyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM bhAga letI haiN| AcaraNa ke tathya inhIM cAra bAtoM ke AdhAra para naitika aura anaitika nahIM hote varan vastusthiti, sthAna, samaya aura kartA ke manobhAva yaha cAroM milakara use naitika athavA anaitika banA dete haiN| saMkSepa meM ekAnta rUpa se na to koI AcaraNa, karma yA kriyA naitika hai aura na anaitika varan dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyA~ aura dravya tathA bhAvagata Antarika paristhitiyA~ unheM vaisA banA detI hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA vyakti ke kartavyoM ke sambandha meM anekAMtavAdI yA sApekSika dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai| vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki jo dAnAdi eka gRhastha ke naitika kartavya haiM ve hI eka muni yA saMnyAsI ke lie akartavya hote haiN| kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA meM jaina vicAraNA kisI bhI ekAMtika dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| samadarzI AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM ki tIrthaMkaroM ne na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta vidhAna kiyA hai aura na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta niSedha hI kiyA hai| tIrthakara kA eka hI Adeza hai, eka hI AjJA hai ki jo kucha bhI kArya tuma kara rahe ho use satyabhUta hokara karo, use pUrI vaphAdArI ke sAtha karate rho|13 AcArya umAsvAti kA kathana hai naitika-anaitika, vidhi (kartavya) niSedha (akartavya ) athavA AcaraNIya yA anAvaraNIya ekAnta rUpa se niyata nahIM hai| dezakAla, vyakti, avasthA, upaghAta aura vizaddha manaHsthiti ke AdhAra para asamAcaraNIya samAcaraNIya aura samAcaraNIya asamAcaraNIya bana jAtA hai| vartamAna yuga ke prasiddha jaina vicAraka upAdhyAya amaramunijI ne jaina naitikatA ke sApekSika dRSTikoNa ko bar3e sundara rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM "kucha vicAraka jIvana meM utsarga (naitikatA kI nirapekSa yA nirapavAda sthati) ko pakar3akara calanA cAhate haiM aura jIvana meM apavAda kA sarvathA apalApa karate haiM, unakI dRSTi meM apavAda dharma nahIM apitu eka mahattara pApa ( anaitikatA) hai-- dUsarI ora kucha sAdhaka ve haiM jo utsarga ko bhUlakara kevala apavAda kA sahArA lekara hI calanA cAhate haiM -- ye donoM vicAra ekAMgI hone se upAdeya kI koTi meM nahIM A skte| jainadharma kI sAdhanA ekAnta kI nahIM, apitu anekAnta kI sundara aura svastha sAdhanA hai|"15 anyatra ve punaH likhate haiM -- "usake (jaina darzana ke) darzana kakSa meM mokSa ke hetuoM kI koI ba~dhI-ba~dhAI niyata rUparekhA nahIM hai, iyattA nahIM hai|"16 pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale bhI kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA karate hue spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| ve likhate haiM ki "merA sthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta svIkAra karatA hai ki yadi naitika tathya sApekSa nahIM hai to koI bhI naitikatA nahIM hogii| aisI naitikatA jo sApekSa nahIM hai, vyartha hai|"17 jaina naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa hamane jainadarzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa para vicAra kiyA lekina isakA artha yaha
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 127 nahIM ki jainadarzana meM naitikatA kA kevala sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki naitikatA kA eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate haiM / jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki ahiMsA zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| 18 yadi dharma meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya ke sabhI dharma pravartakoM (tIrthakaroM ) kI dharma prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki sabhI tIrthakaroM kI dharma prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaMkara ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM vibhinnatA ho sakatI hai, jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM thii| 19 jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM jinheM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA yaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki AcaraNa kA Antara pakSa sadaiva - sadaiva eka rUpa hotA hai, aparivartanazIla hotA hai dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai / vaicArika yA bhAvahiMsA sadaiva sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharma mArga athavA naitika jIvana kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / Antara parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai lekina devya parigraha sadaiva hI anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hI hai / sambhava hai ki bAhya rUpa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAye lekina antara kA azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA / jaina dRSTi meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai| lekina pariNAma athavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saMkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitika karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAra naya ( vyavahAra dRSTi ) se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai| lekina nizcaya naya (pAramArthika dRSTi ) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA ke prayojana yA saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM / AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva hI anaitika hotA hai lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai | 20 naitikatA ke kSetra meM jaba eka bAra vyakti ke saMkalpa svAtantrya ko svIkAra kara lete
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________________ 128 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 hai to phira hameM yaha kahane kA adhikAra hI nahIM raha jAtA hai ki hamArA saMkalpa sApekSa hai| yadi saMkalpasApekSa nahIM hai to usake sandarbha meM naitikatA ko bhI sApekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vicAraNA saMkalpa yA vicAroM kI dRSTi se naitikatA ko sApekSa nahIM mAnatI hai| usake anusAra zubha adhyavasAya yA saMkalpa sadaiva zubha hai, naitika hai aura kabhI bhI anaitika nahIM hotA hai| lekina nirapekSa naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke kSetra para pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahAra sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai / DaoN0 Izvaracandra zarmA likhate haiM ki "yadi koI niyama AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama bana sakatA hai to vaha bAhyAtmaka nahIM hokara antarAtmaka hI honA cAhie / AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama vahI niyama ho sakatA hai jo ki manuSya ke anta meM upasthita ho / yadi vaha niyama bAhyAtmaka ho to vaha sApekSa hI siddha hogA kyoMki usake pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko bAharI paristhitiyoM para nirbhara rahanA pdd'egaa|"21 jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko nirapekSa to mAnA gayA lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra taka / jaina-darzana "mAnasa karma" ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa svIkAra karatA hai| lekina jahA~ kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke bAhya AcaraNa kA kSetra AtA hai, vaha use sApekSa svIkAra karatI hai| vastutaH vicAraNA kA kSetra, mAnasa kA kSetra, AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ vahI sarvocca zAsaka hai| ataH vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva eka mAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / jaina vicAraNA ke itihAsa meM bhI eka prasaMga aisA AyA hai jaba AcArya bhikSu jaise kucha jaina vicArakoM ne naitikatA ke bAhyAtmaka niyamoM ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra karane kI koziza kI / vastutaH jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra sApekSika dRSTi ko hI svIkAra karatI haiN| ve naitika jIvana ke AcaraNa meM usa yathArthatA (actuality ) kI bhUmikA ko mahattva detI haiM, jisameM sAdhaka vyakti khar3A huA hai| lekina ve usa yathArthatA se Upara sthita Adarza kA samucita mUlyAMkana karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ve "jo hai" usa para to dhyAna detI hai lekina "jo honA cAhie" isa para unakI dRSTi nahIM pahu~catI / unakI dRSTi yathArtha yA vAstavikatA para hotI hai, Adarza para nahIM / naitikatA kI ekAntika sApekSavAdI mAnyatA meM naitika Adarza kI sthApanA jaTila ho jAtI hai| usameM naitikatA sadaiva sAdhana vastu hI banI rahatI hai| sApekSavAdI naitikatA AcaraNa kI eka aisI kaccI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai jisakA apanA koI " AkAra" nahIM / (Relative morality gives us only matter of conduct not the form of conduct. ) vaha to usa kumhAra ke cAka para rakhe hue mRttikA piNDa ke samAna hai jisakA kyA bananA hai yaha nizcita nahIM / isI prakAra jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra nirapekSa dRSTi ko svIkAra karatI haiM, ve yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI haiM, ve naitika Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI haiM, lekina usake sAdhanA patha kA samucita
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 129 nirdhAraNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtI hai, usameM naitikatA mAtra sAdhya banakara raha jAtI hai| __ naitikatA kI nirapekSavAdI dhAraNA naitika jIvana ke prayojana yA lakSya aura dUsare zabdoM meM karma ke pIche rahe hue kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI saba kucha mAna letI hai| ve mAtra Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai lekina sAdhaka kI dezakAlagata avasthAoM para vicAra nahIM karatI hai| naitika jIvana ke Adarza isa prakAra prastuta kiye jAne cAhie ki usameM nimna se nimnatara caritra vAle se lagAkara uccatama naitika vikAsa vAle prANiyoM ke samAhita hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rhe| jaina naitikatA apane naitika Adarza ko itane hI lacIle rUpa meM prastuta karatI hai, jisameM pApI se pApI AtmA bhI kramika vikAsa karatA huA naitika sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para pahu~ca jAtA sApekSavAdI aura nirapekSavAdI donoM hI vicAraNAe~ apane ekAMtika rUpa meM apUrNa haiN| eka usa bhUmi para to dekhatI hai, jahA~ sAdhaka khar3A hai, lekina usase Age nhiiN| dUsarI usa Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai, jo sudUra UMcAiyoM meM sthita hai| lekina ina donoM dazAoM meM naitika jIvana ke lie jisa gati kI AvazyakatA hai vaha samyag speNa sampanna nahIM ho paatii| naitikatA to eka lakSyonmukha gati hai, lekina usa gati meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi kevala usa bhUmi para hI sthita hai jisa para vaha gati kara rahA hai aura apane gantavya mArga kI ora sAmane nahIM dekhatA hai, to kabhI bhI lakSya ke madhya sthita bAdhAoM se TakarAkara padacyuta ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra jo sAdhaka mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatA hai aura usa bhUmi kI ora nahIM dekhatA jisa para cala rahA hai to vaha bhI aneka ThokareM khAtA hai aura kaNTakoM se pada viddha kara letA hai| naitika jIvana meM bhI hamArI gati kA vahI svarUpa hotA hai jo hamAre dainika jIvana meM hotA hai| jisa prakAra dainika jIvana meM calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai na mAtra nIce dekhane se| jo pathika mAtra nIcI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura sAmane nahIM dekhatA vaha Thokara to nahIM khAtA lekina TakarA jAtA hai| jo sAmane to dekhatA hai lekina nIce nahIM dekhatA vaha TakarAtA to nahIM lekina Thokara khA jAtA hai| calane kI samyak prakriyA meM pathika ko sAmane aura nIce donoM ora dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai| isI prakAra naitika jIvana meM sAdhaka ko yathArtha aura Adarza donoM para dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai| sAdhaka kI eka A~kha yathArtha para aura dUsarI Adarza para ho tabhI vaha naitika jIvana meM samyak pragati kara sakatA hai| sambhavataH yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki hameM sAmAnya jIvana meM to do A~kheM milI hai lekina naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kauna sI hai| kisI apekSA se jJAna aura kriyA ko naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kahA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA kahatI hai ki jJAna nAmaka A~kha ko Adarza para jamAo aura kriyA nAmaka A~kha ko yathArtha para arthAt karma ke AcaraNa meM yathArthatA kI ora dekho aura gantavya kI ora pragati karane meM Adarza kI or| jainadarzana ne naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM spoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| lekina usameM bhI nirapekSatA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM rahI huI hai| prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA jo ki vastutaH sApekSa hI hai AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM se sambandhita hai arthAta AcaraNa ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi aura niSedha sAmAnya dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, usa sAmAnya dazA kI apekSA se AcaraNa ke ve
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________________ 130 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 niyama usI rUpa meM AcaraNIya haiN| vyakti sAmAnya sthiti meM una niyamoM ke paripAlana meM kisI apavAda yA chUTa kI apekSA nahIM kara sakatA hai| vahA~ para sAmAnya dazA kA vicAra vyakti tathA dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyA~ donoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai arthAt yadi vyakti svastha hai aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI vahI haiM, jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara vidhi yA niSedha kiyA gayA thA, to vyakti ko una niyamoM tathA kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI usI rUpa meM karanA hogA, jisa rUpa meM unakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ise utsarga mArga kahA jAtA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM utsarga mArga vaha mArga hai jisameM sAdhaka ko naitika AcaraNa usI rUpa meM karanA hotA hai jisa rUpa meM zAstroM meM usakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| utsarga naitika vidhi - niSedhoM kA sAmAnya kathana hai| jaise mana-vacana-kAya se hiMsA na karanA, na karavAnA, na karane vAle kA samarthana krnaa| lekina jaba inhIM sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ke niyamoM kA kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM usI rUpa meM kiyA jAnA sambhava nahIM hotA to unheM zithila kara diyA jAtA hai| naitika AcaraNa kI yaha avasthA apavAda mArga kahI jAtI hai| utsarga mArga apavAda mArga kI apekSA se sApekSa hai lekina jisa paristhitigata sAmAnyatA ke tattva ko svIkAra kara isakA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa sAmAnyatA ke tattva kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hI hotA hai / utsarga kI nirapekSatA deza-kAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke andara hI hotI hai, usase bAhara nahIM hai / utsarga naitika AcaraNa kI vizeSa paddhati hai| lekina donoM hI kisI eka lakSya ke lie hai aura isalie donoM hI naitika hai| jisa prakAra eka nagara ko jAne vAle donoM mArga yadi usI nagara ko hI pahu~cAte hoM to donoM hI mArga hoMge, amArga nhiiN| usI prakAra apavAdAtmaka naitikatA kA sApekSa svarUpa aura utsargAtmaka naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa donoM hI naitikatA ke svarUpa haiM aura koI bhI anaitika nahIM hai| lekina nirapekSatA kA eka rUpa aura hai jisameM vaha sadaiva hI dezakAla evaM vyaktigata sImAoM ke Upara uThI hotI hai| naitikatA kA vaha nirapekSa rUpa anya kucha nahIM "naitika Adarza" svayaM hI hai| naitikatA kA lakSya aisA nirapekSa tathya hai, jo sAre naitika AcaraNoM ke mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| naitika AcaraNa kI zubhAzubhatA kA aMkana bhI isI para AdhArita hai| koI bhI AcaraNa, cAhe vaha utsarga mArga se yA apavAda mArga se, hameM isa lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai, zubha hai| isake viparIta jo bhI AcaraNa hameM isa naitika Adarza se vimukha karatA hai, azubha hai, anaitika hai| samyag naitikatA isI ke sandarbha meM hai aura isalie isakI apekSA se sApekSa hai, yahI mAtra apane Apa meM nirapekSa kahA jA sakatA hai| naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda nAmaka donoM mArga isI kI apekSA se sApekSa hote haiM aura isI ke mArga hone se nirapekSa bhI kyoMki mArga ke rUpa meM kisI sthiti taka isase abhinna bhI hote haiM aura yahI abhinnatA unako nirapekSatA kA saccA tattva pradAna karatI hai| lakSya rUpI jisa sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda ke donoM mArgoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, vaha mokSa kI prApti hai| yadi naitika AcaraNa eka sApekSa tathya hai ora dezakAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai to prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kisa sthiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa kiyA jAe, isakA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAe ? jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 131 meM utsarga mArga sAmAnya mArga hai, jisa para sAmAnya avasthA meM hara eka sAdhaka ko calanA hotA hai| jaba taka dezakAla aura vaiyaktika dRSTi se koI vizeSa paristhiti utpanna nahIM ho jAtI hai taba taka pratyeka vyakti ko isa sAmAnya mArga para hI calanA hotA hai, lekina vizeSa aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM vaha apavAda mArga para cala sakatA hai| lekina yahA~ bhI yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isakA nirNaya kauna kare ki kisa paristhiti meM apavAda mArga kA sevana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi isake nirNaya karane kA adhikAra svayaM vyakti ko de diyA jAtA hai to phira naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA (Objectivity) kA abhAva hogA, hara eka vyakti apanI icchAoM ke vazIbhUta ho apavAda mArga kA sahArA legaa| jaina vicAraNA isa kSetra meM vyakti ko adhika svatantra nahIM chor3atI hai| vaha naitika pratyayoM ko itanA adhika vyaktiniSTa (Subjective) nahIM banA denA cAhatI hai ki pratyeka vyakti dvArA unako manamAnA rUpa diyA jA ske| jaina vicAraNA naitika maryAdAoM ko yadyapi itanA kaThora bhI nahIM banAtI ki vyakti unake andara svatantratApUrvaka vicaraNa nahIM kara sake lekina ve itanI adhika lacIlI bhI nahIM hai ki vyakti apanI icchAnusAra unheM mor3a de| upAdhyAya amaramunijI ke zabdoM meM "jaina vicAraNA meM naitika maryAdAe~ usa khaNDahara durga ke samAna nahIM hai, jisameM vicaraNA kI pUrNa svatantratA to hotI hai, lekina zatru ke praviSTa hone kA bhaya sadA banA hotA hai, varan sudRr3ha cAradIvAriyoM se yukta usa durga ke samAna hai jisake andara vyakti ko vicaraNa kI eka sImita svatantratA hotI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra naitikatA ke isa durga meM dvArapAla ke sthAna para "gItArtha" hotA hai jo deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM samartha ho| jainAgamoM meM gItArtha ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai, "gItArtha vaha hai jise kartavya aura akartavya ke lakSaNoM kA yathArthaspeNa jJAna hai|22 jo Aya-vyaya, kAraNa-akAraNa, agAr3ha (rogI, vRddha )- anAgAr3ha, vastu-avastu, yukta-ayukta, samartha-asamartha, yatanA-ayatanA kA samyAjJAna rakhatA hai, sAtha hI samasta kartavya karma ke pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai vahI vidhivAn gItArtha hai|"23 yadyapi jaina naitika vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhiti vizeSa meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirdhAraNa gItArtha karatA hai lekina usake mArga nirdezaka ke rUpa meM Agama grantha hI hote haiN| yahA~ para jaina naitikatA kI jo vizeSatA hameM dekhane ko milatI hai vaha yaha hai ki vaha na to ekAnta rUpa se zAstroM ko hI sAre vidhi-niSedha kA AdhAra banAtI hai aura na vyakti ko hii| usameM zAstra mArgadarzana hai lekina nirNAyaka nhiiN| vyakti kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM kyA kartavya hai aura kyA akartavya hai isakA nirNaya to le sakatA hai lekina usake nirNaya meM zAstra hI usakA mArgadarzaka hotA hai| sandarbha 1. "Act only on that maxim (Principle ) which thou canst at the same time will to become a Universal Law.' Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Sec. Il Leviathan, Part II, Chapt. 27, p.13 (Morley's Universal Library edition)-- Hobbes. 2.
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________________ 132 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 3. 4. 5. 6. Thus to save a life it may not only be allowable but a duty to steal. 7. 8. Mill naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta ( hindI anuvAda), pR0 59 vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekhie tilaka kA gItA rahasya, karma jijJAsA, adhyAya 1 / anekAntopyanekAntaH pramANa- naya sAdhanAt / anekAntaH pramANAt te tadekAnto'rpitAt nyaat|| svayaMbhUstotra, arajinastavana- 18 - Utilitarianism, Chap. 5, p. 95 (15th Ed.) gahanA karmaNo gatiH gItA, 4/17 (ka) je AsavA te parissavA je parissavA te AsavA / -- AcArAMga, 1/4/2/130 (kha) ya evAsravA karmabandhasthAnAni ta eva parisravA karmanirjarA spadAni / AcArya zIlAMka AcArAMga TIkA 1/4/2/130 - 9. yasmin deze kAle yo dharmoM bhavati sa nimittAntareSu adharmo bhavatyeva / / - uddhRta amara bhAratI (maI 1964), pR0 15 10. Every act has of course, many sides, many relations, many points of view from which it may be regarded, and so many qualities there is not the smallest difficulty in exhibiting it as the realization of either right or wrong. No act in the world is without some side capable of being subsumed under a good rule. Ethical Studies (1962), p. 196. 11. AcArAMgasUtra hindI TIkA, prathama bhAga, pR0 378, saMskaraNa 1963 12. utpadyate hi sAvasthA dezakAlAmayAn prati / yasyAmakArya kArya syAt karma kArya ca vrjyet|| --J aSTakaprakaraNa, 27/5 TIkA (uddhRta amara bhAratI, pharavarI, 1965 ) 13. na vi kiMci aNuNNAtaM, paDisiddhaM vAvi jiNavariMdehiM / titthagarANaM ANA, kajje sacceNa hoyavvaM / / - upadezapada, 779 - 14. dezaM kAlaM puruSamavasthAmupaghAta shuddhprinnaamaan| prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM, naikAntAtkalpyate kalpyam / / 146 - umAsvAti prazamarati - 146 amara bhAratI, pharavarI 1965 ) -- 15. amara bhAratI, pharavarI, 1965, pR0 5 16. vahI, mArca 1965, pR0 38 17. e0 breDale epikala sTaDIja, pR0 189 18. esa dhamme suddhe nitie sAsae / AcArAMga 1/4/1/127 61
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________________ 19. vizeSa draSTavya 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 23 20. mahAvIra kI prathama strI ziSyA mahAsatI candanabAlA kI mAtA dhAriNI ke dvArA apane xxx jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 133 satItva kI rakSA ke lie kI gaI AtmahatyA ko jaina vicAraNA meM anumodita hI kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArAjA ceTaka ke dvArA nyAya kI rakSA ke lie lar3e gaye yuddha ke AdhAra para unake ahiMsA ke vrata ko khaNDita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 21. zarmA, Izvaracandra pAzcAtya AcArazAstra kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 139 (a) adhigata nizIthAdizruta sUtrArthaM 22. ( ba ) gIto - vijJAto kRtyAkRtya lakSaNo'rtho yena sa gItArthaH / abhidhAna rAjendrakoSa, khaNDa 3 23. AyaM kAraNaM gADhaM, vatthu juttaM sasatti jayaNaM ca / savvaM ca sapaDivakkhaM, phalaM ca vidhivaM viyANAha / / - bRhatkalpaniryuktibhASya - 951
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma - pro0 sAgaramala jaina sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha jaba hama sadAcAra ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ko jAnanA cAhate haiM, to sabase pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki sadAcAra kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kise hama sadAcAra kahate haiM ? zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra zabda sat+AcAra ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai, arthAt jo AcaraNa sat (Right ) yA ucita hai vaha sadAcAra hai| phira bhI yaha prazna banA rahatA hai ki sat yA ucita AcaraNa kyA hai ? yadyapi hama AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpoM ko sadAcAra aura kucha prArUpoM ko durAcAra kahate haiM kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna-sA tattva hai jo kisI AcaraNa ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra banA detA hai| hama aksara yaha kahate haiM ki jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, hiMsA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA Adi durAcAra hai aura karuNA, dayA, sahAnubhUti, ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi sadAcAra haiM, kintu vaha AdhAra kauna - sA hai, jo prathama prakAra ke AcaraNoM ko durAcAra aura dUsare prakAra ke AcaraNoM ko sadAcAra banA detA hai| corI yA hiMsA kyoM durAcAra hai aura ImAnadArI yA satyavAditA kyoM sadAcAra hai ? yadi hama sat yA ucita ke aMgrejI paryAya Right para vicAra karate haiM to yaha zabda laiTina zabda Rectus se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai niyamAnusAra, arthAt jo AcaraNa niyamAnusAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo niyamaviruddha hai, vaha durAcAra hai| yahA~ niyama se tAtparya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika niyamoM yA paramparAoM se hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI sadAcAra zabda kI aisI hI vyAkhyA manu-smRti meM upalabdha hotI hai, manu likhate haiM tasmindeze ya AcAra: pAramparyakramAgataH / varNAnAM sAntarAlAnAM sa sadAcAra ucyate / / 2/18 arthAt jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM jo AcaraNa paramparA se calA AtA hai vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki jo paramparAgata AcAra ke niyama haiM, unakA pAlana karanA hI sadAcAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM AcaraNa kI jo paramparAe~ svIkRta rahI haiM, unhIM ke anusAra AcaraNa sadAcAra kahA jAvegA / kintu yaha dRSTikoNa samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH koI bhI AcaraNa kisI deza, kAla aura samAja meM Acarita evaM anumodita hone se sadAcAra nahIM bana jaataa| koI AcaraNa kevala isalie sat yA ucita nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kisI samAja meM svIkRta hotA rahA hai, apitu vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vaha isalie svIkRta hotA rahA hai
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 135 kyoMki vaha sat hai| kisI AcaraNa kA sat yA asat honA athavA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA svayaM usake svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai na ki usake Acarita athavA anAcarita hone pr| mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ne kahA thA-- jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravRttiH / jAnAmyadharma na ca me nivRttiH / / zAntiparva arthAt maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~ kintu usa ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, usakA AcaraNa nahIM krtaa| maiM adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~ parantu usase nivRtta nahIM hotA huuN| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI AcaraNa kA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vaha kisI varga yA samAja dvArA svIkRta yA asvIkRta hotA rahA hai| sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI mUlyavattA unake pariNAmoM para yA usa sAdhya para nirbhara hotI hai, jisake lie unakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA, svayaM AcaraNa para hI nahIM, apitu usake sAdhya yA pariNAma para nirbhara hotI hai| kisI AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA kA nirdhAraNa usake samAja para par3ane vAle prabhAva ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA jAtA hai, phira bhI usakI mUlyavattA kA antima AdhAra to koI Adarza yA sAdhya para hI vicAra karanA hogA jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vastutaH mAnava-jIvana kA parama sAdhya hI vaha tattva hai, jo sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa yA kasauTI banatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra darzanoM meM sadAcAra aura durAcAra ke jo mAnadaNDa svIkRta rahe haiM unheM moTe-moTe rUpa se do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai -- 1. niyamavAdI aura 2. saadhyvaadii| niyamavAdI paramparA sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa sAmAjika athavA dhArmika niyamoM ko mAnatI hai, jabaki sAdhyavAdI paramparA sukha athavA Atma-pUrNatA ko hI sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI kasauTI mAnatI hai| jaina-darzana meM sadAcAra kA mApadaNDa jaina-darzana mAnava ke carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo AcaraNa mukti kA kAraNa hai vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai| kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai ? jainadharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAva-dazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastutaH hamArA jo tija svarUpa hai use prApta kara lenA athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai| usakI pAramparika zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina-dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM mahattvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai| unake anusAra dharma vaha hai jo vastu kA nija svabhAva hai (vatyusahAvo dhmmo)| vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA hai jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva hai aura jo hamArA nija svabhAva hai use pA lenA hI mukti hai| ataH usa svabhAva dazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ 136 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 punaH prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai ? bhagavatI-sUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thaa| ve pUchate haiM -- he bhagavan ! AtmA kA nija svarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai ? mahAvIra ne unake ina praznoM kA jo uttara diyA thA, vaha Aja bhI samasta jaina AcAra-darzana meM kisI karma ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA -- AtmA samatva svarUpa hai aura usa samatva svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samatA yA samabhAva svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai aura vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM athavA viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai| saMkSepa meM jainadharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva hai| svabhAva dazA se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva-dazA yA para-bhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai| yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kare lenA hogaa| yadyapi dravyArthikanaya kI dRSTi se samatA kA artha para-bhAva se haTakara zuddha svabhAva dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se samatA yA samabhAva kA artha rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnasika samatva kA artha hai samasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita mana kI zAnta evaM vikSobha (tanAva) rahita avsthaa| yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika jIvana meM phalita hotA hai to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArika dRSTi se ise hama anAgraha yA anekAnta dRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isI samatva ke Arthika pakSa para vicAra karate haiM to ise aparigraha ke nAma se pukArate haiM -- 'sAmyavAda evaM 'nyAsI siddhAnta isI aparigraha-vRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra se anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| ataH samatva ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu "samatva" ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai jisake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| jahA~ taka vyakti ke caittAsika yA Antarika samatva kA prazna hai hama use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRtti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai| vaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa para bhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya usake isa Antarika pakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM kintu sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA yaha prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya pakSa evaM sAmudAyikatA ke sAtha adhika jur3A huA hai| jaba bhI hama sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke kisI
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 137 mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai, isa bAta para adhika hotI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se to sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana meM usa AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM para bhI vicAra karatA hai| yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kasauTI khojanI hogI jo AcAra ke bAhya pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa ske| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai aura para-pIr3A hI pApa hai| tulasIdAsa ne ise nimna zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai -- "parahita sarisa dharama nahIM bhaaii| para-pIr3A sama nahIM adhmaaii||" arthAt vaha AcaraNa jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakara hai, ahitakara hai, pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jainadharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMga-sUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai -- "bhUtakAla meM jitane arhata ho gaye haiM, vartamAna kAla meM jitane arhata haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhata hoMge ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANI, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI satvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udaga yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|" kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke rUpa meM ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ko yA dUsaroM ke hita-sAdhana ko hI sadAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ taba sambhava hai ki jabaki mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho, kintu kyA hama aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara sakeMge ? kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ekatra kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A sakegI ? kyA yauna-vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke ve rUpa jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI prakaTa meM hiMsA nahIM hotI hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AveMge? sUtra-kRtAMga meM sadAcAritA kA eka aisA hI dAvA anya tairthikoM dvarA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise bhagavAna mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko, jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge? eka cora aura eka santa donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM phira bhI donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jaate| vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai| usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa arthAt kartA kI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma arthAt sAmAjika jIvana para usakA prabhAva donoM hI vicAraNIya hai| AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA, vicAra para aura vicAra yA manobhAvoM kI zubhAzubhatA, svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA cAhie jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara ske|
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________________ 138 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 sAdhAraNatayA jainadharma sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA, mAtra yahI ahiMsA hai| yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai, to phira vaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne kahA hai ki anatavacana, steya, maithana, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma diye gaye ve to kevala ziSya-bodha ke lie haiM, mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI hai (puruSArtha siddhyupaay)| vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai| vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhaya bhii| usakA sambandha vyakti se bhI hai aura samAja se bhii| hiMsA ko jaina-paramparA meM sva kI hiMsA aura para kI hiMsA aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jaba vaha hamAre sva-svarUpa yA svabhAva dazA kA ghAta karatI hai to sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahu~cAtI hai, to vaha para kI hiMsA hai| sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai, to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika paap| kintu usake ye donoM rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiN| apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai| sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI samasyA ___ yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA sadAcAra kA koI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ho sakatA hai| vastutaH sadAcAra aura durAcAra ke mAnadaNDa kA nizcaya kara lenA itanA sahaja nahIM hai| yaha sambhava hai ki jo AcaraNa kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM durAcAra bana jAtA hai aura jo sAmAnyatayA durAcAra kahe jAte hai ve kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sadAcAra ho jAte haiN| zIla rakSA hetu kI jAne vAlI AtmahatyA sadAcAra kI koTi meM A jAtI hai jabaki sAmAnya sthiti meM vaha anaitika (durAcAra) mAnI jAtI hai| jaina AcAryoM kA to yaha spaSTa udghoSa hai -- "je AsavA te parisavA, je parisavA te AsavA", arthAt AcAra ke jo prArUpa sAmAnyatayA bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI paristhiti vizeSa meM mukti ke sAdhana bana jAte haiM aura isI prakAra samAnya sthiti meM jo mukti ke sAdhana hai, ve hI kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM bandhana ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa (146) meM umAsvAti kA kathana hai -- dezaM kAlaM purussmvsthaamupdhaatshuddhprinnaamaan| prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM naikAntAtkalpyate kalpyam / / arthAt ekAnta spa se na to koI karma AcaraNIya hotA hai aura na ekAnta spa se anAcaraNIya hotA hai, vastutaH kisI karma kI AcaraNIyatA aura anAcaraNIyatA deza, kAla, vyakti, paristhiti aura manaHsthiti para nirbhara hotI hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, usameM likhA hai-- sa eva dharmaH so'dharmo dezakAle pratiSThitaH / AdAnamantaM hiMsA dharmodyAvasthikasmRtaH / / - zAntiparva, 36/11
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 139 arthAta jo kisI deza aura kAla meM dharma (sadAcAra) kahA jAtA hai, vahI kisI dUsare deza aura kAla meM adharma (durAcAra) bana jAtA hai aura jo hiMsA, jhUTha, cauryakarma Adi sAmAnya avasthA meM adharma (durAcAra) kahe jAte haiM, vahI kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM dharma bana jAte haiN| vastutaH kabhI-kabhI aisI paristhitiyA~ nirmita ho jAtI haiM, jaba sadAcAra, durAcAra kI koTi meM aura durAcAra, sadAcAra kI koTi meM hotA hai| draupadI kA pA~coM pAMDavoM ke sAtha jo pati-patnI kA sambandha thA phira bhI usakI gaNanA sadAcArI satI striyoM meM kI jAtI hai, jabaki vartamAna samAja meM isa prakAra kA AcaraNa durAcAra hI kahA jaavegaa| kintu kyA isa AdhAra para hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki sadAcAra-durAcAra kA koI zAzvata mAnadaNDa nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kA ekAnta rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA kaThina hai| jo bAhara naitika dikhAI detA hai, vaha bhItara se anaitika ho sakatA hai aura jo bAhara se anaitika dikhAI detA hai, vaha bhItara se naitika ho sakatA hai| eka ora to vyakti kI Antarika manovRttiyA~ aura dUsarI ora jAgatika paristhitiyA~ kisI karma kI naitika mUlyavattA ko prabhAvita karatI rahatI haiN| ataH isa sambandha meM koI ekAnta niyama kArya nahIM karatA hai| hameM una saba pahaluoM para bhI dhyAna denA hotA hai jo ki kisI karma kI naitika mUlyavattA ko prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne sadAcAra yA naitikatA ke parivartanazIla aura aparivartanazIla athavA sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM pakSoM para vicAra kiyA hai| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna vastutaH sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana dezika aura kAlika AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hotA hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki -- anye kRtayuge dharmastretAyAM drpre'pre| anye kaliyuge nRNAM yuga hAsAnurUpataH / / zAntiparva, 260/8 yuga ke hAsa ke anurupa satayuga, tretA, dvApara aura kaliyuga ke dharma alaga-alaga hote hai| yaha paristhitiyoM ke paravartana se hone vAlA mUlya parivartana eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hogaa| yaha sahI hai ki manuSya ko jisa vizva meM jIvana jInA hotA hai vaha paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM hai| daizika evaM kAlika paristhitiyoM ke parivartana hamArI sadAcAra sambandhI dhAraNAoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| daizika aura kAlika parivartana ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai ki jo karma eka deza aura kAla meM vihita hoM, vahIM dUsare deza aura kAla meM avihita ho jaaveN| aSTakaprakaraNa kI TIkA (2715) meM kahA gayA hai -- utpadyate hI sA'vasthA dezakAlAbhayAn prti| yasyAmakArya kAyaM syAt karma kAyaM ca vrjyet|| daizika aura kAlika sthitiyoM ke parivartana se aisI avasthA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisameM kArya, akArya kI koTi meM aura akArya, kArya kI koTi meM A jAtA hai, kintu yaha avasthA sAmAnya avasthA nahIM, apitu koI viziSTa avasthA hotI hai, jise hama AphvAdika
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________________ 140: zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 avasthA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM, kintu ApavAdika sthiti meM hone vAlA yaha parivartana sAmAnya sthiti meM hone vAle mUlya parivartana se bhinna svarUpa kA hotA hai| use vastutaH mUlya parivartana kahanA bhI kaThina hai| isameM jina mUlyoM kA parivartana hotA hai, ve mukhyataH sAdhana mUlya hote haiN| kyoMki sAdhana mUlya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiM aura AcaraNa paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH usameM paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartana hotA rahatA hai| isa prakAra sAdhana parama AcaraNa ke naitika mAnadaNDa parivartita hote rahate haiN| __ dUsare, vyakti ko samAja meM jIvana jInA hotA hai aura samAja paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai ataH sAmAjika naitikatA aparivartanIya nahIM kahI jA sakatI, usameM dezakAlagata parivartanoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai kintu usakI yaha parivartanazIlatA bhI dezakAla sApekSa hI hotI hai| vastutaH kisI paristhiti meM kisI eka sAdhya kA naitika mUlya itanA pradhAna ho jAtA hai ki usakI siddhi ke lie kisI dUsare naitika mUlya kA niSedha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai jaise anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie hiNsaa| kintu yaha niSedha paristhiti vizeSa taka hI sImita rahatA hai| usa paristhiti ke sAmAnya hone para dharma punaH dharma bana jAtA hai aura adharma, adharma bana jAtA hai| vastutaH ApavAdika avasthA meM koI eka mUlya itanA pradhAna pratIta hotA hai ki usakI upalabdhi ke lie hama anya mUlyoM kI upekSA kara dete haiM athavA kabhI-kabhI sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta usI mUlya ke virodhI tathya ko hama usakA sAdhana banA lete haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hameM jIvana rakSaNa hI ekamAtra mUlya pratIta hotA hai to usa avasthA meM hama hiMsA, asatya-bhASaNa, corI Adi ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiN| isa prakAra apavAda kI avasthA meM eka mUlya sAdhya sthAna para calA jAtA hai aura apane sAdhanoM ko mUlyavattA pradAna karatA pratIta hotA hai, kintu yaha mUlya bhrama hI hai, usa samaya bhI corI yA hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAte haiM kyoMki unakA svataH koI mUlya nahIM hai, ve to usa sAdhya kI mUlyavattA ke kAraNa mUlya ke rUpa meM pratIta yA AbhAsita hote haiN| isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke sthAna para hiMsA yA satya ke sthAna para asatya naitika mUlya bana jAte haiN| sAdhujana kI rakSA ke lie duSTajana kI hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai kintu isase hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAtI hai| kisI pratyaya kI naitika mUlyavattA usake kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM Acarita hone yA nahIM hone se aprabhAvita bhI raha sakatI hai| prathama to yaha ki apavAda kI mUlyavattA kevala usa paristhiti vizeSa meM hI hotI hai, usake AdhAra para sadAcAra kA koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| sAtha hI jaba vyakti Apadharma kA AcaraNa karatA hai taba bhI usakI dRSTi meM mUla naitika niyama yA sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI rahatI hai| yaha to paristhitigata yA vyaktigata vivazatA hai, jisake kAraNa use vaha AcaraNa karanA par3a rahA hai| dUsare sArvabhauma niyama meM aura apavAda meM antara hai| apavAda kI yadi koI mUlyavattA hai, to vaha kevala viziSTa paristhiti meM hI rahatI hai, jabaki sAmAnya niyama kI mUlyavattA sArvadezika, sArvakAlika aura sArvajanIna hotI hai| ataH Apaddharma yA apavAda mArga kI svIkRti jainadharma meM mUlya parivartana kI sUcaka nahIM hai| yaha sAmAnyatayA kisI mUlya ko na to nirmUlya karatI hai aura na mUlya saMsthAna meM use apane sthAna se padacyuta hI karatI hai, ataH vaha mUlyAntaraNa bhI nahIM hai|
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 141 naitika karma ke do pakSa hote haiM -- eka bAhyapakSa, jo AcaraNa ke rUpa meM hotA hai aura dUsarA Antarika pakSa, jo kartA ke manobhAvoM ke rUpa meM hotA hai| apavAdamArga kA sambandha kevala bAhya pakSa se hotA hai, ataH usase kisI naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| karma kA mAtra bAhya pakSa use koI naitika mUlya pradAna nahIM karatA hai| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA artha sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA para vicAra karate samaya sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcita kara lenA hogA ki unakI parivartanazIlatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai ? kucha loga parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti se lete haiN| Aja jaba pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dvArA naitika mUlyoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika anumodana evaM ruci kA paryAya mAnA jA rahA ho, taba parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM unakI mUlyavattA ko nakAranA hI hogaa| Aja sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA svayaM apane artha kI talAza kara rahI hai| yadi sadAcAra kI dhAraNA arthahIna hai, mAtra sAmAjika anumodana hai, to phira usakI parivartanazIlatA kA bhI koI vizeSa artha nahIM raha jAtA hai kyoMki yadi sadAcAra ke mUlyoM kA yathArtha evaM vastugata astitva hI nahIM hai, yadi ve mAtra manokalpanAe~ haiM to unake parivartana kA Thosa AdhAra bhI nahIM hogA ? dUsare, jaba hama sadAcAra-durAcAra, zubha-azubha athavA aucitya-anaucitya ke pratyayoM ko vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika anumodana yA pasandagI kiMvA nApasandagI ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM to unakI parivartanazIlatA kA artha phaizana kI parivartanazIlatA se adhika nahIM raha jaavegaa| kinta kyA sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA para hI koI prazna cinha lagAyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna hai, jinheM jaba cAhe taba aura jaisA cAhe vaisA badalA jA sakatA hai| AyeM jarA ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIra carcA kreN| sarvaprathama to Aja jisa parivartanazIlatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM sadAcAra ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avahelanA ko hI mUlya parivartana mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAe~ Aja use kArA laga rahI hai aura inheM tor3a pheMkane meM hI use mUlya-krAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA ke nAma para vaha ataMtratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai, kintu yaha saba mUlya vibhrama yA mUlya viparyaya hI hai jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke nirmalyIkaraNa ko hI parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| kintu hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya-saMkramaNa yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura nIti sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho| vastutaH naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA
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________________ 142 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 avazya hai, jo banA rahatA hai aura vaha hai, svayaM unakI mUlyavattA / naitika mUlyoM kI viSayavastu badalatI rahatI hai, kintu unakA mUla AdhAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM, jo apanI mUlyavattA ko nahIM khote haiM, mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiM / Aja svayaM sadAcAra yA naitikatA kI mUlyavattA ke niSedha kI bAta do dizAoM se khar3I huI hai eka aura bhautikavAdI aura sAmyavAdI darzanoM ke dvArA aura dUsarI ora pAzcAtya artha vizleSaNavAdiyoM ke dvaaraa| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, kintu isa sambandha meM svayaM lenina kA vaktavya dRSTavya hai| ve kahate haiM "prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA koI nIti - zAstra nahIM hai, bahudhA madhya vittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nIti - zAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM, kintu unakA yaha tarIkA vicAroM kA bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai / hama usakA khaNDana karate haiM jo IzvarIya AdezoM se nIti-zAstra ko AvirbhUta karatA hai| hama kahate haiM ki yaha dhokhAdhar3I haiM aura zramikoM tathA kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pU~jIpatiyoM tathA bhU-patiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlatA hai| hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nIti-zAstra sarvahArA varga ke varga saMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai, jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai ( zeSa saba anIti hai ) / " isa prakAra sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA hai| vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApaka hai, jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai / vaha sAmAjika nyAya aura Arthika samatA kI sthApanA ko hI sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karatI hai| ataH vaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra nahIM karatI hai / vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAna sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogaa| vastutaH nIti kA artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jisake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogA, yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA kA yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai to vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI dRSTi hai, kintu yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai to nIti kA, sadAcAra kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai ? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA to vaha pUrI taraha prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita hotA aura nizcaya hI usake lie sadAcAra kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / kintu Aja kA manuSya pUrNataH prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita nahIM hai vaha to prAkRtika niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kI avahelanA karatA hai| ataH
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 143 pazu bhI nahIM hai| usakI sAmAjikatA bhI usake svabhAva se nisata nahIM hai, jaisI ki yathacArI prANiyoM meM hotI hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhitattva kA pratiphala hai, jaisI ki yUthacArI prANiyoM meM hotI hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhi tattva kA pratiphala hai, vaha vicAra kI dena hai, svabhAva kI nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha samAja kA aura sAmAjika maryAdAoM kA sarjaka bhI hai aura saMhAraka bhI hai, vaha unheM svIkAra bhI karatA hai aura unakI avahelanA bhI karatA hai, ataH vaha samAja se Upara bhI hai| breDale kA kathana hai ki yadi manuSya sAmAjika nahIM hai to vaha manuSya hI nahIM hai, kintu yadi vaha kevala sAmAjika hai to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA usake ati sAmAjika evaM naitika prANI hone meM hai| ataH manuSya ke lie sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti asambhava hai| yadi hama parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kareMge to vaha mAnavIya saMskRti kA hI avamUlyana hogaa| mAtra avamUlyana hI nahIM, usakI itizrI bhI hogii| punazca sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA ruci sApekSa mAnane para bhI, na to sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM ko phaizanoM ke samAna parivartanazIla mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA AdhAra pasandagI yA ruci hai to phira pasandagI yA nApasandagI ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai ? kyoM hama caurya karma ko nApasanda karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM ? sadAcAra evaM durAcAra kI vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sktii| mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI athavA ruci kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraMga (whim) para nirbhara nahIM hai| inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha (Subjective) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA, jo hamArI pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta dRSTiyA~ yA mUlya-bodha hai, jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko banAte haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ sRjita hotI haiN| mAnavIya ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika evaM prAkRtika (Natural) nahIM hai| jo tattva inako banAte haiM, unameM naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra kI avadhAraNAe~ bhI hai| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA bhI nahIM hai, apitu vyakti ke mUlya saMsthAna ke bodha se bhI utpanna hotI hai| vastutaH mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai, manuSya mUlyoM kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nhiiN| ataH pasandagI kI isa dhAraNA ke AdhAra para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya yA sadAcAra-durAcAra kA AdhAra sAmAjika upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM hai| mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya hai ? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA ? sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara sadAcAra ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ko svIkAra kiye binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA para prazna cinha nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| sadAcAra ke mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArane meM nahIM hai|
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________________ 144: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI sadAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kA sRjaka nahIM hai| aksara yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI dhAraNA samAja - sApekSa hai| eka urdU ke zAyara ne kahA hai- bajA kahe Alama use bajA smjho| jabAnae khalkako nakkArae khudA smjho|| arthAt jise samAja ucita kahatA hai use ucita aura jise anucita kahatA hai use anucita mAno kyoMki samAja kI AvAja Izvara kI AvAja hai| sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika mAnadaNDoM ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa mAna liyA jAtA hai kintu gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha bAta prAmANika siddha nahIM hotI hai| samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA avihita mAna sakatA hai kintu sAmAjika vihitatA aura avihitatA naitika aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai / eka karma anaitika hote hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali yA muslima samAja meM bahu- patnI prathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thA / aneka dezoM meM vezyAvRtti, sama- laiMgikatA yA madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika hai kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai| kyA AcAra ke ye rUpa sadAcAra kI koTi meM jA sakate haiM ? nagnatA ko, zAsanatantra kI AlocanA ko, avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA karanA anaitika mAna lene mAtra se vaha sadAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM A jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai lekina naitika kabhI nahIM / naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai / vaha sAmAjika vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai / samAja kisI karma ko vihita yA avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nahIM / yadyapi sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana hotA hai kintu unakI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa mAtra ruci sApekSa na hokara svayaM ruciyoM ke sRjaka bhI haiN| ataH jisa prakAra ruciyA~ yA tadjanita phaizana badalate haiM vaise hI sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa nahIM badalate haiN| yaha sahI hai ki unameM deza, kAla evaM paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para kucha parivartana hotA hai kintu phira bhI unameM eka sthAyI tattva hotA hai| ahiMsA, nyAya, Atma-tyAga, saMyama Adi aneka naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke pratyaya aise haiM, jinakI mUlyavattA sabhI dezoM evaM kAloM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta rahI hai| yadyapi inameM apavAda mAne gaye haiM, kintu apavAda kI svIkRti inakI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM hokara, vaiyaktika asamarthatA athavA paristhiti vizeSa meM unakI siddhi kI vivazatA kI hI sUcaka hai| apavAda, apavAda hai, vaha mUla niyama kA niSedha nahIM hai| jaina-darzana utsarga mArga aura apavAda - mArga kA vidhAna karatA hai usameM utsarga mArga ko zAzvata aura apavAda mArga ko parivartanazIla mAnatA hai / isa prakAra kucha naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNAe~ avazya hI aisI haiM jo sArvabhauma aura aparivartanIya haiN| prathamataH sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM meM bahuta hI kama
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 145 parivartana hotA hai aura yadi hotA bhI hai to kahIM adhika svAmitva lie hue hotA hai| phaizana eka dazAbdI se dUsarI dazAbdI meM hI nahIM, apitu dina-pratidina badalate rahate haiM, kintu naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra sambandhI dhAraNAe~ isa prakAra nahIM badalatI haiN| grIka naitika mUlyoM kA IsAiyata ke dvArA tathA bhAratIya vaidika yuga ke mUlyoM kA aupaniSadika evaM jaina-bauddha saMskRtiyoM ke dvArA AMzika rUpa se mUlyAntaraNa avazya huA hai kintu zramaNa saMskRti tathA jainadharma ke dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM kA ina do hajAra varSoM meM bhI mUlyAntaraNa nahIM ho sakA hai| inhoMne sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke jo mAnadaNDa sthira kiye the ve Aja bhI svIkRta hai| Aja AmUla parivartana ke nAma para unake ukhAr3a pheMkane kI jo bAta kahI jA rahI hai, vaha bhrAntijanaka hI hai| mUlya vizva meM AmUla parivartana yA nirapekSa parivartana sambhava hI nahIM hotA hai| naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM jisa prakAra kA parivartana hotA hai vaha eka sApekSa aura sImita prakAra kA parivartana hai| isameM do prakAra ke parivartana parilakSita hote haiM-- parivartana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM koI naitika mUlya viveka ke vikAsa ke sAtha vyApaka artha grahaNa karatA jAtA hai tathA usake purAne artha anaitika aura naye artha naitika mAne jAne lagate haiM, jaisA ki ahiMsA aura parArtha ke pratyayoM ke sAtha huA hai| eka samaya meM ina pratyayoM kA artha vistAra parijanoM, svajAtiyoM evaM svadharmiyoM taka sImita thaa| Aja vaha rASTrIyatA yA svarASTra taka vikasita hotA huA sampUrNa mAnava jAti evaM prANI jagat taka apanA vistAra pA rahA hai| AtmIya parijanoM, jAti bandhuoM evaM sadharmI bandhaoM kA hita sAdhana karanA kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA jAtA thA kintu Aja hama use bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda kahakara anaitika mAnate haiN| Aja rASTrIya hita sAdhana naitika mAnA jAtA hai, kintu Ane vAle kala meM yaha bhI anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta ahiMsA ke pratyaya ke sAtha bhI ghaTita huI hai, Adima kabIloM meM parijanoM kI hiMsA hI hiMsA mAnI jAtI thI, Age calakara manuSya kI hiMsA ko hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA, vaidika dharma evaM yahUdI dharma hI nahIM, IsAI dharma bhI, ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko mAnava jAti se adhika artha-vistAra nahIM de pAyA, kintu vaiSNava paramparA meM ahiMsA kA pratyaya prANI jagat taka aura jaina-paramparA meM vanaspati jagat taka apanA artha-vistAra pA gyaa| isa prakAra naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka artha unake arthoM ko vistAra yA saMkoca denA bhI hai| isameM mUlabhUta pratyaya kI mUlyavattA banI rahatI hai, kevala usake artha vistAra yA saMkoca grahaNa karate jAte haiN| narabali, pazubali yA vidharmI kI hatyA hiMsA hai yA nahIM hai ? isa prazna ke uttara logoM ke vicAroM kI bhinnatA se bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiM, kintu isase nyAya kI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM hotI hai| yauna naitikatA ke sandarbha meM bhI isI prakAra kA artha-vistAra yA artha-saMkoca huA hai| isakI eka ati yaha rahI hai ki eka ora para-puruSa kA darzana bhI pApa mAnA gayA to dUsarI ora svacchanda yauna sambandhoM ko bhI vihita mAnA gyaa| kintu ina donoM atiyoM ke bAvajUda bhI pati-patnI sambandha meM prema, niSThA evaM tyAga ke tattvoM kI anivAryatA sarvamAnya rahI tathA saMyama evaM brahmacarya kI mUlyavattA para koI praznacihana nahIM lagAyA gyaa| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka spa vaha hotA hai, jisameM kisI mUlya kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, kintu unakA padakrama badalatA rahatA hai arthAt mUlyoM
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________________ 146 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kA nirmUlyIkaraNa nahIM hotA apitu unakA sthAna saMkramaNa hotA hai| kisI yuga meM jo naitika guNa pramukha mAne jAte rahe hoM, ve dUsare yuga meM gauNa ho sakate haiM aura jo mUlya gauNa the, ve pramukha ho sakate haiN| ucca mUlya nimna sthAna para tathA nimna mUlya ucca sthAna para yA sAdhya mUlya sAdhana sthAna para tathA sAdhana mUlya sAdhya sthAna para A-jA sakate haiN| kabhI nyAya kA mUlya pramukha aura ahiMsA kA mUlya gauNa thA -- nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA ko vihita mAnA jAtA thA-- kintu jaba ahiMsA kA pratyaya pramukha bana gayA to anyAya ko sahana karanA bhI vihita mAne jAne lgaa| grIka mUlyoM ke sthAna para IsAiyata ke mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM aisA hI parivartana huA hai| Aja sAmyavAdI-darzana sAmAjika nyAya ke hetu khUnI krAnti kI upAdeyatA kI svIkRti ke dvArA punaH ahiMsA ke sthAna para nyAya ko hI pramukha mUlya ke pada para sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha kabhI nahIM hai ki grIka sabhyatA meM yA sAmyavAdI-darzana meM ahiMsA pUrNatayA nirmUlya hai yA IsAiyata meM nyAya kA koI sthAna hI mahIM hai| mAtra hotA yaha hai ki yuga kI paristhiti ke anurUpa mulya-vizva ke kucha mUlya ubharakara pramukha bana jAte haiM aura dUsare unake paripArzva meM cale jAte haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI bAhara se paraspara virodha meM sthita do mUlya vastutaH virodhI nahIM hote haiM -- jaise nyAya aura ahiNsaa| kabhI-kabhI nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai, kintu isase mUlataH ve paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM kyoMki anyAya bhI to hiMsA hI hai| sAmyavAda aura prajAtantra ke rAjanaitika-darzanoM kA virodha mUlya-virodha nahIM, mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA virodha hai| sAmyavAda ke lie roTI aura sAmAjika nyAya pradhAna mUlya hai aura svatantratA gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki prajAtantra meM svatantratA pradhAna mUlya hai aura roTI gauNa mUlya hai| Aja svacchanda yaunAcAra kA samarthana bhI saMyama ke sthAna para svatantratA (atantratA) ko hI pradhAna mUlya mAnane ke eka ativAdI dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma hai| sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA mUlya-vivAda bhI aisA hI hai, na to sukhavAda buddhitattva ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai aura na buddhivAda sukha ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai| mAtra itanA hI hai ki sukhavAda meM sukha pradhAna mUlya hai aura buddhi gauNa mUlya hai jabaki buddhivAda meM viveka pradhAna mUlya hai aura sukha gauNa mUlya hai| isa prakAra mUlya-parivartana kA artha unake tAratamya meM parivartana hai, jo ki eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hai| kabhI-kabhI mUlya viparyaya ko hI mUlya parivartana mAnane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki mUlya viparyaya mUlya parivartana nahIM hai| mUlya viparyaya meM hama apanI cAritrika durbalatAoM ko, jo ki vAstava meM mUlya hai hI nahIM, mUlya mAna lete haiM -- jaisesvacchanda yaunAcAra ko naitika mAna lenaa| dUsare yadi "kAma" kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para kAmukatA tathA roTI kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para svAda-lolupatA yA peTrapana kA samarthana kiyA jAve, to yaha mUlya parivartana nahIM hogA, mUlya viparyaya yA mUlyAbhAsa hI hogA, kyoMki "kAma" yA "roTI" mUlya ho sakate haiM kintu "kAmukatA" yA "svAdalolupatA" kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika mUlya nahIM ho sakate haiN| isI sandarbha meM hameM eka tIsare prakAra kA mUlya parivartana parilakSita hotA hai jisameM mUlya-vizva ke hI kucha mUlya apanI AnuSaMgikatA ke kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita ho jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to naitika jagat ke pramukha mUlya yA
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 147 niyAmaka mUlya bana jAte haiN| artha aura kAma aise hI mUlya haiM jo svarUpataH naitika mUlya nahIM hai phira bhI naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita hokara unakA niyamana aura krama nirdhAraNa bhI karate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki jo eka paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya ho, vaha dUsarI paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya na ho, kintu isase unakI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM hotI hai| paristhitijanya mUlya yA sApekSa mUlya dUsare mUlyoM ke niSedhaka nahIM hote haiN| do paraspara virodhI mUlya bhI apanI-apanI paristhiti meM apanI mUlyavattA ko banAe rakha sakate haiN| eka dRSTi se jo mUlya lagatA hai vaha dUsarI dRSTi se nirmUlya ho sakatA hai, kintu apanI dRSTi yA apekSA se to vaha mUlyavAna banA rahatA hai| yaha bAta pAristhitika mUlyoM ke sambandha meM hI adhika satya lagatI hai| jaina naitikatA kA aparivartanazIla yA nirapekSa pakSa hamane jainadarzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa para vicAra kiyA lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina-darzana meM naitikatA kA kevala sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki naitikatA kA eka-dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate haiN| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki "dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai aura zAzvata hai|" yadi naitikatA meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya ke sabhI dharma-pravartakoM (tIrthaMkaroM) kI dharma prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke barA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM Upara se vibhinnatA mAlUma ho sakatI hai, jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke dvarA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM thii| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke Antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM jinheM pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA vaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki AcaraNa kA AntarapakSa sadaiva-sadaiva ekarUpa hotA hai, aparivartanazIla hotA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika hiMsA yA bhAva-hiMsA sadaiva-sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharmamArga athavA naitika jIvana kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Antara parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai lekina dravya parigraha sadaiva hI anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa hI ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hI hai| sambhava hai ki bAhya rUpa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAya lekina antara kA azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| jaina dRSTi meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai| lekina pariNAma AthavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saMkalpa
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________________ 148 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitika karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAranaya (vyavahAdRSTi) se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai lekina nizcayanaya ( pAramArthika dRSTi ) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA ke prayojana yA saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva hI anaitika hotA hai, lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai, varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai, jaise -- candanA kI mAtA ke dvArA kI gaI AtmahatyA yA ceDA mahArAja ke dvArA kiyA gayA yuddh| jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko nirapekSa lo mAnA gayA lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra tk| jaina-darzana "mAnasa karma" ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa evaM aparivartanazIla svIkAra karatA hai, lekina jahA~ kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke bAhya, mAnasa kA kSetra AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ vahI sarvocca zAsaka hai ataH vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva ekamAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA kA mUlyAMkana naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke sambandha meM hameM DIvI kA dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki ve paristhitiyA~, jinameM naitika AdarzoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva hI parivartanazIla haiM aura naitika niyamoM, naitika kartavyoM aura naitika mUlyAMkanoM ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ki naitika siddhAnta itane parivartanazIla haiM ki kisI sAmAjika sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti hI nahIM hotI hai| zubha kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai kintu zubha kA AkAra nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitika mUlyoM kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai, jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI hai, kintu mUlyoM kI naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| vastutaH naitika mUlyoM kI vAstavika prakRti meM parivartanazIlatA aura aparivartanazIlatA ke donoM hI pakSa upasthita hai| nIti kA kauna-sA pakSa parivartanazIla hotA hai aura kauna-sA pakSa aparivartanazIla hotA hai, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai-- 1. saMkalpa kA naitika mUlya aparivartanazIla hotA hai aura AcaraNa kA naitika mUlya parivartanazIla hotA hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa kabhI naitika nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, karma kA jo mAnasika yA bauddhika pakSa hai vaha nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya hai, kintu karma kA jo vyAvahArika evaM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha
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________________ sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 149 sApekSa evaM parivartanazIla hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, nIti kI AtmA aparivartanazIla hai aura nIti kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai| saMkalpa kA kSetra prajJA kA kSetra eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai| antas meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai, vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kA zAsana nahIM hai, ataH isa kSetra meM naitika mUlyoM kI nirapekSatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA sambhava hai| niSkAma karma-yoga kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai, kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhyAtmaka rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotaa| ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve mUlya jo manovRttyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka nIti se sambandhita haiM, aparivartanIya haiM kintu ve mUlya jo AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka hai, parivartanIya haiN| 2. dUsare, naitika sAdhya yA naitika Adarza aparivartanazIla hotA hai kintu usa sAdhya ke sAdhana parivartanazIla hote haiN| jo sarvocya zubha hai vaha aparivartanIya hai, kintu usa sarvocya zubha kI prApti ke jo niyama yA mArga haiM ve vividha evaM parivartanIya haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sarvocya zubha ko chor3akara kucha anya sAdhya kabhI sAdhana bhI bana jAte haiN| sAdhya sAdhana kA vargIkaraNa nirapekSa nahIM hai, unameM parivartana sambhava hai| yadyapi jaba taka koI mUlya sAdhya sthAna para banA rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mUlyavattA aparivartanIya rahatI hai| kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki kisI sthiti meM jo sAdhya-mUlya hai, vaha kabhI sAdhana-mUlya nahIM bnegaa| mUlya-vizva ke aneka mUlya aise haiM jo kabhI sAdhana-mUlya hote haiM aura kabhI saadhy-muuly| ataH unakI mUlyavattA apane sthAna parivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho sakatI hai| punaH vaiyaktika ruciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| ataH sAdhana-mUlyoM ko parivartanIya mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ho sakatA hai| 3. tIsare, naitika niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiN| sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya yA mUla-bhUta niyama hI aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate haiM, vizeSa niyama to parivartanIya hote haiN| yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki aneka paristhitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI apavAda ho sakate haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI itanA to dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| __ yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM evaM sAdhya-mUlyoM kI aparivartanazIlatA bhI ekAntika nahIM hai| vastutaH jaina-darzana meM naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM ke sandarbha meM ekAntaspa se aparivartanazIlatA aura ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIlatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa ekAnta rUpa se aparivartanazIla hoMge to sAmAjika sandarmoM ke anurUpa nahIM raha skeNge| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa itane nirloca to nahIM hai ki ve parivartanazIla sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana nahIM kara sakeM, kintu ve itane lacIle bhI nahIM haiM ki hara koI unheM apane anurUpa DhAla kara unake svarUpa ko hI vikRta kara de| sArAMza yaha hai ki sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa antaraMga rUpa se sthAyI haiM aura bAhaya rUpa meM parivartanazIla haiN|
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza pro0 sAgaramala jaina vyakti kA vyaktitva usakI manovRttiyoM athavA AvegoM para nirbhara karatA hai| vyakti jitanA AvegoM se Upara uThegA, usake vyaktitva meM utanI sthiratA evaM paripakvatA AtI jaayegii| jisa vyakti meM AvegoM (kaSAyoM) kI jitanI adhikatA evaM tIvratA hogI, usakA vyaktitva utanA hI nimnastarIya evaM azAnta hogaa| AvegoM ( manovRttiyoM) kI tIvratA aura unakI zubhAzubhatA donoM hI hamAre vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| vastutaH AvegoM meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, vyaktitva meM utanI hI asthiratA hogI aura vyaktitva meM jitanI adhika asthiratA hogI utanI hI cAritrika dRr3hatA meM kamI hogii| AvegAtmaka asthiratA hI anaitikatA kI jananI hai| isa prakAra AvegAtmakatA, caritra-bala aura vyaktitva tInoM hI eka dUsare se jur3e haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti ke mUlyAMkana ke sandarbha meM na kevala AvegoM kI tIvratA para vicAra karanA cAhie varana unakI prazastatA aura aprazastatA para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna kAla se hI vyakti ke AvegoM tathA manobhAvoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA sambandha usake vyaktitva se jor3A jAtA rahA hai| vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa yA zreNI vibhAjana ke zArIrika evaM manovaijJAnika aneka adhAroM meM eka AdhAra vyakti kI prazasta aura aprazasta manovRttiyA~ bhI rahI haiN| jisa vyakti meM jisa prakAra kI manovRttiyA~ hotI haiM, usI AdhAra para usake vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| manovRttiyoM kI zubhAzubhatA evaM tIvratA aura mandatA ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA ke granthoM meM aisA vargIkaraNa yA zreNI vibhAjana upalabdha hai| jaina paramparA meM isa vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra usakA lezyA siddhAnta hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa ke anya siddhAnta yathA -- bahirAtmA, antarAtmA kA siddhAnta evaM guNasthAna ke siddhAnta bhI pracalita hai, kintu ina sabameM lezyA siddhAnta hI sabase prAcIna hai, kyoMki trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA aura guNasthAnasiddhAnta donoM hI IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| jabaki lezyA siddhAnta bhagavatI aura uttarAdhyayana jaise IsvI pUrva ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM lezyA siddhAnta kA sthAna abhijAti kI kalpanA ne liyA hai| gItA meM ise daivI evaM AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| lezyA-siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra lezyA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo AtmA ko karmoM se lipta karatI hai yA jisake barA AtmA karmoM se lipta hotI hai arthAt bandhana meM AtI hai, vaha
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________________ lezyA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI bRhad - vRtti meM lezyA kA artha ANvika AbhA, kAnti, prabhA yA chAyA kiyA gayA hai| 2 yApanIya AcArya zivArya ne bhagavatI - ArAdhanA meM chAyA pudgala se prabhAvita jIva ke pariNAmoM (manobhAvoM) ko lezyA mAnA hai| 3 isI AdhAra para devendramunizAstrI ne lezyA ko eka prakAra kA paudgalika paryAvaraNa mAnA hai, jo manovRttiyoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai| 4 DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne bhI apane zodha - nibandha meM bhagavatI sUtra ( 1/9 ) kI TIkA ke AdhAra para lezyA ko audArika Adi zarIroM kA varNa mAnA hai / ve likhatI haiM ki lezyA eka paudgalika pariNAma 15 jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai 1. dravya lezyA aura 2. bhAva lezyA / ataH hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki inameM mAtra dravya lezyA hI paudgalika hai, bhAva lezyA nhiiN| bhAva lezyA to dravya lezyA ke AdhAra para banane vAlI cittavRttiyA~ haiM / ina donoM meM kAryakAraNa bhAva yA nimitta - naimittika sambandha to hai kintu donoM alaga-alaga hai| : 1. dravya lezyA dravya lezyA sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se nirmita vaha saMracanA hai, jo hamAre manobhAvoM evaM tajjanita karmoM kA sApekSa rUpa meM kAraNa athavA kArya banatI hai| jisa prakAra pitta dravya kI vizeSatA se svabhAva meM kruddhatA AtI hai aura krodha ke kAraNa pitta kA nirmANa bahula rUpa se hotA hai, usI prakAra ina sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAva ke hone para ina sUkSma saMracanAoM kA nirmANa hotA hai / lezyA dravya yA dravya - lezyA -svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcArya rAjendrasUrijI evaM paM0 sukhalAlajI 7 ne nimna tIna matoM ko udadhRta kiyA hai hai / (i) lezyA jaina dharma kA lezyA - siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 151 -- -- -- -- dravya badhyamAna karmapravAha rUpa meM hai| yaha mata bhI uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM vAdivaitAla zAntisUri kA hai| (ii) lezyA (iii) lezyA yoga pariNAma hai arthAt zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM kA pariNAma hai| yaha mata AcArya haribhadra kA hai| dravya karma-varmaNA se bane hue haiN| yaha mata uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM merI dRSTi se dravya lezyA ko hama vyakti kA AbhA maNDala kaha sakate haiN| DaoN0 zAntI jaina ne apane zodha-prabandha meM aura unase pUrva yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne apane grantha AbhAmaNDala meM isa para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai / 2. bhAva lezyA - bhAva lezyA AtmA kA adhyavasAya yA antaH karaNa kI vRtti hai / paM0 sukhalAla jI ke zabdoM meM bhAva - lezyA manobhAva vizeSa hai, jo saMkleza aura yoga se anugata hai| saMkleza ke tIvra, tIvratara tIvratama, manda, mandatara, mandatama Adi aneka bheda hone se lezyA (manobhAva ) vastutaH aneka prakAra kI hai tathApi saMkSepa meM chaH bheda karake (jaina) zAstra meM usakA svarUpa varNana kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ 152 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA nirvacana varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza, manobhAva, karma Adi aneka pakSoM ke AdhAra para huA hai, lekina hama apane vivecana ko lezyAoM ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa taka sImita rakhanA ucita smjheNge| manodazAoM meM saMkleza kI nyUnAdhikatA athavA manobhAvoM kI azubhatva se zubhatva kI ora bar3hane kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI unake vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| aprazasta aura prazasta ina dvividha manobhAvoM ke unakI taratamatA ke AdhAra para chaH bheda varNita haiM - aprazasta manobhAva prazasta manobhAva 1. kRSNa lezyA - tIvratama aprazasta manobhAva 2. nIla lezyA - tIvra aprazasta manobhAva 3. kApota lezyA - maMda aprazasta manobhAva 4. tejolezyA - maMda prazasta manobhAva 5. padmalezyA - tIvra prazasta manobhAva 6. zuklalezyA - tIvratama prazasta manobhAva lezyAeM evaM vyaktitva kA zreNI-vibhAjana lezyAeM manobhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa mAtra nahIM hai, varan caritra ke AdhAra para kiye gaye vyaktitva ke prakAra bhI hai| manobhAva athavA saMkalpa Antarika tathya hI nahIM haiM, varan ve kriyAoM ke rUpa meM bAhya abhivyakti bhI cAhate haiN| vastutaH saMkalpa hI karma meM rUpAntarita hote haiN| breDale kA yaha kathana ucita hai ki karma saMkalpa kA rUpAntaraNa hai| manobhUmi yA saMkalpa vyakti ke AcaraNa kA preraka sUtra hai, lekina karma- kSetra meM saMkalpa aura AcaraNa do alaga-alaga tattva nahIM rahate haiN| AcaraNa se saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA kA nirmANa hotA hai aura saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA para hI AcaraNa sthita hotA hai| manobhUmi aura AcaraNa ( caritra ) kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| itanA hI nahIM, manovRtti svayaM meM bhI eka AcaraNa hai| mAnasika karma bhI karma hI hai| ataH jaina vicArakoM ne jaba lezyA pariNAma kI carcA kI to ve mAtra manodazAoM kI carcAoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, varan unhoMne usa manodazA se pratyutpanna jIvana ke karma kSetra meM ghaTita hone vAle bAhya vyavahAroM kI carcA bhI kI aura isa prakAra jaina lezyA siddhAnta vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kA vyavahArika siddhAnta bana gyaa| jaina vicArakoM ne isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para yaha batAyA ki manovRtti evaM AcaraNa kI dRSTi se vyakti kA vyaktitva yA to zubha ( naitika ) hogA yA azubha ( anaitik)| inheM dhArmika aura adhArmika athavA zukla-pakSI aura kRSNa-pakSI bhI kahA gayA hai| vastutaH eka varga vaha hai jo naitikatA yA zubhatva kI ora unmukha hai| dUsarA varga vaha hai jo anaitikatA yA azubhatva kI ora unmukha hai| isa prakAra guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke ye do prakAra banate haiN| lekina jaina vicAraka mAtra guNAtmaka vargIkaraNa se santuSTa nahIM hue aura unhoMne una do guNAtmaka prakAroM ko tIna-tIna prakAra ke mAtrAtmaka antaroM (jaghanya, madhyama evaM utkRSTa ) ke AdhAra para cha. bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA / jaina lezyA siddhAnta kA SaT-vidha vargIkaraNa isI AdhAra para huA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne ina
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 153 mAtrAtmaka antaroM ke tIna, nava, ikyAsI aura do sau taiMtAlisa upabheda bhI ginAyeM hai, lekina prAcIna SaT-vidha vargIkaraNa hI adhika pracalita rahA hai| nimna paMktiyoM meM hama ina chaH prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI carcA kareMge -- 1. kRSNa lezyA ( azubha bhAva ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa -- yaha vyaktitva kA sabase nikRSTa rUpa hai| isa avasthA meM prANI ke vicAra atyanta nimna koTi ke evaM krUra hote haiN| vAsanAtmaka pakSa jIvana ke sampUrNa karmakSetra para hAvI rahatA hai| prANI apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika kriyAoM para niyantraNa karane meM akSama rahatA hai| vaha apanI indriyoM para niyantraNa na rakha pAne ke kAraNa binA kisI prakAra ke zubhAzubha vicAra ke sadaiva indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pUrti meM nimagna rahatA hai| isa prakAra bhoga-vilAsa meM Asakta ho, vaha unakI pUrti ke lie hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha meM lagA rahatA hai| svabhAva se vaha nirdaya va nRzaMsa hotA hai aura hiMsaka kArya karane meM use tanika bhI aruci nahIM hotI tathA apane choTe se svArtha ke nimitta dUsare kA bar3A se bar3A ahita karane meM vaha saMkoca nahIM krtaa| mAtra yahI nahIM vaha dUsaroM ko nirarthaka pIr3A yA trAsa dene meM Ananda mAnatA hai| kRSNa lezyA se yukta prANI vAsanAoM ke andha pravAha se hI zAsita hotA hai isalie bhAvAveza meM usameM svayaM ke hitAhita kA vicAra karane kI kSamatA bhI nahIM hotii| vaha dUsare kA ahita mAtra isalie nahIM karatA ki usase usakA svayaM kA koI hita hogA, varan vaha to apane krUra svabhAva ke vazIbhUta ho, apane hita ke abhAva meM bhI dUsare kA ahita karatA rahatA hai| 2. nIla lezyA ( azubhatara manobhAva ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa -- vyaktitva kA yaha prakAra pahale kI apekSA kucha ThIka hotA hai, lekina hotA azubha hI hai| isa avasthA meM bhI prANI kA vyavahAra vAsanAtmaka pakSa se zAsita hotA hai| lekina vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM apanI buddhi kA prayoga karane lagatA hai| ataH isakA vyavahAra prakaTa rUpa meM to kucha parimArjita sA rahatA hai, lekina usake pIche kuTilatA hI kAma karatI hai| yaha virodhI kA ahita apratyakSa rUpa se karatA hai| aisA prANI IrSyAlu, asahiSNu, asaMyamI, ajJAnI, kapaTI, nirlajja, lampaTa, dveSa buddhi se yukta, rasalolupa evaM pramAdI hotA hai| vaha apanI sukha-suvidhA kA sadaiva dhyAna rakhatA hai aura dUsare kA ahita apane hita ke nimitta karatA hai, yadyapi vaha apane alpa hita ke lie dUsare kA bar3A ahita bhI kara detA hai| jina prANiyoM se usakA svArtha sadhatA hai una prANiyoM kA aja-poSaNa-nyAya ke anusAra vaha kucha dhyAna avazya rakhatA hai, lekina manovRtti dUSita hI hotI hai| jaise bakarA pAlane vAlA bakare ko isalie nahIM khilAtA ki usa bakare kA hita hogA varan isalie khilAtA hai ki use mArane para adhika mAMsa milegaa| aisA vyakti dUsare kA bAhya spa meM jo bhI hita karatA dikhAI detA hai, usake pIche usakA gahana svArya rahatA hai| 3. kApota lezyA ( azubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa -- yaha manovRtti bhI dUSita hai| ina manovRtti meM prANI kA vyavahAra mana, vacana, karma se ekarUpa nahIM hotaa| usakI karanI aura kathanI bhinna hotI hai| manobhAvoM meM saralatA nahIM hotI, kapaTa aura
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________________ 154 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 ahaMkAra hotA hai| vaha apane doSoM ko sadaiva chipAne kI koziza karatA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha evaM vyavahAra anArya hotA hai| vaha vacana se dUsare kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa karane vAlA athavA dUsare ke rahasyoM ko prakaTa karake usase apanA hita sAdhane vAlA, dUsare ke dhana kA apaharaNa karane vAlA evaM mAtsarya bhAvoM se yukta hotA hai| phira bhI aisA vyakti dUsare kA ahita tabhI karatA hai, jaba usase usakI svArtha siddhi hotI hai| 4. tejo lezyA ( zubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa -- yaha manodazA pavitra hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM prANI pApabhIra hotA hai| yadyapi vaha anaitika AcaraNa kI ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, tathApi vaha sukhApekSI hotA hai| lekina kisI anaitika AcaraNa dvArA una sukhoM kI prApti yA apanA svArtha sAdhana nahIM krtaa| dhArmika aura naitika AcaraNa meM usakI pUrNa AsthA hotI hai| ataH una kRtyoM ke sampAdana meM Ananda prApta karatA hai, jo dhArmika yA naitika dRSTi se zubha hai| isa manobhUmi meM dUsare ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI hotI hai| saMkSepa meM, isa manobhUmi meM sthita prANI pavitra AcaraNa vAlA, namra, dhairyavAna, niSkapaTa, AkAMkSArahita, vinIta, saMyamI evaM yogI hotA hai|13 vaha priya evaM dRDhadharmI tathA parahitaiSI hotA hai| isa manobhUmi meM dUsare kA ahita to sambhava hotA hai, lekina kevala usI sthiti meM jabaki dUsarA usake hitoM kA hanana karane para utArU ho jaaye| jaina AgamoM meM tejolezyA kI zakti ko prApta karane ke liye viziSTa sAdhanA-vidhi kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| gozAlaka ne mahAvIra se tejolezyA kI jo sAdhanA sIkhI thI usakA durupayoga usane svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ke prati kiyaa| isa prakAra tejolezyA kA upayoga zubhatva aura azubhatva donoM hI dizA meM sambhava ho sakatA hai| 5. padama lezyA ( zabhatara manovatti ) se yakta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa -- isa manobhami meM pavitratA kI mAtrA pichalI bhUmi kI apekSA adhika hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobharUpa azubha manovRttiyA~ atIva alpa arthAt samAptaprAya ho jAtI hai| prANI saMyamI tathA yogI hotA hai tathA yoga sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa AtmajayI evaM praphullita hotA hai| vaha alpabhASI, upazAMta evaM jitendriya hotA hai| 4 6. zukla lezyA ( paramazubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa -- yaha manobhUmi zubha manovRtti kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai| pichalI manovRtti ke sabhI zubha guNa isa avasthA meM vartamAna rahate haiM, lekina unakI vizuddhi kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai| prANI upazAMta, jitendriya evaM prasannacitta hotA hai| usake jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA hai ki vaha apane hita ke lie dUsare ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA cAhatA hai| mana-vacana-karma se ekaspa hotA hai tathA unapara usakA pUrNa niyantraNa hotA hai| use mAtra apane Adarza kA bodha rahatA hai| binA kisI apekSA ke vaha mAtra svakartavya ke paripAlana ke prati jAgaska rahatA hai| sadaiva svadharma evaM svasvarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai|
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 155 lezyA siddhAnta aura anya vicAraNAe~ __ bhArata meM vyakti ke manovRttiyoM, guNoM evaM karmoM ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karane kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| yaha vargIkaraNa sAmAjika evaM sAdhanAtmaka donoM dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA rahA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se isane cAturvarNya ke siddhAnta kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA thA, jisapara janmanA Ara karmaNA dRSTikoNoM ko lekara zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA meM kAphI vivAda bhI rahA hai| sAdhanAtmaka dRSTikoNa se guNa karma ke AdhAra para vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA ne kiyA hai, varan anya lupta zramaNa paramparAoM meM bhI aise vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiN| dIghanikAya meM AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcArya maMkhaliputra gozAlaka evaM aMguttaranikAya meM pUrNa-kazyapa ke nAma ke sAtha hI vargIkaraNa kA nirdeza huA hai| jJAtavya hai ki dIghanikAya meM sAmaMjaphalasutta meM gozAlaka sambandhI vivaraNa meM mAtra "chasvevavavAbhijAtIsu" itanA ullekha hai, jabaki aMguttara nikAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke dvArA prastuta vivaraNa meM ina chahoM abhijAtiyoM meM kauna kisa varga meM AtA hai, isakA bhI ullekha hai| kinta isameM AjIvaka zramaNoM aura AcAryoM ko sarvocca vargoM meM rakhanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha siddhAnta mUlataH AjIvakoM arthAta maMkhaligozAlaka kI paramparA kA rahA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yA to bhrAntivaza athavA phira pUrNakazyapa dvArA bhI mAnya hone ke kAraNa ise unake nAmoM se kahA gayA hai| isakI mAnyatA ke anusAra kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra, zukla aura paramazukla ye chaH abhijAtiyA~ hai| ukta vargIkaraNa meM kRSNa abhijAti meM nirgantha aura AjIvaka zramaNoM ke atirikta anya zramaNoM ko, lohita abhijAti meM nirgantha zramaNoM ko, haridra abhijAti meM AjIvaka gRhasthoM ko, zukla abhijAta meM AjIvaka ke praNetA AcArya-varga ko rakhA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki caturtha varga ke artha meM pUjya AcArya devendramunijI ne apane 'puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha meM evaM kumArI zAntA jaina ne apane zodha-prabandha meM jo zvetavastradhArI yA nirvastra kA artha likhA hai vaha ucita nahIM hai usameM mUlazabda hai -- "odAttavasanI acelasAvakA" / isakA artha hai udAtta vastra vAle acelakoM (AjIvakoM ) ke shraavk| isameM acelasAvakA kA artha acelakoM ke zrAvaka aisA hai| odAttavasanA yaha zrAvakoM kA vizeSaNa hai| uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA jaina vicAraNA ke lezyA siddhAnta se bahuta kucha zabda sAmya hai, lekina jaina dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa isa artha meM bhinna hai ki eka to yaha kevala mAnava jAti taka sImita hai, jabaki jaina vargIkaraNa isameM sampUrNa prANI varga kA samAveza karatA hai| dUsare, jaina dRSTikoNa vyaktiparaka hai, jo sAmpradAyikatA se Upara uThakara kahatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti yA vyakti samUha apanI manovRttiyoM evaM karmoM ke AdhAra para kisI bhI varga yA abhijAti meM sammilita ho sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai ki jahA~ gozAlaka dvarA dUsare zramaNoM ko nIla abhijAti meM rakhA gayA, vahA~ nirganthoM ko lohita abhijAti meM rakhanA unake prati kucha samAdara bhAva kA dyotaka avazya hai| sambhava hai ki mahAvIra evaM gozAlaka kA pUrva sambandha hI isakA kAraNa rahA ho| jahA~ taka bhagavAna buddha kI tatsambandhI mAnyatA kA kA prazna hai, ve pUrNakazyapa athavA gozAlaka kI mAnyatA se apane ko sahamata nahIM kara pAte haiN| ve vyakti ke naitika stara ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa to prastuta karate haiM, lekina ve apane vargIkaraNa ko jaina
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________________ 156 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vicAraNA ke samAna hI sArvabhauma evaM vastuniSTha hI rakhanA cAhate haiN| ve yaha bhI nahIM batAte ki amuka varga yA vyakti isa varga kA hai, varan yahI kahate haiM ki jisakI manobhUmikA evaM AcaraNa jisa varga ke anusAra hogA, vaha usa varga meM A jaayegaa| pUrNakazyapa ke dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue bhagavAna buddha Ananda se kahate haiM ki maiM abhijAtiyoM ko to mAnatA hU~ lekina merA mantavya dUsaroM se pRthaka haiN|16 manodazAoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNaparaka vargIkaraNa bauddha vicAraNA kA pramukha mantavya thaa| bauddha vicAraNA meM prathamataH prazasta aura aprazasta manobhAva tathA karma ke AdhAra para mAnava jAti ko kRSNa aura zukla varga meM rakhA gyaa| jo krUra karmI haiM ve kRSNa abhijAti ke hai aura jo zubha karmI haiM ve zukla abhijAti ke haiN| punaH kRSNa prakAra vAle aura zukla prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko guNa-karma ke AdhAra para tIna-tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI lezyAoM ko prazasta aura aprazasta ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Takara pratyeka ke tIna-tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| bauddha vicAraNA ne zubhAzubha karmoM evaM manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para chaH varga to mAna liye, lekina isake atirikta unhoMne eka varga una logoM kA bhI mAnA jo zubhAzubha se Upara uTha gaye haiM aura ise akRSNa zakla khaa| jaise jaina darzana meM arhata ko alezI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra buddha ne nimna chaH abhijAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI hai -- ___(1) koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika (nIca kula meM paidA huA) ho aura kRSNa dharma (pApakRtya) karatA hai| ___ (2) koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika ho aura zukla dharma karatA hai| (3) koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika ho akRSNa- azukla nirvANa ko samutpanna karatA (4) koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ( uccakula meM samutpanna huA ) ho tathA zukla dharma (puNya ) karatA hai| (5) koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ho aura kRSNakarma karatA hai| (6) koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ho azukla-akRSNa nirvANa ko samutpanna karatA isa vargIkaraNa meM bhagavAna buddha ne janma aura karma donoM ko hI apanA AdhAra banAyA hai jabaki jaina paramparA manobhAvoM aura karmoM ko hI mahattva detI hai, janma ko nhiiN| phira bhI usameM deva evaM nAraka ke sambandha meM jo lezyA kI carcA hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki vaha varga vizeSa meM janma ke sAtha lezyA vizeSa kI upasthiti mAnate the| lezyA-siddhAnta aura gItA gItA meM bhI prANiyoM ke guNa-karma ke anusAra vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA milatI hai| gItA na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se prANiyoM ko gaNa-karma ke anusAra cAra vargoM meM vargIkRta karatI hai, varan vaha AcaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI eka alaga vargIkaraNa prastuta karatI hai|
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________________ gItA ke 16veM adhyAya meM prANiyoM kI AsurI evaM daivI aisI do prakAra kI prakRti batalAyI gaI hai aura isI AdhAra para prANiyoM ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| gItA kA kathana hai ki prANiyoM yA manuSyoM kI prakRti do hI prakAra kI hotI hai yA to daivI yA aasurii| 18 usameM bhI daivI guNa mokSa ke hetu haiM aura AsurI guNa bandhana ke hetu haiN| 19 gItA meM hameM dvividha vargIkaraNa hI milatA hai, jinheM hama cAhe daivI aura AsurI prakRti kaheM, cAhe kRSNa aura zuklapakSI kaheM yA kRSNa aura zukla abhijAta kaheM / SaT lezyAoM kI jaina vicAraNA ke vivecana meM bhI do hI mUla prakAra haiN| prathama tIna kRSNa, nIla aura kApota lezyA ko avizuddha, aprazasta aura saMkliSTa kahA gayA hai aura antima tIna tejo, padma aura zukla lezyA ko vizuddha prazasta aura asaMkliSTa kahA gayA hai| 20 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki kRSNa, nIla evaM kApota adharma lezyAyeM haiM aura inake kAraNa jIvana durgati meM jAtA hai aura tejoM, padma evaM zukla dharmalezyAyeM haiM aura inake kAraNa jIva saMgati meM jAtA hai| 21 paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM kRSNa aura zukla ke bIca kI lezyAyeM, vicAragata azubhatA ke vividha mizraNa mAtra haiN| 22 jaina dRSTi ke anusAra dharma lezyAyeM yA prazasta lezyAyeM mokSa kA hetu to hotI haiM evaM jIvanamukta avasthA taka vidyamAna bhI rahatI haiM, lekina videha mukti usI avasthA meM hotI hai jaba prANI inase bhI Upara uTha jAtA hai| isalie yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki dharma lezyAyeM sugati kA kAraNa haiM, nirvANa kA kAraNa nahIM haiM / nirvANa kA kAraNa to lezyAoM se atIta honA hai| jaina vicAraNA vivecanA ke kSetra meM vizleSaNAtmaka adhika rahI hai / ataeva vargIkaraNa karane kI sthiti meM bhI usane kAphI gaharAI taka jAne kI koziza kI aura isI AdhAra para yaha SaT-vidha vivecana kiyaa| lekina tathya yaha hai ki guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para to do hI bheda hote haiM, zeSa vargIkaraNa mAtrAtmaka hI haiM aura isa prakAra yadi mUla AdhAroM kI ora dRSTi rakheM to jaina aura gItA kI vicAraNA ko atinikaTa hI pAte haiM / jahA~ taka jaina darzana kI dharma aura adharma lezyAoM meM aura gItA kI devI aura AsurI sampadA meM prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM AcaraNa kA jo citraNa kiyA gayA hai, usameM bahuta kucha zabda evaM bhAva sAmya hai| dharma lezyAoM meM prANI kI manaH sthiti evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana23 ke AdhAra para jaina dRSaTikoNa) 1. prazAnta citta 2. jJAna, dhyAna aura tapa meM rata 3. indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA 4. svAdhyAyI jaina dharma kA lezyA - siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 157 5. hitaiSI 6. krodha kI nyUnatA 7. mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA tyAgI daivI sampadA se yukta prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (gItA 24 kA dRSTikoNa ) dRr3ha zAntacitta evaM svaccha antaHkaraNa vAlA tatvajJAna ke lie dhyAna meM nirantara indriyoM kA damana karane vAlA svAdhyAyI, dAnI evaM uttama karma karane vAlA ahiMsAyukta, dayAzIla tathA abhaya akrodhI, kSamAzIla tyAgI sthiti
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________________ 158: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 8. alpabhASI apanI tathA satyazIla 9. indriya aura mana para adhikAra karane vAlA alolupa (indriya viSayoM meM anAsakta ) 10. tejasvI tejasvI dhairyavAna komana 11. dRDhadharmI 12. naya evaM vinIta 13. capalatA rahita tathA zAMta 14. pApabhIru zAnta aprazasta yA adharma lezyAoM meM prANiyoM kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana 25 ke AdhAra para jaina dRSTikoNa ) 1. ajJAnI 2. 3. mana, vacana evaM karma se agupta 4. durAcArI 5. kapaTI 6. mithyAdRSTi 7. avicArapUrvaka karma karane vAlA 8. nRzaMsa 9. hiMsaka 10. rasalolupa evaM viSayI 11. avirata 12. cora capalatArahita (acapala ) loka aura zAstraviruddha AcaraNa meM lajjA AsurI sampadA se yukta prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (gItA ke AdhAra para ) 26 gItA kA dRSTikoNa kartavyAkartavya ke jJAna kA abhAva naSTAtmA evaM cintAgrasta mAnasika evaM kAyika zauca se rahita (apavitra ) azuddha AcAra (durAcArI ) kapaTI, mithyAbhASI AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya meM mithyA dRSTikoNa alpabuddhi krUrakarmI hiMsaka, jagat kA nAza karane vAlA kAmabhoga parAyaNa tathA krodhI tRSNAyukta cora mahAbhArata aura lezyA siddhAnta gItA mahAbhArata kA aMga hai aura mahAbhArata meM sanatkumAra evaM vRtrAsura ke saMvAda meM prANiyoM ke chaH prakAra ke varNoM kA nirdeza huA hai| ve varNa haiM : kRSNa, dhUmra, nIla, rakta, hAridra aura zukla / ina cha: varNoM kI sukhAtmaka sthiti kA citraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kRSNa, dhUmra aura nIla varNa kA sukha madhyama hotA hai, rakta varNa kA sukha sahya hotA hai| hAridra varNa sukhakara hotA hai aura zukla varNa sarvAdhika sukhakara hotA hai / jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhI SaTlezyAoM kI sukhaduHkhAtmaka sthitiyoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isake atirikta mahAbhArata meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina cAra varNoM
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 159 ke cAra raMgoM ( varNoM ) kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isameM zUdra ko kRSNa, vaizya ko nIla, kSatriya ko rakta, aura brAhmaNa ko zukla varNa kahA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jainAcArya jaTAsiMha nandI ne varAMgacarita ( 7vIM zatI ) meM isa avadhAraNA kI spaSTa samIkSA bhI kI thI / unhoMne kahA thA ki na to sabhI zUdra kAle hote haiM aura na sabhI brAhmaNa zukla varNa ke hote haiN| sAtha hI mahAbhArata meM vargoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kI ucca evaM nimna gatiyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| sAtha hI sabhI vargoM kI carcA karate hue bhI batAyA gayA hai ki nArakIya jIvoM kA varNa kRSNa hotA hai, jo naraka se nikalate haiM unakA varNa dhUmra hotA hai| mAnava jAti kA varNa nIlA hotA hai| devoM kA rakta varNa hotA hai| anugrahazIla viziSTa devoM kA varNa hAridra aura sAdhakoM kA varNa zukla hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki varNoM ( raMgoM ) ke AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai| yoga-sUtra evaM lezyA-siddhAnta ___ isI prakAra pataMjali ne apane yogasatra meM cAra jAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI haiM : 1. kRSNa, 2. kRSNa-zukla, 3. zukla aura 4. ashukl-akRssnn| inheM kramazaH azuddhatara, azuddha, zuddha aura zuddhatara kahA gayA hai| uparokta AdhAroM para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prArambha meM kRSNa aura zukla ina do vargoM kI kalpanA ko manovRtti, AcaraNa, gati Adi se jor3A gayA / jaina darzana meM inheM kRSNapakSI aura zuklapakSI kahA gayA aura kRSNapakSI ko mithyA dRSTi aura zukla pakSI ko samyak dRSTi mAnA gyaa| bauddha grantha dhammapada meM kRSNadharma aura zukladharma kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki paNDita kRSNa dharma kA parityAga kara zukla dharma kA anusaraNa kre| Age calakara akRSNa azukla rUpa nirvANa kalpanA ke sAtha tIna varga banAye gye| phira janma ke AdhAra para kRSNa-abhijAti aura zukla-abhijAti kI kalpanA kA karma kI dRSTi se ukta tIna avasthAoM se saMyoga karake bauddha dharma meM bhI chaH varga bane haiM, jinakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa prakAra kRSNa aura zukla donoM ke saMyoga se kRSNa-zukla nAmaka tIsare aura donoM kA atikramaNa karane se cauthe varga kI kalpanA kI gayI aura isa prakAra eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa bhI huaa| pataMjali aura bauddha darzana meM yaha caturvidha vargIkaraNa bhI milatA hai| kRSNa aura zukla varNa ke madhyavartI anya varNoM kI kalpanA ke sAtha AjIvaka Adi kucha prAcIna zramaNa dhArAoM meM SaT abhijAtiyoM kI aura jainadhArA meM lezyAoM kI avadhAraNA sAmane AyI hai| leNyA siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA rAsa ke naitika vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa pAzcAtya nItizAstra meM Dablya0 rAsa bhI eka aisA vargIkaraNa prastuta karate haiM jisakI tulanA jaina lezyA siddhAnta se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa kahate haiM ki naitika zubha eka aisA zabha hai jo hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se sambandhita hai| naitika zubhatA kA mUlya kevala isI bAta meM nahIM hai ki usakA preraka kyA hai, varan usakI anaitikatA ke prati avarodhaka zakti se bhI hai| unake anusAra naitika zubhatva ke sandarbha meM manobhAvoM kA unake
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________________ 160: zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 nimnatama rUpa se uccatama rUpa taka eka nimna prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai-- 1. dUsaroM ko jitanA adhika duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, dene kI icchaa| 2. dUsaroM ko kisI vizeSa prakAra kA asthAyI duHkha utpanna karane kI icchaa| 3. naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| 4. aisA sukha prApta karane kI icchA jo naitika dRSTi se ucita na ho, lekina anucita bhI na ho| 5. naitika dRSTi se ucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| 6. dUsaroM ko sukha dene kI icchaa| 7. koI zubha kArya karane kI icchaa| 8. apane naitika kartavya ke paripAlana kI icchaa|27 rAsa apane isa vargIkaraNa meM jaina lezyA siddhAnta ke kAphI nikaTa A jAte haiN| jaina vicAraka aura rAsa donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika zubha kA samanvaya hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se hai| yahI nahIM donoM vyakti ke naitika vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isa bAta se karate haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa meM kitanA parivartana huA hai aura vaha vikAsa kI kisa bhUmikA meM sthita hai| rAsa ke vargIkaraNa ke pahale stara kI tulanA kRSNa lezyA kI manobhUmi se kI jA sakatI hai, donoM hI dRSTikoNoM ke anusAra isa stara meM prANI kI manovRtti dUsaroM ko yathAsambhava duHkha dene kI hotI hai| jaina vicAraNA kA jAmuna ke vRkSa vAlA udAharaNa bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kRSNalezyA vAlA vyakti usa jAmuna ke vRkSa ke mUla ko prApta karane kI icchA rakhatA hai arthAt jitanA vinAza kiyA jA sakatA hai yA jitanA duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, use dene kI icchA rakhatA hai| dUsare stara kI tulanA nIla lezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa ke anusAra vyakti isa stara meM dUsaroM ko asthAyI duHkha dene kI icchA rakhatA hai, jainadRSTi ke anusAra bhI isa avasthA meM prANI dUsaroM ko duHkha usI sthiti meM denA cAhatA hai, jaba unake duHkha dene se usakA svArtha sadhatA hai| isa prakAra isa stara para prANI dUsaroM ko tabhI duHkha detA hai jaba usakA svArtha unase TakarAtA ho| yadyapi jaina dRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki isa stara meM vyakti apane choTe se hita ke lie dUsaroM kA bar3A ahita karane meM nahIM skucaataa| jaina vicAraNA ke uparyukta udAharaNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki nIla lezyA vAlA vyakti phala ke lie samUla vRkSa kA nAza to nahIM karatA, lekina usakI zAkhA ko kATa dene kI manovRtti rakhatA hai arthAt usa vRkSa kA pUrNa nAza nahIM, varan usake eka bhAga kA nAza karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AMzika duHkha detA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara kI tulanA jaina dRSTi kI kApotalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina dRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki nIla aura kApota lezyA ke ina staroM meM vyakti sukhApekSI hotA hai, lekina jina sukhoM kI vaha gaveSaNA karatA hai, ve vAsanAtmaka sukha hI hote haiN| dUsare, jaina vicAraNA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki kApota lezyA ke stara taka vyakti apane svArthoM yA sukhoM kI prApti ke lie kisI naitika zubhAzubhatA kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha mAtra svArtha prerita hotA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara meM vyakti naitika
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 161 dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai| isa prakAra yahA~ para bhI rAsa evaM jaina dRSTikoNa vicAra-sAmya rakhate haiN| rAsa ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe staroM kI saMyukta rUpa se tulanA jaina dRSTi kI tejolezyA ke stara ke sAtha ho sakatI hai| rAsa cauthe stara meM prANI kI prakRti isa prakAra batAte haiM ki vyakti sukha to pAnA cAhatA hai, lekina vaha unhIM sukhoM kI prApti kA prayAsa karatA hai jo naitika dRSTi se anucita bhI nahIM ho, pA~caveM stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita sukhoM ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai tathA chaThe stara para vaha dUsaroM ko sukha dene kA prayAsa bhI karatA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI tejolezyA ke stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita se ucita sukhoM ko hI pAne kI icchA rakhatA hai, sAtha-sAtha vaha dUsare kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhatA hai| rAsa ke sAtaveM stara kI tulanA jaina-dRSTi meM padamalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM ke anusAra isa stara para vyakti dUsaroM ke hita kA dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA dUsaroM ke hita ke lie una saba kAryoM ko karane meM tatpara rahatA hai, jo naitika dRSTi se zubha hai| rAsa ke anusAra manobhAvoM ke AThaveM sarvocca stara para vyakti ko mAtra apane kartavya kA bodha rahatA hai| vaha hitAhita kI bhUmikAoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| isI prakAra jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI naitikatA kI isa uccatama bhUmikA meM jise zukla lezyA kahA jAtA hai, vyakti ko samatva bhAva kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai, ataH vaha sva aura para bheda se Upara uThakara mAtra Atma-svarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina, bauddha aura bRhad hindU paramparA varan pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM se usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai| vyakti kA AcaraNa eka ora usake manobhAvoM kA paricAyaka hai, to dUsarI ora usake naitika vyaktitva kA nirmAtA bhI hai| manobhAva evaM tajjanita AcaraNa jaise-jaise azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hatA hai, vaise-vaise vyakti meM bhI paripakvatA evaM vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| aise zuddha, saMtulita, sthira evaM paripakva vyaktitva kA nirmANa jIvana kA lakSya hai| lezyA siddhAnta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama jahA~ taka lezyA kI avadhAraNA ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kA prazna hai| DaoN0 lyUmena aura DaoN haramana jaikobI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki AjIvakoM kI SaT-abhijAtiyoM kI kalpanA se hI jainoM meM SaT-lezyAoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| SaT-lezyAoM ke nAma Adi kI SaT-abhijAtiyoM ke nAmoM se bahuta kucha sAmyatA ko dekhakara unakA yaha mAna lenA asvAbhAvika to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai phira bhI yadi abhijAti siddhAnta aura lezyA-siddhAnta kI mUla prakRti ko dekheM to hameM donoM meM eka antara pratIta hotA hai| abhijAti kA siddhAnta dhArmika vizvAsoM aura sAdhanAoM ke bAhya AdhAra para kiyA gayA vyakti kA vargIkaraNa hai, jabaki lezyA kA siddhAnta manovRttiyoM ke AdhAra para hone vAle manodaihika parivartanoM aura vyakti ke
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________________ 162: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 vyaktitva kI cAritrika viziSTatAoM kA sUcaka hai| ataH nAma sAmyatA hote hue bhI donoM meM dRSTigata bhinnatA hai| dUsare yaha hai ki pUrNakazyapa, maMkhalI gozAla Adi AjIvaka AcArya bhI mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI haiM, ataH kisase kisane liyA hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai / punaH lezyA zabda jainoM kA apanA pAribhASika zabda hai, kisI bhI anya paramparA meM isa artha meM yaha zabda milatA hI nahIM hai / ataH isa avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA zreya to jaina paramparA ko denA hI hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki SaT-abhijAti Adi usa yuga meM samAnAntara rUpa se pracalita anya siddhAntoM se unhoMne kRSNa, zukla, nIla Adi nAma grahaNa kiye hoM kintu yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki SaT-abhijAtiyoM evaM SaT - lezyAoM ke nAmoM meM bhI pUrI samAnatA hai kevala kRSNa, nIla aura zukla ye tIna samAna haiM kintu lohita, hAridra, padma- zukla ye tIna nAma lezyA siddhAnta meM nahIM haiM, unake sthAna para kApota, tejo evaM padma ye tIna nAma milate haiN| ataH lezyA siddhAnta abhijAti siddhAnta kI pUrNataH anukRti nahIM hai| manobhAvoM, cAritrika vizuddhi, loka kalyANa kI pravRtti Adi ke AdhAra para vyaktiyoM athavA unake vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM pAI jAtI hai / pratyeka dharma paramparA ne apanI-apanI dRSTi se usa para vicAra kiyA / aitihAsika dRSTi se lezyA zabda kA prayoga atiprAcIna hai| itanA nizcita hai ki prAcIna pAli tripiTaka ke dIghanikAya aura aMguttaranikAya, jinameM AbhijAti kA siddhAnta pAyA jAtA hai, kI apekSA AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhASA, zailI aura viSayavastu tInoM hI dRSTiyoM se prAcIna hai / vidvAna use I0 pU0 pA~cavI - cauthI zatI kA grantha mAnate haiM aura usameM abahilesse 28 zabda kI upasthiti yahI sUcita karatI hai ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hai| punaH uttarAdhyayanasUtra jo AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke atirikta anya sabhI AgamoM se prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai, meM lezyAoM ke sambandha meM eka pUrA adhyayana upalabdha honA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA eka prAcIna avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika aura cAritrika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se paravartI kAla meM jo trividha AtmA kA siddhAnta aura guNa sthAna ke siddhAnta astitva meM Aye, usakI apekSA lezyA kA siddhAnta prAcIna hai| kyoMki na kevala AcArAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM apitu sUtrakRtAMga meM 'suvizuddhale se' tathA aupapAtikasUtra meM 'apaDilessa' zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ sarvatra lezyA zabda manovRtti kA hI paricAyaka hai aura sAdhaka kI AtmA vizuddhi kI sthiti ko sUcita karatA hai / vastutaH lezyA siddhAnta meM AtmA ke saMkliSTa athavA vizuddha pariNAmoM kI carcA raMgoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| yaha raMgoM ke AdhAra para vyaktiyoM aura unake manobhAvoM ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bhAratIya sAhitya meM ati prAcIna kAla se rahI hai| lezyA kI avadhAraNA ko prAcIna kahane se hamArA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki usameM koI vikAsa nahIM huaa| yadi hama jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha lezyA sambandhI vivaraNoM ko par3heM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lezyA - avadhAraNA kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai / sarvaprathama
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 163 uttarAdhyayanasUtra29 meM nAma, varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza, pariNAma, lakSaNa, sthAna, sthiti, gati aura Ayu ina gyAraha vicAra binduoM (dvAroM) se usa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jabaki bhagavatI evaM prajJApanAsUtra meM nimna pandraha vicAra binduoM (daroM) se lezyA kI carcA kI gayI hai| 1.pariNAma, 2. varNa, 3. rasa, 4. gaMdha, 5. zuddha, 6. aprazasta, 7. saMkliSTa, 8. uSNa, 9. gati, 10. pariNAma, 11. pradeza, 12. vargaNA, 13. avagAhanA, 14. sthAna evaM 15. alpbhutv| isake pazcAt digambara paramparA meM akalaMka ne tattvArtharAjavArtika31 meM lezyA kI vivecanA ke nimna solaha anuyogoM kI carcA kI hai-- 1. nirdeza, 2. varNa, 3. pariNAma, 4. saMkrama, 5. karma, 6. lakSaNa, 7. gati 8. svAmitva, 9. saMkhyA, 10. sAdhanA, 11. kSetra 12. sparzana, 13. kAla, 14. antara , 15. bhAva aura 16. alpa bhutv| ___ akalaMka ke pazcAta gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa32 meM bhI lezyA kI vivecanA ke uparyukta 16 hI adhikAroM kA ullekha huA hai| vistArabhaya se hama yahA~ ina sabhI kI carcA nahIM kara rahe haiM kintu tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa hotA hai ki aitihAsika dRSTi se lezyA kA prAcIna hone para bhI isameM kramika vikAsa dekhane ko milatA hai| isakI vistRta carcA ku0 ( DaoN0 ) zAntA jaina ne apane zodha-prabaMdha meM kI hai| Adhunika vijJAna aura lezyA siddhAnta __ hama dekhate haiM ki I0 pU0 pA~cavI zatAbdI se I0 pU0 dazavIM zatAbdI taka lezyA sambandhI cintana meM jo kramika vikAsa huA thA, vaha 11-12vIM zatAbdI ke bAda prAyaH sthira ho gayA thaa| kintu Adhunika yuga meM manovijJAna, raMga-manovijJAna, raMga-cikitsA Adi jJAna kI nayI vidhAoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha jaina darzana kI lezyA saMbaMdhI vivecanAoM ko eka nayA mor3a prApta huaa| jaina darzana ke lezyA siddhAnta ko Adhunika vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM vyAkhyAyita karane kA mukhya zreya AcArya tulasI ke vidvAna ziSya yuvAcArya mahAprajJa jI ko jAtA hai| unhoMne Adhunika vyaktitva manovijJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AbhAmaNDala, raMga-manovijJAna, raMga-cikitsA Adi avadhAraNAoM ko lekara 'AbhAmaNDala jainayoga Adi apane graMtha meM isakA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| prAcIna aura arvAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko lekara ku0 DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana nAmaka eka zodha-prabandha likhA hai jisameM lezyA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| unhoMne apane isa zodha-grantha meM lezyA kA saiddhAntika pakSa, manovaijJAnika pariprekSya meM lezyA, raMgo kI manovaijJAnika prastuti, lezyA aura AbhAmaNDala, vyaktitva aura lezyA, sambhava hai vyaktitva badalAva aura lezyA dhyAna, raMgadhyAna aura lezyA Adi lezyA ke vibhinna AyAmoM para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| vastutaH unakA yaha grantha lezyA kI prAcIna avadhAraNA kI Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM eka navIna vyAkhyA hai aura bhAvI lezyA sambandhI adhyayanoM ke lie mArga pradarzaka hai| isake adhyayana se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki bhAratIya cintana kI prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko
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________________ 164: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM kisa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura unakI samakAlika prAsaMgikatA ko kaise siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| AzA hai Adhunika vijJAna aura manovijJAna ke adhyetA isa dizA meM apane prayatnoM ko Age bar3hAyeMge aura isa prakAra ke adhyayana kA jo dvAra yuvAcArya mahAprajJa aura DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne udghATita kiyA hai, use nayA AyAma pradAna kareMge aura sAtha hI mAnava ke cAritrika badalAva aura AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dizA meM sahayogI bneNge| Aja paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi para dhyAna to diyA jAne lagA hai kintu isa bhautika paryAvaraNa kI apekSA jo hamArA manaudaihika aura mAnasika paryAvaraNa hai aura jise jaina paramparA meM lezyA kahA gayA hai use bhI zuddha rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA hameM yahI iMgita karatI hai ki hama saMkliSTa mAnasika pariNAmoM se Upara uThakara apane mAnasika paryAvaraNa ko kisa prakAra zuddha rakha sakate haiN| sandarbha abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, khaNDa 3, pR0 395 atIva cakSurAdIpikA snigdha, dIpta, rUpA chAyA 1. dekheM2. lezyA -- uttarAdhyayana bRhad vRtti patra 650 bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 2 (sampAdaka paM0 kailAzacandra jI zAstrI), jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, gAthA 1901 ---- 3. dekheM 4. zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha, khaNDa paMcama, pR0 461 5 DaoN0 zAntA jaina, lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana, prathama adhyAya 6. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 675 7. (a) darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 297 (ba) abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 675 8. uttarAdhyayana, 34/3 9. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 65 10. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 21-22 11. vahI, 34 / 21-22 12. vahI, 34 / 25-26 13. vahI, 34/27-28 14. vahI, 34/29-30. 15. vahI, 34/31-32 16. aMguttaranikAya, 6/3 17. vahI, 6/3 18. gItA, 16/6 19. vahI 16/5 20. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 687 --
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________________ jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 165 21. uttarAdhyayana, 34/56-57 22. darzana aura cintana,bhAga - 2, pR0 112 23. uttarAdhyayana 34/27-32 24. gItA, 16/1-3 25. uttarAdhyayana, 34/21-36 26. gItA, 16/7-18 27. phAuNDezana oNpha ethiksa - uddhRta, Contemporary Ethical Theories, pR0 332 28. AyAro - 6/106 29. uttarAdhyayana - 34/2 30. prajJApanA sUtra, 17/411 31. tattvArtharAjavArtika, pR0 238 32. gommaTasAra - jIvakANDa, gAthA 491-492
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________________ prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha "vyakti" nahIM "prakriyA" (eka saMsmaraNa) - pro0 sAgaramala jaina - DaoN rameza candra gupta mere zodha-chAtra zrI ramezacandra gupta "tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA" para zodha kArya kara rahe the| hama logoM ke sAmane mukhya samasyA thI ki Izvara aura AtmA kI sattA ko asvIkAra karane vAle kSaNikavAdI bauddha darzana meM buddha, bodhisatva aura trikAya kI avadhAraNAoM kI saMgatipUrNa vyAkhyA kaise sambhava hai ? jaba kisI nitya AtmA kI sattA ko hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, to hama kaise kaha sakate haiM ki koI vyakti buddha-banatA hai| punaH jaba AtmA hI nahIM hai taba bodhicitta kA utpAta kisameM hotA hai ? punaH bauddha darzana yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki pratyeka satva buddha-bIja hai, kintu jaba satva kI hI kSaNa mAtra se adhika sattA nahIM hai to vaha buddha-bIja kaise hogA aura kaise vaha bodhisatva hokara vibhinna janmoM meM bodhiparimitAoM kI sAdhanA karatA huA buddhatva ko prApta karegA ? yadi sattA mAtra kSaNa-jIvI hai to kyA buddha kA astittva bhI kSaNa-jIvI hai ? mahAsaMghikoM ne to buddha ke rUpakAya ko bhI amara aura unakI Ayu ko ananta mAnA hai| saddharmapuNDarIka meM bhI buddha kI Ayu aparimita kahI gaI hai| kintu yadi buddha kA rUpakAya amara aura Ayu aparimita yA ananta hai to phira bauddha darzana kI kSaNikavAdI avadhAraNA kaise susaMgata siddha hogI ? punaH bauddhadarzana meM yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha nirmANakAya ke barA nAnA spoM meM prakaTa hokara lohita ke lie upadeza karate haiM to phira yaha samasyA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai ki kisI nitya-tattva ke abhAva meM isa nirmANakAya kI racanA kauna karatA hai ? yadi vizudimAga kI bhASA meM hama mAtra kriyA kI sattA mAne, kartA kI nahIM, to phira koI vyakti mArga kA upadezaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? dharmacakra kA pravartana kauna karatA hai ? vaha kauna sA satva yA citta hai, jo buddhatva ko prApta hotA hai aura parama kAruNika hokara jana-jana ke kalyANa ke lie yugoM-yugoM taka prayatnazIla banA rahatA hai ? mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki buddha ke tInoM kAya, Azraya aura karma se nirvizeSa haiN| ina tInoM kAyoM meM tIna prakAra kI nityatA hai, jinake kAraNa tathAgata nitya kahalAte haiN| samasyA yaha hai ki ekAntarUpa se kSaNikavAdI bauddha ke darzana meM nitya nikAyoM kI avadhAraNA kaise sambhava ho sakatI hai ? ye sabhI samasyAyeM hamAre mAnasa ko jhakajhora rahI thIM aura hama yaha nizcita nahIM kara
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________________ prajJAcakSu paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha : 167. pA rahe the ki anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana ke sAMce meM ina visaMgatiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? isa sambandha meM hamane bauddha-vidyA evaM darzana ke vidvAnoM se vicAra-vimarza kiye parantu aisA koI samAdhAna nahIM milA jo hamAre mAnasa ko pUrNa santoSa de ske| inhIM samasyAoM ko lekara hamane antatogattvA vArANasI ke bauddhadharma evaM darzana ke variSTha vidvAn paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya kI sevA meM upasthita hone kA nizcaya kiyA aura eka dina unake pAsa pahu~ca hI gye| hamane unase ina samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM lagabhaga do ghaNTe taka carcA kii| ina samasyAoM ke sambandha meM unase hameM jo uttara prApta hue, unase na kevala hameM santoSa hI huA, balki yaha bhI bodha huA ki paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya aise bahuzruta vidvAn haiM, jo bauddhadharma evaM darzana ko usake hI dharAtala para khar3e hokara samajhane aura usake sambandha meM uThAyI gayI samasyAoM kA usakI hI dRSTi se samAdhAna dene kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| sambhavataH unake sthAna para dUsarA koI paNDita hotA to vaha ina samasyAoM ko bauddhadarzana kI kamajorI kahakara alaga ho jaataa| kintu unhoMne jo pratyuttara diye, ve isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unhoMne niSThApUrvaka zramaNa-paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se bauddha paramparA kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA thaa| yadyapi nitya Atma tattva ke abhAva meM karma-phala, punarjanma, nirvANa Adi kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bauddhadarzana ke anAtmavAdI aura kSaNika DhAMce meM kaise sambhava hai ? isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie pro0 hiriyannA ne apane grantha "bhAratIya darzana ke mUlatattva" (Elements of Indian Philosophy) meM kisI sImA taka eka samAdhAna dene kA prayatna kiyA hai| kintu paNDita jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne buddhatva kI samasyAoM kA isI dRSTi se jo samAdhAna prastuta kiyA usake AdhAra para ve nizcita hI bauddha darzana ke pratyutpannamati ke zreSTha dArzanika kahe jA. sakate haiM, kyoMki "buddha" kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM uparyukta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna na to hameM granthoM se aura na vidvAnoM se prApta ho sakA thaa| uparyukta samasyAoM ke sandarbha se prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne jo samAdhAna diye the, unakI bhASA cAhe Aja hamArI apanI ho, parantu vicAra unake hI haiN| vastutaH hama unakI hI bAta apanI bhASA meM vyakta kara rahe haiM -- yadi hameM isa bAta kA jarA bhI ehasAsa hotA ki itane sundara samAdhAna prApta hoMge aura paM0 jI hama logoM ke bIca se itanI jaldI vidA ho jAyeMgeM ? to hama unakI vANI ko rikArDa karane kI pUrNa vyavasthA kara lete| kintu Aja hamAre bIca na to vaha pratibhA hai aura na isa sambandha meM unake zabda hI hai| phira bhI hama jo kucha likha rahe haiM, vaha unakA hI kayana hai| yadyapi prastutIkaraNa kI kamI hamArI apanI ho sakatI hai| .. . unakA kahanA thA ki buddhatva kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM Apake dvarA prastuta ina sabhI asaMgatiyoM kA nirAkaraNa cittasantati yA cittadhArA ke rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama buddha ko vyakti na mAne, apitu parArtha kriyAkAritva kI eka prakriyA maane| buddha eka nitya-vyaktitva (An Eternal Personality) nahIM, apitu eka prakriyA (A Process) hai| buddha ke jo tIna yA cAra kAya mAne gaye haiM, ve isa prakriyA ke upAya yA sAdhana hai| dharmakAya kI nityatA kI jo bAta kahI gayI hai, vaha sthitigata nityatA nahIM apita kriyAgata nityatA hai| jisa
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________________ 168 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 prakAra nadI kA pravAha yugoM-yugoM taka calatA rahatA hai yadyapi usameM kSaNa-kSaNa parivartana aura navInatA hotI rahatI hai| ThIka usI prakAra buddha yA bodhisatva bhI eka cittadhArA hai, jo upAyoM ke mAdhyama se sadaiva parArtha meM lagI rahatI hai| buddha ke sandarbha meM jo trikAyoM kI avadhAraNA hai usakA artha yaha nahIM ki koI nitya AtmasattA hai, jo ina kAryoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai| vastutaH ye kAya parArtha ke sAdhana yA upAya haiN| jisa cittadhArA se bodhicitta kA utpAda hotA hai, vaha bodhicitta ina kAryoM ke mAdhyama se kArya karatA hai / buddhatva koI vyakti nahIM hai, apitu vaha eka prakriyA ( A Process) hai| dharma kI nityatA mArga kI nityatA hai / dharma bhI koI vastu nahIM, apitu prakriyA hai| jaba hama dharmakAya kI nityatA kI bAta karate haiM, to vaha vyakti kI nityatA nahIM apitu prakriyA vizeSa kI nityatA hai / dharmakAya nitya hai, isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dharma yA parinirvANa ke upAya nitya haiN| bauddhadarzana meM kAyoM kI isa avadhAraNA ko bhI hameM isI upAya prakriyA ke rUpa meM samajhanA caahie| aisA nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki koI nitya AtmA hai, jo inheM dhAraNa karatI hai| apitu inheM parArthakriyAkAritva ke upAyoM ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie aura yaha mAnanA cAhie ki parArthakriyAkAritva hI buddhatva hai| buddha ke trikAyoM ke nitya hone kA artha itanA hI hai ki parArthakriyAkAritva kI prakriyA sadaiva - sadaiva rahatI hai| vaha citta jisane lokamaMgala kA saMkalpa le rakhA hai, jaba taka vaha saMkalpa pUrNa nahIM hotA hai, apane isa saMkalpa kI kriyAnviti ke rUpa meM parArtha - kriyA karatA rahatA hai| sAtha hI vaha saMkalpa lene vAlA citta bhI ApakI, hamArI yA kisI kI bhI cittadhArA kI santAna ho sakatA hai| kyoMki sabhI cittadhArAoM meM bodhicitta ke utpAda kI sambhAvanA hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sabhI jIva buddha-bIja haiN| mahAyAna meM jo ananta buddhoM kI kalpanA hai, vaha kalpanA bhI vyakti kI kalpanA nahIM, apitu prakriyA kI kalpanA hai| kyoMki yadi prakriyA ko satat calanA hai to hameM ananta buddhoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| yadi pratyeka cittadhArA meM bodhicitta ke utpAda kI sambhAvanA hai, to aisI sthiti meM bodhicitta eka nahIM aneka bhI ho sakate haiN| vastutaH buddha ke sambandha meM jo ekatva aura anekatva ke sandarbha upalabdha haiM, ve bhI koI virodhAbhAsa prastuta nahIM krte| prakriyA ke rUpa meM buddha eka hai, kintu prakriyA ke ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM ve aneka bhI haiN| buddha aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hote haiM isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki koI vyakti aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, apitu yaha ki lokamaMgalakArI cittadhArA, jo eka prakriyA hai, aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI huI aneka rUpoM meM lokamaMgala karatI hai / buddha ke dvArA aneka sambhogakAya dhAraNa karane kA matalaba yaha hai ki bodhicittadhArA ke aneka cittakSaNa anekAneka upAyoM se lokahita kA sAdhana karate haiN| mahAyAna paramparA meM bodhicitta ke isa saMkalpa kA, ki jaba taka samasta prANI nirvANa lAbha na kara leM yA duHkha se mukta nahIM ho jAte, taba taka maiM loka-maMgala ke lie satat prayatnazIla rahU~gA, tAtparya yaha hai ki citta-saMtati kI dhArA satat rUpa se lokamaMgala meM tatpara rahane kA nirNaya letI hai aura tadanusAra apanI cittasaMtati ke pravAha ko banAye rakhatI hai / punaH buddha ke sandarbha meM jo yaha
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________________ prajJAcakSu paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha : 169 kahA jAtA hai ki buddha na to nirvANa meM sthita hai aura na saMsAra meN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAyAna paramparA meM buddha ke do pramukha lakSaNa mAne gaye haiM -- prajJA aura krunnaa| prajJA ke kAraNa bodhicitta saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM prajJA unheM saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hone detii| (koI bhI prajJAyukta puruSa duHkhamaya saMsAra meM rahanA nahIM cAhegA), kintu dUsarI ora buddha apane karuNA- lakSaNa ke kAraNa nirvANa meM bhI pratiSThita nahIM ho paate| unakI karuNA unheM nirvANa meM bhI pratiSThita nahIM hone detI, kyoMki koI bhI paramakAruNika vyaktitva dUsaroM ko duHkhoM meM lIna dekhakara kaise nirvANa meM pratiSThita raha sakatA hai| ataH bodhicitta na to ve nirvANa prApti ke kAraNa niSkriya hote haiM aura na lokamaMgala karate hue bhI saMsAra meM Abaddha hote haiN| yaha bodhicitta bhI vyakti nahIM prakriyA hI hotA hai jo nirvANa ko prApta karake bhI lokamaMgala ke hetu satat kriyAzIla banA rahatA hai aura yahI lokamaMgala ke kriyAzIla bodhi prApta citta santati hI buddha yA bodhisatva hai| ataH buddha nitya-vyaktittva nahIM apitu nitya prakriyA hai aura buddha kI nityatA kA artha lokamaMgala kI prakriyA kI nityatA hai| sandarbha 1. draSTavya -- tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra, sampAdaka - DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, lekhaka DaoN0 rameza candra gupta, prakAzaka -- pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5, pR0 169-172 2. draSTavya -- bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 341 3. saddharmapuNDarIka, 10 206-207 4. mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, pR0 45-46
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________________ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke naye prakAzana pustaka - tattvArthasUtra aura usakI paramparA lekhaka evaM sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ( gra0 mA0 saM0 - - 67 ), vArANasI AkAra - DimAI pepara baika, pRSTha 12+148, mUlya - tIsa rupaye mAtra / - 5 1664 tattvArthasUtra saMkSepa meM jainadharma evaM darzana kI sabhI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ko prastuta karane ke kAraNa jainadharma kA pratinidhi grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isakI mAnyatA sabhI paramparAoM meM hai / isake lekhaka, lekhanakAla, paramparA Adi ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / vibhinna sampradAya ke vidvAnoM dvArA ise apanI apanI paramparA kA grantha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jisake phalasvarUpa eka dUsare para Aropa pratyAropa bhI lagAye gaye, jisase matabheda aura bhI gahare hote gye| pro0 sAgaramalajI jaina ne atyanta parizrama se tattvArthasUtra ke lekhaka, racanAkAla, lekhaka kI paramparA Adi praznoM para vicAra kiyA hai aura apane niSkarSa bhI prastuta kiye haiM / isa kRti meM lekhaka ne pUrvavartI muniyoM evaM vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM kA bhalIbhA~ti adhyayana kiyA hai aura unake dvArA diye gaye tarkoM evaM niSkarSoM kI samIkSA karate hue apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA hai| lekhaka kA yaha kathana hai ki tattvArthasUtra sAmpradAyika vighaTana evaM sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke sthirIkaraNa ke pUrva kI racanA hai / lekhaka ne isa kRti ko jainavidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAn paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI, paM0 becaradAsa jI dozI, paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI, padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, pro0 hIrAlAla jI, pro0 nathamala TATiyA evaM pro0 madhusUdana jI DhAkI ko samarpita kiyA hai| pustaka - sAgara jaina vidyAbhAratI ( bhAga 1 ) lekhaka evaM sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ( gra0 mA0 saM0 70) prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, pRSTha - 32+264, AkAra mUlya - 100 rupaye mAtra - vArANasI - 5, DimAI pepara baika,
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________________ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana : 171 pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina kA adhyayana aura lekhana kSetra bahuta hI vyApaka rahA hai| pro0 jaina una agraNI vidvAnoM meM se haiM jinakA jaina vidyA ke lagabhaga sabhI pakSoM para samAna adhikAra hai| Apane vibhinna patra-patrikAoM, zodha-patrikAoM, abhinandana granthoM, smRti-granthoM, saMgoSThiyoM, sammelanoM ke liye aura bhUmikA ke rUpa meM abhI taka lagabhaga kula tIna hajAra pRSThoM kI sAmagrI likhI hai| jise dasa khaNDoM meM prakAzita karane kI yojanA hai| isa prathama khaNDa meM 18 lekha saMgRhita haiN| isa khaNDa ke prArambha ke 33 pRSThoM meM pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke vyaktitva evaM kRtittva kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa khaNDa meM saMgRhIta lekhoM evaM nibandhoM kA zIrSaka isa prakAra hai -- 1. jainadharma-darzana kA sAratatva, 2. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana evaM darzana, 3. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA, 4. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna, 5. jainasAdhanA meM dhyAna, 6. ardhagAmI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA, 7. jaina karma siddhAnta - eka vizleSaNa, 8. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa, 6. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma, 10. jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA, 11. jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha, 12. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi, 13. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA, 14. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM - eka adhyayana, 15. niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana, 16. jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA, 17. jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana - eka vimarza, 18. bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANatithi para punrvicaar| pustaka - nemidUtam lekhaka - kavi vikrama, hindI anuvAda - DaoN0 dhIrendra mizra prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha (gra0 saM068) prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, pRSTha - 46+136, AkAra - pepara baika DimAI, mUlya - 50 ru0 mAtra / nemidUtam kI kathAvastu 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha tathA rAjImatI se sambandhita hai, jisameM neminAtha dvArA sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM se virakta hokara paramapada kI prApti hetu yoga-sAdhanA meM rAmagiri para nivAsa karanA hai| neminAtha ke ukta vRttAnta ko jAnakara rAjImatI ( jisakA vivAha neminAtha ke sAtha honA thA ) unakA anugamana karatI huI rAmagiri para jAkara neminAtha se lauTa Ane ke lie bahavidha-prArthanA karatI hai, kintu vaha neminAtha ko samajhane meM asaphala ho jAtI hai| tatpazcAt
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________________ 172 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 neminAtha rAjImatI ko upadeza dekara apane saMgha meM sAdhvI ke rUpa meM dIkSita kara dete ukta ghaTanA ko kavi ne jisa vilakSaNa kalpanA se prastuta kiyA vastutaH vaha anupama hai| sAtha hI zAntarasa pradhAna isa gIti-kAvya meM kavi ne jitanI caturAI se zrRMgAra rasa kI yojanA kI hai usase kahIM adhika karuNa rasa kI yojanA meM kavi kI kAvya-kuzalatA dikhAI detI hai| yahI nahIM sAhityika dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha apane ApameM vilakSaNa hai| ___nemidUtam kI vyAkhyA karake dhIrendra mizra ne isa kRti ko pAThakoM ke samakSa sarala evaM subodha rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| pustaka - bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa-bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza lekhaka - bhagavatI prasAda khetAna, sampAdaka - DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, prakAzaka - pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ( gra0 mA0 saM0 61), vArANasI -5, prathama saMskaraNa - 1663 pRSTha - 234, AkAra - DimAI pepara baika, mUlya - 60 rupaye (mAnacitra, mUrti-abhilekha Adi ke citroM sahita ) / - bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa-bhUmi pAvA ke anveSaNa kI dizA meM jo kaThina parizrama zrI bhagavatI prasAda jI ne kiyA hai vaha atyanta sarAhanIya aura spRhaNIya hai| jaina samAja gaMgA ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM rAjagRha ke nikaTa sthita pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI mAnatA AyA hai para bhAratIya pAzcAtya zodha vidvAnoM kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI vaizAlI aura zrAvastI ke madhya gaMgA ke uttara meM gaMDaka ke samIpa kahIM thii| vidvAnoM dvArA adyAvadhi nimna sthaloM ko pAvA siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai - 1. grAma papatAra, 2. pavaiyA, 3. AjJA, 4. usmAnapura, 5. jharamaTiyA, 6. papaura, 7. saThiyA~va phAjilanagara evaM 8. pAvApurI pddraunaa| vidvAn lekhaka ne saba sthAnoM ke sambandha meM dezI videzI purAtatvajJoM ke pramANoM kI sabala samIkSA kI hai aura vistAra se yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki paDaraunA hI mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi prAcIna pAvA hai| paDaraunA ko pAvA siddha karane ke lie unhoMne paDaraunA-anuzIlana, bhaugolika cintana, purAtattvika sarvekSaNa, pAvA-gaMDaka sambandha, prAgbuddhakAlIna aura buddhakAlIna mArga ke vivecana se unhoMne paDaraunA kI sthiti ko majabUta karane kA bahuta acchA prayatna kiyA hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne apane grantha meM pAvA - sambhAvita kSetraphala ke sambandha meM 8 pariziSTa bhI jor3e haiN| kula milAkara yaha zrI khetAnajI ke dIrghakAlIna gahana adhyayana, anusandhAna tathA cintana kA anukaraNIya paricAyaka hai| yaha zrI khetAnajI
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________________ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana : 173 kI suzIlatA hai ki unhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparAgata nirvANa-sthalI pAvApurI ko tiraskRta kiye binA paDaraunA ko unakA nirvANasthala siddha kiyA hai| paDaraunA ke prArIna TIle kA Age purAtAttvika utkhanana kiyA jAya to aura mahatvapUrNa tathya sAmane AyeMge aura bhaviSya meM paDaraunA ko jaina samAja ke pUjanIya tIrthasthala ke rUpa meM Adara prApta ho skegaa| yadi zrI khetAnajI aura paDaraunA kA jaina samAja bihAra aura baMgAla ke zvetAmbara aura digambara samAjoM ke sAtha milakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke eka yA do mandira khoja sakeM to nizcaya hI paDaraunA - pAvA eka mahatvapUrNa jaina tIrtha ke rUpa meM vikasita ho skegaa| pustaka - zIladUtam lekhaka - cAritra sundaragaNi hindI anuvAda - sAdhvI pramoda kumArI jI evaM paM0 vizvanAtha pAThaka prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, granthamAlA saM0 66 AkAra -- peparabaika DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa - 1664 pRSTha - 42, mUlya - bIsa rupaye maatr| saMskRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainAcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| 131 zloMkoM meM nibaddha, jainAcArya cAritra sundaragaNi viracita 'zIladUtam' jaina meghadUta kI taraha eka pAdapUAtmaka dUtakAvya hai| jahA~ jaina meghadUta meM rAjula aura nemi kA saMvAda varNita hai, vahIM 'zIladUtam' meM sthUlabhadra aura vezyA kozA kA saMvAda hai| ullekhanIya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne zrRMgAra kI apekSA vairAgya ko adhika pramukhatA dI hai| "zIladUtam' bhI eka zAntarasaparaka racanA hai jisameM vicAroM ke do pratikUla dharAtaloM para sthita sthUlabhadra aura kozA ke vaicArika saMgharSoM meM kozA ke praNaya-nivedana kI niSpatti vairAgya meM hotI hai aura yahI isa graMtha kA pratipAdya hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda abhI taka anupalabdha thaa| yaha gurutara kArya vidvadvaya sAdhvI pramoda kumArI jI evaM paM0 vizvanAtha pAThaka ne kiyA aura kevala vidvadbhogyA isa racanA ko apanI prAMjala bhASA meM sarvasAdhAraNa hetu upalabdha kraayaa| yaha pustaka saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyetAoM ke sAtha-sAtha janasAmAnya ke lie bhI upayogI siddha hogii| kRti zreSTha evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka - zRMgAravairAgyataraMgiNI lekhaka - zrI somaprabha AcArya hindI anuvAda - azoka muni, sampAdaka - DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, gra0 mA0 saM0 73
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________________ 174 : amaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 AkAra - pepara baika DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa - 1665 pRSTha - 32, mUlya - 20 rupaye maatr| jaina paramparA nivRttimArgI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya meM zRMgAra rasa kI apekSA zAntarasa (vairAgya) ko hI pramukhatA prApta hai kintu zrRMgAra kI upekSA kI gayI hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| kavivara somaprabha AcArya viracita, 46 zlokoM meM nibaddha 'zRMgAravairAgyataraMgiNI' eka aisI racanA hai jo zrRMgAra evaM vairAgya donoM hI rasoM kA abhUtapUrva saMgama hai| zrRMgAra apane samagra astitva meM isa racanA ke katipaya vinyAsoM se phUTa par3atA hai to vairAgya zrRMgAra kI niHsAratA ko prakaTa karatA huA mokSa ko hI apanA abhISTa mAnatA hai| jainAcAryoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne zrRMgAra kA paryAvasAna vairAgya meM hI kiyA hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda abhI taka anupalabdha thaa| muni zrI azoka ne isake hindI anuvAda kA kArya sampAdita kara kevala vidvadbhogyA isa racanA ko janasAmAnya hetu sulabha bnaayaa| pustaka saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyetAoM, vairAgya premI munijanoM evaM janasAmAnya ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha hogii| kRti zreSTha evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka - haribhadra sAhitya meM samAja aura saMskRti lekhikA - DaoN0 ( zrImatI) kamala jaina pRSTha - 225, AkAra - DimAI pepara baika prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, mUlya - 100.00 rupe| jaina sAhitya ko AcArya haribhadra ( yAkinIsUnu ) kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| unakA sAhitya vividha evaM vipula hai| prastuta kRti meM lekhikA ne haribhadra sAhitya meM varNita samAja aura saMskRti ke vividha AyAmoM kA talasparzI vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| apane gahana adhyayana ke AdhAra para DaoN0 jaina ne samAja aura saMskRti ke sabhI mukhya binduoM ko na kevala sparza kiyA hai balki usakI gambhIra vivecanA kI hai| grantha 12 adhyAyoM meM vargIkRta hai jisameM kramazaH AcArya ke jIvanavRtta evaM sAhitya, unake sAhityika avadAna kA mUlyAMkana, AcArya kA dArzanika avadAna, yoga ke kSetra meM avadAna, zrAvakAcAra evaM zramaNAcAra kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI haribhadra vAGmaya meM varNita sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika evaM Arthika tathyoM kA bhI yathAsthAna vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta pustaka haribhadra sAhitya para zodha kara rahe zodhArthiyoM evaM adhyetAoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI siddha hogii|
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________________ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana : 175 pustaka - jaina vidyA ke AyAma (Aspects of Jainology) khaNDa -5 sampAdaka - pro0 sAgaramala jaina evaM DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha AkAra - Dabala DimAI peparabaika, prathama saMskaraNa - 1664 pRSTha - 166, mUlya - ru0 200.00 mAtra / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-5 zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA ke hIraka jayantI evaM pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke svarNajayantI varSa 1688 ke upalakSya meM zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jainasabhA kalakattA dvArA Ayojita vidvatgoSThI hetu prastuta nibandhoM kA saMkalana hai| jina nibandhoM kA saMkalana isa graMtha meM kiyA gayA hai, ve haiM -- ___ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza - pro0 sAgaramala jaina, Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya - DaoN0 sudarzanalAla jaina, niyukti sAhitya : eka paricayaDaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya, mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra niyama - DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha, hindI marugurjara jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya - DaoN0 zitikaNTha mizra, hindI jainapatrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya - DaoN0 saMjIva bhAnAvata, anekAnta ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana : Adhunika vizva samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM - DaoN0 vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA, prAcIna jaina granthoM meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsakramaDaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya - DaoN0 zivaprasAda, digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya - DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI', jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa - pro0 narendra bhAnAvat zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana - subhASa koThArI, Contribution of Jainism to Indian History by A.K. Chatterjee uit Jahangir and Non-violence by Prof. R. N. Mehata. grantha meM jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAmoM para vibhinna vidvAna lekhakoM dvArA prakAza DAlA gayA hai| saMkalita nibandha uccakoTi ke haiM evaM graMtha saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka - hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga - 2 lekhaka - DaoN0 zitikaNTha mizra prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, graMthamAlA saM0 66 AkAra - sajilda DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa - 1664 pRSTha - 684, mUlya - ru0 180.00 mAtra / hindI sAhitya ke kSetra meM jaina lekhakoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya vizAla hai| AdikAla se lekara 16vIM zatI ( vikrama ) taka lagabhaga 700 pRSThoM kA eka bhAga saMsthAna se pahale hI prakAzita ho cukA hai| isa dvitIya bhAga meM marugurjara purAnI hindI ke 16 zatAbdI ke jainakaviyoM evaM unakI
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________________ 176 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 racanAoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM lagabhaga 400 jaina kaviyoM aura unakI lagabhaga 1000 kRtiyoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| grantha ke Arambha meM 30 pRSThoM ke upodghAta meM kucha mukhya viSayoM, yathA - 17vIM zatAbdI kI rAjanItika sthiti, mugala sAmrAjya kI sthApanA, akabara kA zaizava, sAmrAjya vistAra, zAsana-vyavasthA, Arthika-sAmAjika sthiti, zikSA, akabara kI dhArmika nIti, hIra vijaya sUri aura samrATa akabara, jahA~gIra kA jainadharma se sambandha, sAMskRtika samanvaya, kalA, sAhitya Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina kaviyoM kA hindI sAhitya ke kSetra meM jo avadAna hai vaha abhI hindI ke vidvAnoM ko prAyaH ajJAta hI rahA hai| prastuta kRti ke avalokana se ve hindI sAhitya meM jaina kaviyoM ke avadAna kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara sakeMge, aisA vizvAsa hai| prastuta kRti ke lekhaka jo hindI ke labdhapratiSTha vidvAna haiM, ne atyanta parizramapUrvaka ina kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM ke ullekha ke sAtha unakA mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA hai| kRti zreSTha evaM pustakAlayoM ke lie saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka - mAtRkApadazrRMgArarasakalitagAthAkoza lekhaka - AcArya vIrabhadra, anuvAdaka - zrI bha~varalAla jI nAhatA sampAdaka - DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, AkAra - DimAI peparabaika prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, pRSTha - 18+7, mUlya - ru0 15.00mAtra / jaina vidvAnoM ne na kevala saMskRta meM apitu prAkRta evaM marugurjara meM bhI zrRMgArarasaparaka aneka kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyA hai| aneka kRtiyoM meM zrRMgArarasa kA sarasa varNana hai, phira bhI nivRttimArgI apanI mUla paramparA ke anurUpa jaina kaviyoM ne zRMgAraparaka racanAoM kA upasaMhAra sadaiva zAntarasa (vairAgya ) meM hI kiyA hai| AcArya vIrabhadra kI 'mAtRkApadazRMgArarasakalitagAthAkoza' vizuddha rUpa se eka zrRMgArarasaparaka racanA hai| kintu jaisA ki jaina kaviyoM ne zrRMgAra kI abhivyakti meM bhI sadaiva eka maryAdA kA anupAlana kiyA hai, prastuta kRti meM bhI AcArya vIrabhadra ne maryAdA atikramaNa ko varNya mAnate hue na vyabhicAra, na abhisAra mAtra viraha vyathA kA vAstavika citra prastuta kiyA hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda abhI taka anupalabdha thaa| jaina vidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAna zrI bhaMvaralAla jI ne eka vistRta bhUmikA sahita isakA lipyantaraNa evaM anuvAda kiyaa| anuvAda atyanta sajIva va bodhagamya hai| kRti uttama evaM saMgrahaNIya hai|
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________________ jaina jagat vizvazAnti ke lie jaina saMta zrI sahaja muni ke 201 upavAsa mahAna jainasaMta zrI sahaja muni jI gata 22 jUna 1994 se vizvazAMti ke lie bambaI ke khAra upanagara meM upavAsa ( tapa ) kara rahe haiN| AgAmI 8 janavarI 1995 ko munizrI ke upavAsa kA 201vAM dina hogaa| bambaI meM usI dina akhila bhAratIya stara para 'tapapUrti - mahotsava' Ayojita kiyA jA rahA hai| saMta zrI sahajamuni ne jaina samAja ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM tapasyA kA eka nayA kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai| Apa ghora tapasvI zrI phakIracanda jI ke yogya ziSya haiN| paramajJAnI zrI munijI ne Atmazuddhi ke lie tapasyA ko mukhya lakSya bnaayaa| tapasyA ke sAtha-sAtha Apa meM zAMti evaM saumyatA kA advitIya saMgama hai| Apane nirvighna tapasyA karake kalyANa kA mArga prazasta kara jina zAsana ko gauravAnvita kiyA hai| jaina divAkara dIkSA zatAbdI samAroha sthAnakavAsI samAja ke variSTha saMta pUjya gurudeva, prasiddha vaktA, jagatavallabha jaina divAkara zrI cauthamala jI ma0 sA0 evaM pUjya AcArya zrI khUbacanda jI ma0sA0 kA dIkSA zatAbdI varSa 2052 se prArambha ho rahA hai| zatAbdI kA Ayojana dinAMka 2.4.95 ko ratalAma se kiyA jA rahA hai| isa upalakSya meM jaina divAkara smAraka, sAgoda ror3a, ratalAma meM akhila bhAratIya stara para eka vRhad samAroha kA Ayojana bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| mAnanIya mukhyamaMtrI, madhyapradeza zAsana, samAroha ke mukhya atithi hoNge| ukta avasara para zramaNa saMghIya salAhakAra upAdhyAya zrI mUlacandajI ma0 sA0 evaM zramaNa saMghIya salAhakAra tapasvIrAja zrI mohanamuni ma0 sA0 kA abhinandana kiyA jAyegA tathA sAtha hI 'jainadivAkara cikitsAlaya evaM risarca seNTara' ke bhavya bhavana kA udghATana bhI kiyA jAyegA / zrImatI rasaku~vara devI sUryA kA nidhana - zrI a0bhA0 sAdhumArgIya jaina mahilA samiti kI pUrva rASTrIya adhyakSA zrImatI rasakuMvara bAI dharmapatnI sva0 zrI gokulacaMda jI sUryA kA 60 varSa kI avasthA meM 1 disambara 1994 ko ujjaina meM alpa bImArI ke bAda saMthArApUrvaka dehAvasAna ho gyaa| ___ unake nidhana se vibhinna sAmAjika saMgaThanoM, lokopakArI saMsthAoM, dhArmika saMghoM Adi kSetroM ko gaharI kSati pahu~cI hai|
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________________ 178 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 dhArmika zikSaNa ziviroM kA bhavya Ayojana zrI dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina svAdhyAya saMgha ke tattvAvadhAna meM madrAsa ke vibhinna jaina saMghoM kI sahAyatA se grISmakAlIna dhArmika zikSaNa ziviroM kA bhavya Ayojana 11 apraila 1665 se 5 jUna 1665 taka kiyA jA rahA hai| ye zivira madrAsa ke lagabhaga 20 alaga-alaga sthAnoM para Ayojita kiye jA rahe haiN| zivirArthiyoM ke lie AkarSaka puraskAroM kI bhI yojanA hai| jJAnArAdhana ke isa punIta kArya ke lie "zrI dakSiNa bhArata jaina svAdhyAya saMgha" ko 'zramaNa' kI tarapha se bdhaaii| zivira ke lie icchuka vyakti jAnakArI hetu samparka kareM - zrI nirmala mehatA _ zrImatI kamalA mehatA 348, miNTa sTrITa, 4, ramanana roDa, sAhUkArapeTa, madrAsa - 76. sAhUkArapeTa, madrAsa - 76. dUrabhASa - 581546. dUrabhASa - 522557. mahAvIra puraskAra varSa 1665 __ jaina vidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina nasiyAM bhaTTAraka jI, savAI rAma siMha roDa, jayapura - 4 dvArA mahAvIra puraskAra ke liye jaina dharma, darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya, saMskRti Adi se sambandhita kisI bhI viSaya kI pustaka/zodhaprabandha kI cAra pratiyA~ dinAMka 30 sitambara 1665 taka Amantrita kI jAtI haiN| isa puraskAra meM 11001 rupae evaM eka prazastipatra pradAna kiyA jaaegaa| pustakeM 31 disambara 1661 ke pazcAt hI prakAzita honI caahie| aprakAzita kRtiyA~ bhI prastuta kI jA sakatI haiM jinakI tIna phoTosTeTa/TaMkita pratiyA~ sajilda apekSita haiN| ___ saMsthAna dvArA saMcAlita apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI meM varSa 1665 ke "svayambhU puraskAra" ke lie apabhraMza sAhitya se sambandhita viSaya para hindI athavA aMgrejI meM racita racanAoM kI cAra pratiyA~ 30 sitambara, 1665 taka AmaMtrita haiM, jo 31 disambara 1986 se pUrva prakAzita yA puraskRta nahIM honI caahie| "svayambhU puraskAra" meM 5001 rupaye nakada evaM eka prazastipatra pradAna kiyA jaayegaa| saMyojaka kamalacaMda sogAnI Annual Awards Presentation at NATIONAL SEMINAR AHIMSA INTERNATIONAL is organising a National Seminar on "Animal -- Base of Indian Economy & Animal and Environment" from 9.00 A.M. to 6.00 P.M. on Saturday, 7 May, 1995 in Conference Hall of FICCI Federation House, 3rd floor, Tansen Marg, New Delhi -- 110 001.
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________________ On this occasion the Annual Awards will be presented in the inauguration session of the Seminar to the under mentioned Awardees. 1. Dr. Sagar Mal Jain, Director Parshwanath Research Institute, Varanasi. Ahimsa International Deputy Mal Jain Award for Literature. 2. Shri L.N. Modi, Managing Trustee, Bharatiya Cattle Resource Development Foundation, New Delhi. Ahimsa International Lada Devi Sethi Award for Animal Protection & Vegetarianism. 3. Shri Kesrichand Mehta, Executive Chairman, All India Krishi Gausewa Sangh, Malegaon. Ahimsa International Bhagwan Dass Shobha Lall Jain Award for Animal protection and vegetarianism. jaina jagat : 179 4. Shri Shri Pal Jain 'Diwa', Bhopal. Ahimsa International Raghubeer Singh Jain Award for Animal protection & Vegetarianism. 5. Shri Sukhlal Jain 'Suman' Golechha, Rajnandgaon. Ahimsa International Bhagwan Dass Shobha Lall Jain Award for Animal Protection & Vegetarianism. Mukha Raj Jain President Adishwar Lal Jain Chairman, Reception Committee Satish Kumar Jain Secretary General
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________________ Statement About Ownership & Other Particulars of the Paper SRAMANA 1. Place of Publication : Parsvanatha Vidyapitha I. T. I. Road, Varanasi - 5 2. Periodicity of Publication : First week of English Calender month. 3. Printer's Name, Nationality: Dr. Sagarmal Jain and Address Indian Divine Printers B. 13/44, Sonarpura, Varanasi. 4. Publisher's Name : Dr. Sagarmal Jain Nationality and Address Jodian Parsvanatha Vidya pitha I.T.I. Road, Varanasi - 5 5. Editor' Name, Nationality : As above and Address 6. Names and Address of Shri Lohanlal Smaraka Individuals who own the Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, Paper and Partners or Guru Bazar, Amritsar. share-holders holding ( Registered under Act XXI as more than one percent of 1860). the total capital. I, Dr. Sagarmal Jain hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of the my knowledge and belief. Dated 1-4-1995 Signature of the Publishers S/d Dr. Sagarmal Jain
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