Mahavir Vardhaman

Author(s): Jagdishchandra Jain
Publisher: Vishvavani Karyalay
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/034954/1

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GebJtIdle [4 Tolkgla p *lcobllo toqlI313 ??EURhdX8-76020 : PE (c) 1866 3004846 vIra vardhamAna jagadIzacandra jaina

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mahAvIra vardhamAna lekhaka jagadIzacandra jaina ema0e0,pI0-eca0 DI0 ekameva vikreteH kaoNnTineMTala buka hAUsa. ruIyA kaoNleja samora, dAdara.

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prakAzaka vizvavANI kAryAlaya ilAhAbAda mUlya 1) mudraka je. ke. zarmA ilAhAbAda laoN jarnala presa ilAhAbAda

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apane bar3e bhAI ko jinhoM ne mujhe isa yogya banAne ke liye saba kucha kiyA parantu jina ke liye maiM kucha na kara pAyA

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grantha ke bAre meM jina kucha pustakoM kI hindI ko bahuta AvazyakatA rahI hai una meM eka hai mahAvIra vardhamAna / DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jI kI isa kRti ko par3hakara mujhe bar3I prasannatA huI hai| bauddha-granthoM meM bhagavAn buddha ke jIvana-caritra ke bAre meM sAmagrI kI kamI nahIM, lekina vahI bAta jaina-granthoM aura mahAvIra vardhamAna ke bAre meM nahIM kahI jA sktii| DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jI ne apane isa grantha kI sAmagrI ke liye bauddha tripiTaka aura jaina-sUtroM ko samAna-rUpa se duhA hai; aura una meM se jo bhI sAmagrI milI hai, usI ke AdhAra para isa grantha kI racanA kI hai| mujhe yaha svIkAra karate harSa hotA hai ki lekhaka ne isa grantha ko zAstrIya dRSTi se adhika-adhika prAmANika banAne kI ceSTA kI hai aura ve usa meM saphala hue hai| kintu, isa grantha kI vizeSatA to yaha hai ki isa meM mahAvIra vardhamAna ke jIvana aura una kI zikSAoM ko eka naI dRSTi se dekhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| dRSTi itanI Adhunika hai ki jo loga mahAvIra vardhamAna ke jIvana ko paramparAgata dRSTi se dekhane ke abhyAsI haiM, unheM vaha khaTakegI hI nahIM cubhaMgI bhii| to bhI maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki Aja kA hindI kA pAThaka isa pustaka ko cAva se par3hegA aura mahAvIra vardhamAna kI jina zikSAoM ko DaoN0 sAhaba ne aise samayopayogI tathA samAjopayogI DhaMga se peza kiyA hai, unheM hRdayaGgama karane kA prayatna kregaa| pustaka loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se ota-prota hai ataH maiM isa kA pracAra cAhatA huuN| lokamAnya mandira puNe Ananda kausalyAyana tA0 10-11-45

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prAstAvika nivedana san 1942 ke agasta Andolana meM jela se lauTane ke pazcAt mere vicAroM meM kAfI krAnti ho cukI thii| maiMne socA ki mahAvIra ke viSaya meM likhane kA isa se bar3hakara aura kaunasA suavasara hogaa| parantu merI pI-eca0 DI0 kI thIsisa kA kAma bIca meM par3A huA thaa| mitroM ke Agraha para maiMne use pUrNa karane kI tthaanii| jyoM-tyoM karake isa mahAbhArata kArya ko maiM gata disaMbara meM samApta kara sakA, usI samaya se maiM isa kArya ko hAtha meM lene kA vicAra kara rahA thaa| gata mahIne meM mujhe apane kucha mitroM ke sAtha baMbaI ke milamajadUroM kI cAleM (ghara) dekhane kA maukA milA, jisa se mujhe isa pustaka ko likhane kI vizeSa preraNA milii| durbhAgya se jitanI sAmagrI buddha ke viSaya meM upalabdha hotI hai utanI mahAvIra ke viSaya meM nahIM hotI, jisakA mukhya kAraNa hai samrATa maurya candragupta ke samaya pATaliputra (paTanA) meM dubhikSa par3ane ke kAraNa adhikAMza jaina sAhitya kA vicched| mahAvIra ke jIvana-viSayaka sAmagrI digambara granthoM meM nahIM ke barAbara hai, tathA zvetAmbaroM ke prAcArAMga Adi prAcIna graMthoM meM jo kucha hai vaha bahuta alpa hai| isa pustaka meM zvetAMbara aura digambara donoM sampradAyoM ke granthoM kA niSpakSa rUpa se upayoga kiyA gayA hai, aura yaha dhyAna rakkhA gayA hai ki yaha pustaka donoM sampradAyoM ke liye upayogI ho| mahAvIra ke jIvana kI alaukika ghaTanAoM ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| kucha logoM kA mAnanA hai ki mahAvIra kA dharma AtmapradhAna dharma thA tathA unakI ahiMsA vaiyaktika ahiMsA thI, ataeva unake dharma ko laukika yA sAmUhika rUpa nahIM diyA jA sakatA, parantu maiM isa bAta se sahamata nahIM huuN| buddha kI taraha mahAvIra ne bhI saMgha kI sthApanA kI thI aura unhoM ne apane

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ziSyoM ko cAroM dizAoM meM dharmapracAra ke liye bhejA thA / bRhatkalpa sUtra ( 1.50 ) meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne jaina zramaNoM ko sAketa (ayodhyA) ke pUrva meM aMga-magadha taka, dakSiNa meM kauzAMbI taka, pazcima meM sthUNA (sthAnezvara ) taka tathA uttara meM kuNAlA ( uttara kozala ) taka vihAra karane kA Adeza diyA thaa| svayaM mahAvIra ghUma-phirakara janatA ko dharma kA upadeza dete the / yadi mahAvIra kA dharma kevala vaiyaktika hotA to usakA pracAra sAmUhikarUpa se kabhI nahIM ho sakatA thA / yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha ke yuga kI samasyAyeM hamArI Adhunika samasyAoM se bhinna thIM, parantu hama ina mahAn puruSoM ke upadezoM ko apane deza kI Adhunika samasyAoM ke hala karane meM upayogI banA sakate haiM, isa meM koI bhI sandeha nahIM / yaha pustaka likhe jAne ke bAda maiMne ise apane kaI AdaraNIya mitroM ko par3hakara sunAI, jina meM DAkTara nArAyaNa viSNu jozI, ema0 e0, Di-liT 0, paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI, paM0 sukhalAla jI, DAkTara motIcanda jI ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, sAhU zreyAMsaprasAda jI jaina, merI patnI sau0 kamalazrI jaina Adi ke nAma mukhya haiN| ina kRpAlu mitroM ne jo isa pustaka ke viSaya meM apanI bahumUlya sUcanAyeM dI haiM, una kA maiM AbhArI hU~ / vizeSakara DA0 nArAyaNa viSNu jozI, sAhU zreyAMsaprasAda jI jaina tathA sau0 kamalazrI jaina kA isa pustaka ke likhe jAne meM vizeSa hAtha hai, ataeva maiM ina mitroM kA kRtajJa hU~ / zrI bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana jI ne jo isa pustaka ke viSaya meM do zabda likhane kI kRpA kI hai, etadartha maiM unakA AbhArI hU~ / lA~ jarnala presa ke mainejara zrI kRSNaprasAda dara ne isa pustaka kI chapAI Adi kA kAma apanI nijI dekharekha meM karAyA hai, ataeva ve dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiM / zivAjI pArka, baMbaI 5-6-45 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat jagadIzacandra jaina www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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viSaya-sUcI viSaya grantha ke bAre meM prAstAvika nivedana .. 1 - mahAvIra vardhamAna kA janma .. 2-tatkAlIna paristhiti aura mahAvIra kI dIkSA 3- dIkSA ke pazcAt-ghora upasarga 4 - ahiMsA kA upadeza .. 5-saMyama, tapa aura tyAga kA mahattva 6- samAnatA--janma se jAti kA virodha 7-striyoM kA ucca sthAna / 8- Izvara-kartRtva-niSedha-puruSArtha kA mahattva .. - mahAvIra kA dharma-Atmadamana kI pradhAnatA 10 - anekAMtavAda .. 11 - caturvidha saMgha kI yojanA-sAdhunoM ke kaSTa aura una kA tyAga .. .. 12-ahiMsA kA vyApaka rUpa--jagatkalyANa kI kasauTI 13- jainadharma-lokadharma 14 - mahAvIra aura buddha kI tulanA 15 - mahAvIra-nirvANa aura usa ke pazcAt 16 - upasaMhAra .. mahAvIra-vacanAmRta

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1 mahAvIra vardhamAna kA janma mahAvIra vardhamAna kI janmabhUmi videha deza kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI (basAr3ha) nagarI kA prAcIna kAla meM bar3A mahattva thaa| yaha vajjiyoM (licchaviyoM) kI pradhAna nagarI thI; yahA~ gaNasattAka rAjya thA aura yahA~ kI rAjya-vyavasthA pratyeka gaNa ke cune hue nAyakoM ke supurda thI, jo 'gaNarAjA' kahe jAte the| rAjA yahA~ nAma-mAtra kA hotA thA aura vaha rAjya ke kArya sadA gaNarAjAoM kI sammatipUrvaka karatA thA / vaizAlI ke rahanevAle vajjiyoM meM bar3A bhArI saMgaThana thA aura ve jo kAma karate eka hokara karate the| yadi koI licchavi bImAra ho jAtA to saba licchavi use dekhane jAte the, eka ke ghara utsava hotA to saba usa meM sammilita hote the, tathA yadi unake nagara meM koI sAdhu-saMta AtA to saba milakara usakA svAgata karate the| eka bAra jaba magadha ke rAjA ajAtazatru (kaNika) ne vajjiyoM para car3hAI karane kA irAdA kiyA to buddha ne kahA thA ki jaba taka vajjI loga Apasa meM milakara apanI baiThakeM karate haiM, saba milakara kisI bAta kA nirNayakara apanA karttavya pAlana karate haiM, koI gairakAnUnI kAma nahIM karate, vRddhoM kI bAta mAnate haiM, striyoM kA anAdara nahIM karate, caityoM (devasthAna) kI pUjA karate haiM, tathA ahaMtoM-sAdhu-saMtoM kA sammAna karate haiM, taba taka koI unakA bAla bA~kA nahIM kara sktaa| licchavi loga apanI saMgha 'vajjI deza meM prAjakala ke campArana aura mujaphpharapura, darabhaMgA tathA chaparA jile ke bhAga sammilita the bIghanikAya aTThakathA 2, 516. 'bIghanikAya, mahAvagga, mahAparininbANa sutta

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mahAvIra vardhamAna vyavasthA ke liye, gaNataMtra rAjya ke liye prasiddha the, aura isIliye buddha ne bhikSu-saMgha ke sAmane licchavi gaNataMtra ko Adarza kI taraha peza kiyA thA, tathA bhikSu-saMgha ke chaMda (voTa) dene tathA anya prabandhoM kI vyavasthA meM licchavi gaNataMtra kA anukaraNa kiyA thaa| jaina zAstroM ke anusAra ceTaka vaizAlI kA balazAlI zAsaka thA, jo kAzI-kozala ke nau licchavi aura malla rAjAoM kA adhinAyaka thaa| ceTaka zrAvaka (jainadharma kA upAsaka) thA aura usa kI sAta kanyAyeM thiiN| ina meM se usa ne prabhAvatI kA vivAha vItibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa ke sAtha, padmAvatI kA kauzAMbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ke sAtha, zivA kA ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke sAtha, jyeSThA kA kuNDagrAmIya mahAvIra ke bhrAtA nandivardhana ke sAtha, tathA celanA kA rAjagRha ke rAjA zreNika ke sAtha kiyA thA; sujyeSThA avivAhitA thI aura usane dIkSA grahaNa kara lI thii| ceTaka kI bahana trizalA kA vivAha kuNDapura ke gaNarAjA siddhArtha se huA thaa| campA ke rAjA kUNika aura ceTaka ke mahAyuddha kA varNana jaina granthoM meM AtA hai jisa meM lAkhoM yoddhAoM kA rakta bahAyA gayA thaa| bauddhadharma meM bhI vaizAlI kA bar3A gaurava hai| yahIM buddha ne striyoM ko bhikSuNI banane kA adhikAra diyA thA aura yahIM unhoM ne apanA antima caumAsA vyatIta kiyA thaa| mahAvIra ke vaizAlI meM bAraha cAturmAsa bitAye jAne kA ullekha kalpasUtra meM AtA hai| vajjI deza ke zAsaka licchaviyoM ke nau gaNa the| inhIM kA eka bheda thA jJAtR jisa meM svanAma-dhanya vardhamAna kA janma huA thaa| vaizAlI meM gaMDakI (gaMDaka) nadI bahatI thI jisa ke taTa para kSatriya-kuNDagrAma aura brAhmaNa 'prAvazyaka cUNi 2, pR0 164 ityAdi / digaMbara mAnyatA ke anusAra ceTaka kI putriyoM prAdi ke nAma judA haiM 'saMbhavataH bihAra meM bhUmihAroM kI jathariyA jAti (rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, purAtattva nibaMdhAvali, pR0 107-114)

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mahAvIra vardhamAna kA janma kuNDagrAma nAmaka vaizAlI ke do sundara upanagara avasthita the; vardhamAna ne kSatriya-kuNDagrAma ko apane janma se pavitra kiyA thaa| vardhamAna ke pitA kA nAma siddhArtha aura mAtA kA trizalA thA; donoM pArzvanAtha kI zramaNaparaMparA ke anuyAyI the| jisa rAtri ko vardhamAna trizalA ke garbha meM avatarita hue trizalA ne caudaha svapna dekhe, jinheM sunakara aSTAMga nimitta jAnanevAle svapnazAstra ke paMDitoM ne batAyA ki siddhArtha ke ghara zUravIra putra kA janma hogA jo apanI yazaHkIti se saMsAra ko ujvalakara jana-samAja kA kalyANa kregaa| nau mahIne sAr3he sAta dina vyatIta hone para trizalA devI ne priyadarzana sundara putra ko janma diyaa| putra-janma kA samAcAra pAkara siddhArtha kI khuzI kA ThikAnA na rhaa| kArAgRhoM se kaidI chor3a diye gaye, cIz2oM ke dAma ghaTA diye gaye, nagara kI cAroM ora se safAI kara jagaha jagaha sugaMdhita jala kA chir3akAva kiyA gayA, sar3akeM, caurAhe, galI, kUce khUba sajAye gaye, logoM ke baiThane ke liye gailariyA~ banAI gaIM, dhvajAyeM phaharAI gaIM, cUnA potakara makAna zveta-svaccha banA diye gaye, jagaha jagaha pA~ca u~galiyoM ke thApe lagAye gaye, caMdana-kalaza rakhe gaye, dvAroM meM toraNa bA~dhe gaye, dhUpabattiyA~ jalAI gaIM; kahIM naTa-nartakoM kA nAca ho rahA hai, kahIM rassI kA khela ho rahA hai, kahIM muSTiyuddha ho rahA hai, kahIM vidUSaka ha~sI TThA kara rahe haiM, kahIM kathAyeM ho rahI haiM, stotra par3he jA rahe haiM, rAsa gAye jA rahe haiM, aura kahIM nAnA vAdya baja rahe haiN| isa prakAra kSatriya-kuNDagrAma meM dasa dina taka apUrva samAroha manAyA gayA; dasa dina taka kara mAfa kara diyA gayA, pratyeka vastu binA mUlya bikane lagI, rAja-karmacAriyoM kA jabardastI se gRhapraveza roka diyA gayA, RNa mAfa kara diyA gayA, jagaha jagaha gaNikAoM ke nRtya hue, vAditroM kI jhaMkAra se nagara gUMja uThA, zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dAna-mAna se sammAnita kiyA gayA, Ananda aura utsAha kI sImA na rahI, nagarI ke saba loga Ananda-magna ho utthe|

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mahAvIra vardhamAna navajAta zizu ke jAtakarma Adi saMskAra kiye gaye, aura gyArahaveM dina sUtaka manAne ke pazcAt, bArahaveM dina mitra, jAti, svajana, saMbaMdhiyoM ko nimaMtritakara vipula bhojana, pAna, tAMbUla, vastra, alaMkAra Adi se una kA satkAra kiyA gyaa| tatpazcAt siddhArtha kSatriya ne uThakara saba ke samakSa kahA, "bhAiyo ! isa bAlaka ke janma se hamAre kula meM dhana, dhAnya, koSa, koThAra, senA, ghor3e, gAr3I Adi kI vRddhi huI hai ataeva bAlaka kA nAma vardhamAna rakhanA ThIka hogaa|" saba ne isa kA anumodana kiyaa| tatpazcAt aneka dAiyoM aura naukara-cAkaroM se pariveSTita hokara vardhamAna bar3e lAr3a-pyAra se pAle gaye aura surakSita caMpaka vRkSa ke samAna bar3e hone lge| ___vardhamAna bacapana se hI bar3e vIra, dhIra aura gaMbhIra prakRti ke the, aura ve kabhI kisI se Darate na the| eka bAra vardhamAna apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha eka vRkSa ke pAsa khela rahe the| itane meM una ke sAthiyoM ne dekhA ki vRkSa kI jar3a meM lipaTA huA eka vikarAla sarpa phukAra mAra rahA hai / yaha dekhakara vardhamAna ke sAthI vahA~ se Dara ke mAre bhAga gaye, parantu vIra vardhamAna acala bhAva se vahIM DaTe rahe aura unhoM ne sarpa ko apane hAtha se pakar3akara dUra pheMka diyaa| saMbhavataH isI prakAra ke anya saMkaToM ke samaya apanI dRr3hatA aura nirbhayatA pradarzita karane ke kAraNa vardhamAna mahAvIra kahe jAne lge| vardhamAna adhyayana ke liye pAThazAlA meM gaye jahA~ unhoM ne apanI asAdhAraNa buddhi kA paricaya diyaa| vardhamAna ke adhyApaka una ke vidvattApUrNa uttaroM se cakita hokara una kI bhUri bhUri prazaMsA karate the| vardhamAna ne choTI umara meM hI vyAkaraNa, sAhitya Adi viSayoM kA jJAna prApta kara liyA thaa| mahAvIra tIsa varSa gRhasthAzrama meM rahe aura unhoM ne aneka prakAra ke bhogoM kA sevana kiyaa| kSatriyakumAra hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra bahuta sukhoM meM digaMbara mAnyatA ke anusAra mahAvIra avivAhita rahe

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tatkAlIna paristhiti aura mahAvIra kI dIkSA pale the; unheM sonA-cA~dI, dhana-dhAnya, dAsI-dAsa Adi bhogopabhoga-sampadA kI koI kamI na thii| 2 tatkAlIna paristhiti aura mahAvIra kI dIkSA bhAratIya itihAsa meM brAhmaNa aura zramaNa saMskRti nAma kI do atyanta prAcIna paraMparAyeM dRSTigocara hotI hai| brAhmaNa loga vedoM ko IzvarIya vAkya mAnate the, indra, varuNa Adi vaidika devoM kI pUjA karate the, yajJa meM pazubali dekara usa se siddhi mAnate the, cAturvarNya kI vyavasthA svIkArakara apanI jAti ko sarvotkRSTa samajhate the, tathA brahmacArI, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsI ina cAra AzramoM ko svIkAra karate the| zramaNa loga ina bAtoM kA virodha karate the; ve saMnyAsa, Atmacintana, saMyama, samabhAva, tapa, dAna, Arjava, ahiMsA, satyavacana Adi ke Upara bhAra dete the, aura Atmazuddhi ko pradhAna mAnate the / zramaNa-paraMparA meM yajJa-yAga Adi karmakANDa kA sthAna AtmavidyA ko milA thA, aura vaha kSatriyoM kI vidyA mAnI jAtI thii|12 upaniSadoM meM kahA hai ki brAhmaNa loga brahma ko jAnakara putra kI icchA, dhana kI icchA, aura laukika icchAoM se nivRtta hokara bhikSA-vRtti kA AcaraNa karate haiN| mahAbhArata meM, jo zramaNa-paraMparA ke prabhAva se kAfI prabhAvita hai, "kalpasUtra 32-108 'prApastaMba 2.9.21.11-14 'gautamadharma 3.12-14 " chAndogya upaniSad 3.17.4 "kena 1.3 "bRhadAraNyaka 4.2-3; chAndogya 5.11, 5.3.7 "bRhadAraNyaka 3.5

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. 16 mahAvIra vardhamAna 16 tapa kA prAdhAnya batAte hue tapa ko samasta dharmoM kA mUla aura saba pApoM kA nAza karanevAlA kahA gayA hai / " yahA~ ahiMsA aura tyAga kI parAkASThAdyotaka aneka upAkhyAna race gaye haiM,' 15 aura pazuyajJa ke sthAna para zAntiyajJa ( indriya - nigraha), brahmayajJa, vAgyajJa, manoyajJa aura karmayajJa kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / tulAdhAra - jAjali saMvAda meM kahA hai ki sarvabhUtahita tathA iSTAniSTa aura rAga-dveSa kA tyAga hI saccA dharma hai tathA ahiMsA saba dharmoM meM zreSTha hai / " yAjJavalkya, janaka, pArzvanAtha Adi saMta puruSoM ne isI zramaNa-paraMparA meM janma liyA thA / vedakAla se calI AnevAlI zramaNasaMskRti kI ina vicAra dhArAoM kA maMthana mahAvIra ne gaMbhIratApUrvaka kiyA thA, una ke jIvana para ina dhArAoM kA gaharA prabhAva par3A thA aura usa meM se unhoM ne apanA mArga khojakara nikAlA thA / unhoM ne dekhA ki dharma ke nAma para kitanA ADaMbara racA jA rahA hai, yajJa-yAga Adi ko dharma mAnakara una meM mUka pazuoM kI bali dI jA rahI hai, devI-devatAoM ke nAma para kitanA aMdhavizvAsa phailA huA hai, tathA saba se dayanIya dazA hai strI aura zUdroM kI jinheM vedAdi - paThana kA adhikAra nahIM, tathA vedadhvani zUdra taka pahu~ca jAne para usa ke kAnoM meM sIsA aura lAkha bhara diye jAte haiM, vedoccAraNa karane para usa kI jihvA kATa lI jAtI hai, vedamaMtra yAda karane para usa ke zarIra ke do Tukar3e kara diye jAte haiM; " zUdrAnna bhakSaNa karane se gA~va meM sUara kA janma lenA par3atA hai, " yahA~ taka ki zAntiparva 156 15 vahI, kapota aura vyAdha kA upAkhyAna 143-8 vahI, 156 - 16 vahI, 268 - 271 " gautamadharma sUtra 12.4-6 19 vasiSThadharma sUtra 6.27 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 17 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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tatkAlIna paristhiti aura mahAvIra kI dIkSA zUdradarzana-janya A~khoM kI apavitratA dUra karane ke lie unheM dhonA par3atA hai / 20 mahAvIra ne dekhA ki sarvatra ajJAna hI ajJAna phailA huA hai aura loga apanI viSayavAsanA tRpta karane ke liye, apane sukha ke liye dUsare jIvoM kI hiMsA kara rahe haiM, unheM kaSTa pahu~cA rahe haiM, jisa se saba jagaha dukha hI dukha phailA huA hai| yaha dekhakara mahAvIra kA komala hRdaya dravita ho uThA, una ke vicAroM meM uthala-puthala maca gaI aura unhoM ne dRr3ha nizcaya kiyA ki kucha bhI ho mujhe jaga kA kalyANa karanA hai, usa meM sukha, zAnti aura samatA-bhAva phailAnA hai, tathA usa ke liye sarvaprathama Atmabala prApta karanA hai| mahAvIra ne eka se eka sundara nAka ke zvAsa se ur3a jAnevAle, navanIta ke samAna komala vastroM kA tyAga kiyA; hAra, ardhahAra, kaTisUtra, kuMDala Adi AbharaNoM ko utArakara pheMka diyA, eka se eka svAdiSTa bhojana, pAna Adi ko sadA ke liye tilAMjali de dI, apane mitra chor3e, baMdhu chor3e, vipula dhana, suvarNa, ratna, maNi, muktA Adi saba kucha chor3A, aura svajana-saMbaMdhiyoM kI anumatipUrvaka kSatriya-kuNDagrAma ke bAhara jJAtRSaNDa nAmaka udyAna meM jAkara paMcamuSTi se kezoM kA locakara zramaNatva kI dIkSA grahaNa kii| mahAvIra ne nizcaya kiyA ki cAhe kitanI hI vighnabAdhAyeM kyoM na AyeM tathA kitane hI ghora upasarga aura saMkaTa kyoM na upasthita hoM, parantu maiM saba kA dhIratApUrvaka sAmanA karatA huA saba ko zAntabhAva se, kSamAbhAva se sahana karU~gA, aura apane niyama meM aTala rahU~gA-apane nizcaya se na ddiguuNgaa| 30 cittasaMbhUta jAtaka (naM0 498), pR0 161

Page #19
mahAvIra vardhamAna 3 dIkSA ke pazcAta-ghora upasarga mahAvIra dIkSita hokara--gRhatyAga kara--jagat kA kalyANa karane ke liye nikala pdd'e| unheM bhayaMkara se bhayaMkara kaSToM kA sAmanA karanA par3A, parantu eka vIra yoddhA kI taraha ve apane kartavyapatha se kabhI vicalita na hue| unheM nagna aura malinatanu dekhakara choTe choTe bAlaka Dara jAte aura una ke zarIra para dhUla, patthara Adi pheMkakara zora macAte the / / koI unheM karkaza vacana kahatA aura koI una para DaMDoM se AkramaNa karatA thA, parantu vIra vardhamAna samabhAva se saba kucha sahana karate the| ve prAyaH mauna rahate aura stuti aura nindA meM samabhAva rakhate the| nRtya-gIta tathA daNDayuddha aura muSTiyuddha meM unheM koI kutUhala nahIM thA, aura na svaira kathAoM meM unheM koI ruci thii| mahAvIra saMyamadharma kA pAlana karate the| unhoM ne zIta jala kA tyAga kara diyA thA aura ve bIja tathA harita Adi kA sevana na karate the| ve nirdoSa AhAra lete tathA paravastra aura parapAtra kA grahaNa nahIM karate the| bhojana-pAna meM unheM Asakti nahIM raha gaI thI, tathA ve mAtrApUrvaka hI AhAra karate the| mahAvIra ne apane zarIra ko itanA sAdha liyA thA ki khujalI Ane para bhI ve khujAte na the tathA yadi una ke zarIra para dhUla Adi laga jAtI to ve use poMchane kI ceSTA na karate the / ve tirache tathA pIche kI ora na dekhate the / ) zramaNasiMha mahAvIra zUnyagRhoM meM, sabhAsthAnoM meM, pyAUgharoM meM, bastI ke bAhara luhAra aura bar3haI Adi kI dukAnoM meM, tRNoM ke Dhera ke samIpa, musAfirakhAnoM meM, udyAnoM meM, smazAna meM tathA vRkSa ke nIce ekAntavAsa karate the| isa prakAra mahAvIra ne rAta-dina saMyama meM lage rahakara, apramAdabhAva se, zAntabhAva se teraha varSa taka kaThora tapazcaraNa kiyaa| itane dIrgha kAla taka hamAre caritranAyaka kabhI sukha kI nIMda nahIM soye; jahA~ unheM z2arA nIMda AtI ve faurana uTha baiThate aura dhyAna meM avasthita ho jAte, athavA idhara-udhara caMkramaNa karane lagate the|

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dIkSA ke pazcAt--ghora upasarga 16 jahA~ mahAvIra Thaharate vaha sthAna aneka prakAra ke bhayaMkara upasargoM se ghirA rhtaa| kahIM sarpa Adi jantuoM kA upadrava, kahIM gIdha Adi pakSiyoM kA upadrava, tathA kahIM cora, badamAza, gA~va ke caukIdAra, aura viSayalolupI strI-puruSoM kA kaSTa / jisa zizira Rtu meM himavAta bahane ke kAraNa logoM ke dA~ta kaTakaTAte the, bar3e bar3e sAdhu-saMnyAsI nirvAta nizcchidra sthAnoM kI khoja karate the, vastra dhAraNakara ve apane zarIra kI rakSA karanA cAhate the, Aga jalAkara athavA kaMbala Adi aor3hakara zIta se bacanA cAhate the, usa samaya zramaNasiMha mahAvIra khule sthAnoM meM apanI donoM bhujAyeM phailAkara dussaha zIta ko sahanakara apanI kaThora sAdhanA kA paricaya dete hue dRSTigocara hote the| ____ apane tapasvI jIvana meM jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne dUra dUra taka bhramaNa kiyA aura aneka kaSTa sahe / ve bihAra meM rAjagRha (rAjagira), campA (bhAgalapura), bhaddiyA (muMgera), vaizAlI (basAr3ha), mithilA (janakapura) Adi pradezoM meM ghUme, pUrvIya saMyuktaprAnta meM banArasa, kauzAMbI (kosama), ayodhyA, zrAvasti (saheTa maheTa) Adi sthaloM meM gaye, tathA pazcimI baMgAla meM lAr3ha (rAr3ha) Adi pradezoM meM unhoM ne paribhramaNa kiyaa| ina sthAnoM meM saba se adhika kaSTa mahAvIra ko lAr3ha deza meM sahanA pdd'aa| yaha deza anArya mAnA jAtA thA aura saMbhavataH yahA~ dharma kA vizeSa pracAra na thA, vizeSakara yahA~ ke nivAsI zramaNadharma ke atyaMta virodhI the, yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra ko yahA~ dussaha yAtanAyeM sahana karanI pdd'iiN| lAr3ha vajrabhUmi (bIrabhUma) aura zubhrabhUmi (siMhabhUma) nAmaka do pradezoM meM vibhakta thaa| ina pradezoM kI vasati (rahane kA sthAna) aneka upasargoM se paripUrNa thii| rUkSa bhojana karane ke kAraNa yahA~ ke nivAsI svabhAva se krodhI the aura ve mahAvIra para kuttoM ko chor3ate the| yahA~ bahuta kama loga aise the jo ina kuttoM ko rokate the balki loga ulTe daNDaprahAra Adi se kuttoM dvArA mahAvIra ko kaSTa pahu~cAte the| vajrabhUmi ke nivAsI aura bhI kaThora the| isa pradeza meM kuttoM ke

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20 mahAvIra vardhamAna bhaya se zramaNa loga lAThI Adi lekara vihAra karate the, parantu phira bhI ve una ke upadrava se nahIM baca sakate the| itanA hone para bhI dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra ne mana, vacana, kAya se prANiyoM ko kaSTa na pahu~cAte hue, zarIra kA mamatva chor3akara, saMgrAma ke agrabhAga meM yuddha karate hue nirbhaya hAthI kI taraha lAr3ha deza kI durjaya parISaha sahana kii| isa deza meM grAmoM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama thii| jaba mahAvIra kisI grAma meM pahu~cate to loga unheM nikAla bAhara karate, athavA daNDa, muSTi, bhAlA, miTTI ke Dhele aura ThIkaroM se unheM kaSTa pahu~cAte aura zora macAte the| ye loga unake zarIra meM se mAMsa kATa lete aura una para dhUla pheMkate the; unheM Upara uchAlakara nIce pheMka dete aura unheM una ke godohana, ukaDUM Adi AsanoM se girA dete the| kitanI bAra mahAvIra ko guptacara samajhakara, cora samajhakara pakar3a liyA gayA, rassI se bA~dha liyA gayA, mArA gayA, pITA gayA, gaDDhoM meM laTakA diyA gayA, jeloM meM DAla diyA gayA, aura kaI bAra to unheM phA~sI ke takhte se lauTAyA gayA / eka bAra mahAvIra tApasoM ke kisI Azrama meM eka jhoMpar3I meM Thahare hue the| usa samaya varSA na hone se navIna ghAsa paidA nahIM huI thI, ataeva gA~va kI gAyeM vahA~ Akara jhoMpar3I kI ghAsa khAtI thiiN| tApasa loga unheM DaMDoM se mArakara bhagA dete the, parantu mahAvIra jhoMpar3I kI paravA kiye binA apane dhyAna meM baiThe rahate the| Azrama ke kulapati ko jaba yaha mAlUma huA to unhoM ne mahAvIra ko bahuta ulAhanA diyaa| isa para mahAvIra usa jhoMpar3I ko chor3akara anyatra vihAra kara gye| usa samaya mahAvIra ne niyama liyA ki jahA~ rahane se dUsaroM ko kleza pahu~ce vahA~ kabhI nahIM rahanA tathA jahA~ rahanA vahA~ mauna aura kAyotsarga (khar3e hokara dhyAna karanA) pUrvaka rhnaa| eka bAra 21 dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki digambara paramparA ke anusAra tIrthakara upasargAtIta mAne jAte haiM

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dIkSA ke pazcAt--ghora upasarga 21 kI bAta hai mahAvIra khar3e hokara dhyAna kara rahe the, itane meM vahA~ eka gvAlA AyA aura apane bailoM ko chor3akara calA gyaa| jaba vaha vApisa lauTakara AyA to usa ne dekhA baila gAyaba hai| gvAle ne mahAvIra se pUchA, parantu mahAvIra maunavrata dhAraNa kiye hue the ataeva unhoM ne koI uttara nahIM diyaa| isa para gvAle ko atyaMta krodha AyA aura usa ne una ke kAnoM meM lakar3I kI paccara ThoMka diiN| isa bhayaMkara kaSTa meM mahAvIra kaI dina taka ghUmate rahe ! zAstroM meM kahA hai, mahAvIra ke kaSTa dekhakara eka bAra indra ne mahAvIra se kahA, "bhagavan ! yadi Apa kI AjJA ho to maiM Apa kI sevA meM rahakara Apa kA kaSTa nivAraNa karU~ ?" parantu mahAvIra ne dRr3hatApUrvaka uttara diyA ki jo dUsaroM ke Upara nirbhara rahatA hai vaha kabhI apanA aura dUsaroM kA kalyANa nahIM kara sktaa| bImAra par3ane para mahAvIra cikitsA na karAte the; unhoM ne virecana, vamana, vilepana, snAna, dantaprakSAlana Adi kA tyAga kiyA thaa| zizira Rtu meM chAyA meM, tathA grISma meM ukaDUM baiThakara ve sUrya ke sAmane muMha karake tapa karate the| deha dhAraNa ke liye ve cAvala, motha (maMthu), kulathI (kulmASa) Adi rUkSa AhAra karate the| bahuta karake ve upavAsa karate aura eka eka mahIne taka pAnI nahIM pIte the| kabhI ve do upavAsa ke bAda, kabhI tIna, kabhI cAra aura kabhI pA~ca upavAsa ke bAda AhAra lete the / grAma athavA nagara meM praviSTa hokara mahAvIra dUsaroM ko liye banAye hue AhAra kI yatnAcAra se khoja karate the| bhikSA ke liye jAte hue mArga meM bhUkhe, pyAse kaue Adi pakSiyoM ko dekhakara tathA brAhmaNa, zramaNa, bhikhArI, atithi, cAMDAla, bilAr3I aura kutte ko dekhakara ve vahA~ se dhIre se khisaka jAte aura anyatra jAkara dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahu~cAye binA AhAra grahaNa karate the| ve bhIgA huA, zuSka athavA ThaMDA AhAra lete the, bahuta dina kI rakkhI huI kulathI, bAsI gorasa athavA gehU~ kI roTI (bukkasa) tathA nissAra dhAnya (pulAka) grahaNa karate the, tathA yadi ina meM se kucha bhI na milatA to

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mahAvIra vardhamAna ve samabhAva rakhate, una ke bhAva kiMcinmAtra bhI vicalita na hote the| ___ isa prakAra bAraha varSa kI ghora sAdhanA ke pazcAt mahAvIra ne jaMbhiyagrAma ke bAhara RjuvAlikA nadI ke taTa para sthita eka kheta meM zAla vRkSa ke nIce godohana Asana se ukaDUM baiThe hue dhyAnamagna avasthA meM kevalajJAna-darzana kI-- bodhi kI prApti kii| mahA tapasvI kI kaThora tapasyA saphala huI, unake hRdaya-kapATa khula gaye, hRdaya meM prakAza hI prakAza mAlUma par3ane lagA, vikAra saba zAnta ho gaye, saMzaya saba miTa gaye, jJAna kA srota umar3a par3A, aba jAnane ko kucha bAqI na rahA, jisa ke jAnane ke liye itanI daur3a-dhUpa thI, udher3abuna thI, vaha mila gyaa| Aja prathama bAra vizva ke kalyANa kA mArga spaSTa dRSTigocara huaa| 4 ahiMsA kA upadeza mahAvIra ke lokottara upadeza kI carcA sarvatra hone lgii| loga dUra dUra se una kA upadeza sunane aaye| bahutoM ne una ke dharma meM dIkSA lii| ina meM magadha, kozala, videha Adi dezoM ke gyAraha kulIna vidvAn brAhmaNa mukhya the| sarvaprathama mahAvIra kA upadeza thA ahiNsaa| unhoM ne kahA ki saba koI jInA cAhatA hai, saba ko apanA apanA jIvana priya hai, saba koI sukhI bananA cAhatA hai, dukha se dUra rahanA cAhatA hai, ataeva kisI prANI ko kaSTa pahu~cAnA ThIka nahIM / 23 jo manuSya apanI vyathA ko samajhatA hai, vaha dUsaroM kI vyathA kA anubhava kara sakatA hai, aura jo dUsaroM kI vyathA 22 prAcArAMga 8; kalpasUtra 5. 112-120; prAvazyaka niyukti 111-527; prAvazyaka cUNi pR0 268-323 23 prAcArAMga 2.81; dazavakAlika 6.11

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ahiMsA kA upadeza anubhava karatA hai vaha apanI vyathA bhI samajha sakatA hai, ataeva zAMta saMyamI jIva dUsaroM kI hiMsA karake-dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahu~cA karake-jIvita nahIM rahanA cAhate / vAstava meM dekhA jAya to jo manuSya dUsaroM kI ora se beparavAha rahatA hai vaha svayaM apanI upekSA karatA hai aura jo svayaM apanI upekSA karatA hai vaha dUsaroM kI ora se beparavAha rahatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, vyaSTi aura samaSTi kA anyonyAzraya saMbaMdha hai, vyakti samAja kA hI eka aMga hai aura vyakti ko chor3akara samAja koI alaga vastu nahIM, ataeva pratyeka vyakti para samAja kA uttaradAyitva hai, isaliye yadi hama apanI upekSA karate haiM to yaha samAja kI upekSA hai aura samAja kI upekSA se vyakti kI upekSA hotI hai| 'je egaM jANai se savvaM jANai, je savvaM jANai se egaM jANai26 (jo eka ko jAnatA hai vaha saba ko jAnatA hai, aura jo saba ko jAnatA hai vaha eka ko jAnatA hai) isa prasiddha vAkya kA yahI rahasya hai / jaisA Upara kahA gayA hai mahAvIra ke yuga meM yajJa-yAga Adi kA khUba pracAra thA, vaidikI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM samajhA jAtA thA, tathA aMdhazraddhA tulanA karo sabbA disAnuparigamma cetasA / na evajjhagA piyataraM attanA kvaci // evaM piyo puthu attA paresaM / tasmA na hiMse paraM attkaamo|| (saMyuttanikAya, kosalasaMyutta, 1,6) artha-samasta saMsAra meM AtmA se priyatara aura koI vastu nahIM, ataeva jise prAtmA priya hai use cAhie ki vaha dUsare kI hiMsA na kare "prAcArAMga 1.57 vahI, 1.23 prAcArAMga 3.123

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24 mahAvIra vardhamAna ke sAtha-sAtha usa samaya dveSa, kleza, ghRNA aura ahaMkAra kI kaluSita bhAvanAyeM sarvatra phailI huI thIM / aise samaya karuNAmaya mahAvIra ne sarva saMhArakAriNI hiMsA ke viruddha apanI AvAz2a uThAI aura batAyA ki ahiMsA se hI manuSya sukhI bana sakatA hai, isI se saMsAra kI zAMti qAyama raha sakatI haiM aura samAja meM sukha kI abhivRddhi ho sakatI hai| 'jIvo jIvasya jIvanam' isa zoSaNAtmaka siddhAMta ke viruddha mahAvIra ne kahA ki lokahita ke liye, samAja ke kalyANa ke liye 'jIo aura jIne do' isa kalyANakArI siddhAMta ke svIkAra kiye binA hamArI barbara vRttiyA~ -- dUsaroM kA saMhArakara jaya pAne kI bhAvanAyeM, dUsaroM kA apayazakara yaza aura pratiSThA prApta karane kI abhilASAyeM, nissahAya aura pIr3itoM kA sarvasva chInakara vAhavAha lUTane kI icchAyeM kabhI tRpta nahIM ho sktiiN| apane Apa ko sukhI banAne ke liye manuSya nAnA prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ karatA hai aura isa se vaha dUsaroM ko saMtApa pahu~cAtA hai jisa se saMsAra kI zAMti bhaMga hotI hai, ataeva mahAvIra kA kathana thA ki buddhimAna puruSa apanA nija kA dRSTAMta sAmane rakhakara apane ko pratikUla laganevAlI bAtoM ko dUsaroM ke viruddha AcaraNa nahIM karate / vAstava meM pramAdapUrvaka -- prayatnAcArapUrvaka -- kAmabhogoM meM sakti kA nAma hI hiMsA hai, ataeva mahAvIra kA upadeza thA ki vikAroM para vijaya prApta karanA, indriyadamana karanA aura samasta pravRttiyoM ko saMkucita karanA hI saccI ahiMsA hai / mahAvIra ahiMsA - pAlana meM bahuta Age bar3ha jAte haiM aura jaba ve samasta prakRti meM jIva kA zrAropaNakara pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati taka kI rakSA kA upadeza dete haiM to una kI ahiMsaka vRtti - vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA - carama sImA para pahu~ca jAtI haiM / mahAvIra ne jisa sarvamukhI ahiMsA kA upadeza diyA thA, vaha ahiMsA kevala vyakti-paraka na thI balki jagat ke kalyANa ke liye usa kA sAmUhika rUpa se upayoga ho sakatA thA /

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saMyama, tapa aura tyAga kA mahattva 25 5 saMyama, tapa aura tyAga kA mahattva mahAvIra ne ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa ko utkRSTa dharma batAyA hai / 20 dekhA jAya to ahiMsA ko samajha lene ke pazcAt use puSTa banAne ke liye saMyama aura tapa kI AvazyakatA hai| saMyama kA artha hai apane Upara kAbU rakhanA / samaya samaya para manuSya ke sAmane aneka pralobhana Akara upasthita hote haiM, aneka AkarSaNa sAmane Akara use DAMvADola banA dete haiM, isa se capala aura svecchAcArI citta kA damana karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / rAga, dveSa, kAma, krodha, mAyA, lobha aura ahaMkAra ke paravaza hokara manuSya apane dhyeya se cyuta ho jAtA hai, aura apanA tathA loka kA kalyANa karane meM asaphala hotA hai / mahAvIra ne asaMyama kI-pramAda kI-bahuta nindA kI hai aura batAyA hai ki jaise mariyala baila ko gAr3I meM jotakara usa se durgama jaMgala ko pAra karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai usI prakAra asaMyata-pramAdIpuruSa kA apane lakSya taka pahu~canA kaThina hai / isIliye unhoMne vividha pAkhyAnoM dvArA apane bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA hai ki he AyuSmAn zramaNo! sAMsArika kAma-vAsanAoM se, pralobhanoM se hamezA dUra raho, tathA vipula dhanarAzi aura mitra-bAMdhavoM ko eka bAra svecchApUrvaka chor3akara phira se una kI ora muMha mor3akara na dekho|' jaise sadhA huA tathA kavacadhArI ghor3A yuddha meM vijaya prApta karatA hai, usI prakAra vivekI jana jIvana-saMgrAma meM vijayI hokara iSTasiddhi prApta karatA hai / 31 viveka honA itanI sahaja 20 dazavakAlika 1.1 28 uttarAdhyayana 4.11-12 29 uttarAdhyayana 27 3 vahI, 10.26-30 "vahI, 4.8

Page #27
26 mahAvIra vardhamAna bAta nahIM usa ke liye kaThora sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai ; kAma-bhogoM kA parityAgakara, vastutattva ko ThIka ThIka samajhakara saMyama-patha para dRr3hatApUrvaka DaTe rahane se hI kalyANa-mArga kI prApti ho sakatI hai / 2 dUsare zabdoM meM, saMyama kA artha hai apanI icchAoM para aMkuza rakhanA, apanA sukha tyAgakara dUsaroM ko sukha pahu~cAnA, svayaM zoSita honA-kaSTa sahana karanA, parantu dUsaroM ko kaSTa na hone denaa| isIliye saMyama ke sAtha tapa aura tyAga kI AvazyakatA batAI hai / mahAvIra ne aneka bAra kahA hai ki nagna rahane se, bhUkhe rahane se, paMcAgni tapa tapane se tapa nahIM hotA, tapa hotA hai jJAnapUrvaka AcaraNa karane se| kisI vastu kI prApti na hone ke kAraNa usa kI ora se upekSita ho jAne ko tyAga nahIM kahate, saccA tyAga vaha hai ki manuSya sundara aura priya bhogoM ko pAkara bhI una kI ora se pITha phera letA hai, unheM dhatA batA detA hai / bauddhoM ke majjhimanikAya meM vaidehikA nAmaka eka seThAnI kI kathA AtI hai-apane zAMta svabhAva aura namratA ke kAraNa vaidehikA nagara bhara meM prasiddha ho gaI thii| usakI kAlI nAma kI eka dAsI thii| dAsI ne socA ki maiM apanI seThAnI kA saba kAma ThIka samaya para karatI hU~, ataeva vaha zAMta rahatI hai, aura use gussA karane kA mauqA nahIM milatA / eka dina dAsI apanI seThAnI kI parIkSA karane ke liye dera se utthii| seThAnI gussA hokara bolI "tU dera se kyoM uThI ?" aura use bahuta DA~Tane lgii| kAlI ne socA ki seThAnI ko gussA to z2arUra AtA hai, parantu vaha logoM ko apanA asalI svarUpa nahIM dikhAtI / agale dina phira dAsI dera se sokara uThI / seThAnI ko bahuta krodha AyA aura usa ne daravAje kI char3a nikAlakara usa ke sira meM itane z2ora se mArI ki usa kA sira phaTa gayA aura usa meM se lahU bahane lgaa| saba loga ikaTThe ho gaye aura usa 32 vahI, 4.10 33 dazavakAlika 2.2-3

Page #28
saMyama, tapa aura tyAga kA mahattva 27 dina se vaha apane duSTa svabhAva ke liye prasiddha ho gii| isa dRSTAMta dvArA buddha ne apane bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA ki he bhikSupro ! jaba taka apane viruddha koI bAta nahIM sunI jAtI taba taka saba zAMta rahate haiM, parantu apane viruddha vacana sunane para bhI zAMta rahanA saccI zAMti hai / tapa aura tyAga kI bhAvanA ko mahAvIra ne apane jIvana meM pratyakSa DhAlakara batAyA thaa| una kI tapazcaryA-dehadamana aura kaSTasahiSNutA, vAstava meM adbhuta thI jise dekhakara bar3e bar3e tapasviyoM ke Asana Dola jAte the| tisa para bhI una kA tapa kucha laukika kIti athavA sukha-prApti ke liye nahIM thA, balki usa meM sva aura para-kalyANa kI bhAvanA antahita thii| kevala zuSka dehadamana bhI mahAvIra ke tapa kA uddezya nahIM thA, usa meM zArIrika aura mAnasika kaThora sAdhanA dvArA kAyika sukhazIlatA tathA adhairyarUpa mAnasika hiMsA ke tyAga kA rahasya sannihita thaa| isI para mahAvIra ne bhAra diyA thaa| bhagavatI sUtra meM tapa ke bAhya aura Abhyantara bheda batAte hue kahA hai ki pramAda Adi ko nAza karane ke liye tathA Avazyaka Atmabala prApta karane ke liye zarIra, indriya aura mana ko vaza meM rakhane kA nAma tapa hai|5 samaMtabhadra ne likhA hai ki AdhyAtmika tapa kA poSaNa karane ke liye hI parama duzcara bAhya tapa kiyA jAtA hai| isa se spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ke dharma meM bAhya tapa gauNa thA aura aMtaraMga zuddhi hI ekamAtra usa kA uddezya thaa| acelakatva ke upadeza kA yahI artha thA ki nagna rahakara, apanI AvazyatAe~ adhika se adhika ghaTAkara Atmazuddhi prApta karanI cAhiye / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki bhale hI koI nagna avasthA meM vicare; yA eka eka mahIne taka upavAsa kare, parantu yadi usa ke mana meM " kakacUpama sutta 35 25.7 36 bRhatsvayaMbhU stotra, kuMthujina stotra 83

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28 mahAvIra vardhamAna mAyA hai to use siddhi milanevAlI nhiiN| AcArya kundakunda ne yahI kahA hai ki vastra tyAgakara bhujAyeM laTakAkara cAhe koTi varSa tapa karo parantu aMtaraMga zuddhi ke binA mokSa nahIM hotaa| isa se spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ne korI nagnatA kA samarthana nahIM kiyaa| vAstava meM jo sarala ho, mumukSu ho, aura mAyA rahita ho usI ko saccA muni kahA gayA hai|" kezI-gautama ke saMvAda meM pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ke anuyAyI kezI ne jaba mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama se prazna kiyA ki mahAvIra kA dharma acelaka hai aura pArzvanAtha kA sacela, to phira donoM kA samanvaya kaise ho sakatA hai ? isa para gautama ne uttara diyA ki he mahAmune ! mokSa ke vAstavika sAdhana to jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai, liMga yA veza gauNa hai; liMga sAdhya kI siddhi meM sAdhana-mAtra hai, use svayaM sAdhya samajha lenA bhUla hai| vAstava meM isI tapa kA Adarza upasthitakara dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra apane dharma kI bhitti khar3e kara sake aura Atma-saMyama, Atma-anuzAsana aura Atma-vijaya ko itanA ucca sthAna de sake / tapa aura tyAga kI ucca bhAvanA hI manuSya ko ahiMsA ke samIpa lAkara saMsAra kI adhikAdhika zAMti meM abhivRddhi kara sakatI hai, yahI mahAvIra vardhamAna kA Adeza thaa| ____ apane uddezya taka pahu~cane meM kitane hI kaSTa kyoM na AyeM, parantu tapasvI jana apane mArga meM sadA aTala rahate haiN| koI unheM gAlI de yA una kI stuti kare to bhI usa meM ve samabhAva dhAraNa karate haiN| kartavya-patha para DaTakara khar3e rahane se hI manuSya kaThina aura dussaha kaThinAiyoM para jaya 37 2.1.6 38 bhAvaprAbhUta 4 39 prAcArAMga 1.3.16 4deg uttarAdhyayana 23.29-33

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samAnatA--janma se jAti kA virodha 26 prApta kara sakatA hai, anyathA jahA~ vaha z2arA DhIlA par3A ki Upara se girakara eka dama nIce pahu~ca jAtA hai| isIliye mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki "he zramaNo ! pahale apane sAtha yuddha karo, pahale Atmazuddhi karo, bAhara yuddha karane se kucha milane vAlA nhiiN|"3 tapa aura tyAga kA mArga zUroM kA mArga hai; yaha lohe ke cane cAbane ke samAna kaThora, bAlukA kA grAsa bhakSaNa karane ke samAna zuSka, gaMgA nadI ke pravAha ke viruddha tairane ke samAna kaThina, samudra ko bhujAoM dvArA pAra karane ke samAna dustara tathA asidhArA para calane ke samAna bhayaMkara hai / tapasvI jana isa mArga para ekAnta-dRSTi rakhakara, atyanta prayatnazIla hokara, apanI samasta pravRttiyoM ko saMkucitakara AcaraNa karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, tapa aura tyAga kA artha hai Atmadamana karanA, dUsaroM ke sukha ke liye kaSTa sahana karanA, una ke kaSTanivAraNa ke liye apane sukha ko nyochAvara kara denA, una ke hita meM apanA hita mAnanA tathA apane tapa aura tyAga dvArA una ke sAtha samacitta ho jAnA / mahAvIra ne apane tapasvI jIvana dvArA hameM yahI pATha sikhAyA thaa| itanI ucca bhAvanAyeM ho jAne para nirbhayatA aura sAhasapUrvaka kArya karane kI pravRtti manuSya meM svayaM A jAtI hai / 6 samAnatA-janma se jAti kA virodha ____ ahiMsA ko sAmUhika rUpa dene ke liye mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM samatA ke Upara adhika se adhika bhAra diyA gayA hai / unhoM ne batAyA ki ahiMsA kI 41 prAcArAMga 6.2.180 "sUtrakRtAMga 1.3 prAcArAMga 5.2.154 " nAyAdhammakahA 1, pR0 28 (vaidya eDIzana)

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30 mahAvIra vardhamAna pratiSThA ke liye adhikAdhika samatA kI AvazyakatA hai / jaba taka hama U~ca-nIca kA, choTe-bar3e kA, dhanavAna - nirdhana kA bhAva poSaNa karate haiM, taba taka hama ahiMsaka nahIM kahe jA sakate / mahAvIra ke upadezAnusAra samasta jIva eka samAna haiM, una meM U~ca-nIca kI buddhi rakhakara manuSya hiMsaka vRtti kA poSaNa karatA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jayaghoSa muni aura vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa kA suMdara saMvAda AtA hai / jayaghoSa jaba vijayaghoSa kI yajJazAlA meM bhikSA mA~gane gaye to vijayaghoSa ne yaha kahakara muni ko bhagA diyA ki usa ke ghara vedapAThI, yajJArthI aura jyotiSAMga jAnanevAle brAhmaNoM ko hI bhikSA milatI hai / usa samaya jayaghoSa muni ne batAyA ki cAhe koI bhI ho, jo apanA aura dUsaroM kA kalyANa kara sake vahI brAhmaNa kahA jA sakatA hai; saccA brAhmaNa vaha hai jisa ne rAga, dveSa, aura bhaya para vijaya prApta kI hai, jo apanI indriyoM para nigraha rakhatA hai, kabhI mithyA bhASaNa nahIM karatA, tathA jo sarva prANiyoM ke hita meM rata rahatA hai / kevala sira muMr3A lene se koI zramaNa nahIM kahA jAtA, U~kAra kA jApa karane se brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA, jaMgala meM vAsa karane se koI muni nahIM ho jAtA, tathA kuza-vastra dhAraNa karane se koI tapasvI nahIM ho jAtA / vAstava meM samatA se zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna se muni hotA hai aura tapa se tapasvI hotA hai / saca pUchA jAya to manuSya apane apane karmoM se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kahA jAtA hai, kisI jAti - vizeSa meM utpanna hone se nahIM / " jaina graMthoM meM jJAna, pUjA, kula, jAti, bala, Rddhi, tapa aura zarIra iMsa vahI, 25.23, 26-31 tulanA karo -- mA brAhmaNa dAru samAdahAno, suddhi zramaJJi bahiddhA hi etam / na hi te na suddhi kusalA vadanti, yo bAhirena parisuddhi icche // 85.

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samAnatA-janma se jAti kA virodha prakAra ATha taraha ke mada batAte hue kahA hai ki jo puruSa ina madoM ke kAraNa anya dhArmika puruSoM kA anAdara karatA hai, vaha svayaM dharma kA anAdara karatA hai, kyoMki dhArmika puruSoM ke binA dharma nahIM calatA / yahA~ samyagdarzana se yukta cAMDAla ko bhI pUjanIya batAkara usa ke prati sanmAna prakaTa kiyA hai| raviSeNa Adi prAcAryoM ne padmapurANa Adi zAstroM meM guNoM me jAti mAnakara ukta siddhAMta kA samarthana kiyA hai| Age calakara jaina naiyAyikoM ne bhI jAtivAda ke khaMDana meM aneka tarka upasthita kiye haiN| dUsarI jagaha harikeza nAmaka cAMDAla-kulotpanna jaina bhikSu kA ullekha AtA hai| eka bAra harikeza muni kisI yajJazAlA meM bhikSA mA~gane gaye; vahA~ jAtimada se unmatta rAjapurohita ne unheM bhikSA dene se inkAra kara diyA aura kahA ki yajJa karanevAle jAti aura vidyAyukta brAhmaNa hI dAna ke satpAtra haiN| isa para harikeza ne upadeza diyA ki krodha Adi vAsanAoM ke mana meM rahate hue kevala veda par3ha lene se athavA amuka jAti meM paidA ho hitvA ahaM brAhmaNa dArudAham, ajjhatthaM eva jalayAmi joti / niccagginI niccasamAhitatto, arahaM ahaM brahmacarya carAmi // (saMyuttanikAya, brAhmaNasaMyutta 1,6) artha he brAhmaNa ! lakar3iyA~ jalAne se zuddhi nahIM hotI, yaha kevala bAhya zuddhi hai| maiM bAhya zuddhi ko tyAgakara AdhyAtmika agni jalAtA hU~; merI agni hamezA jalatI rahatI hai, maiM hamezA usameM tapta rahatA hU~, maiM ahaMta hU~, aura maiM brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hU~ ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 1.25-26 " 5.194; 6.209-10; 11.194-204 " dekho prameyakamalamArtaNDa pR0 143

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32 mahAvIra vardhamAna jAne se koI ucca nahIM ho sakatA; jala meM snAnakara ke yajJa Adi meM prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane se antaHkaraNa kI zuddhi nahIM hotii| asalI yajJa hai indriya-nigraha, tapa usa yajJa kI agni hai, jIva agni-sthAna hai, mana, vacana aura kAya-yoga usa kI kar3achI hai, zarIra agni ko pradIpta karanevAlA sAdhana hai, karma IMdhana hai tathA saMyama zAMti-maMtra hai| jitendriya puruSa dharmarUpI jalAzaya meM snAnakara, brahmacaryarUpI zAMti-tIrtha meM nahAkara zAMtiyajJa karate haiM, vahI vAstavika yajJa hai, vahI dharma hai / " buddha ne bhI hiMsAmaya yajJa-yAga Adi kA virodha kiyA thaa| bauddhadharma meM trizaraNa, zikSA, zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA nAmaka yajJa batAye gaye haiM jina meM tela, dahI Adi se homa karanA aura daridroM ko dAna denA batAyA hai| jAtivAda ke saMbaMdha meM yahA~ yaha kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki vedakAla meM jo cAtuvarNya kI racanA kI gaI thI usa kA abhiprAya yathAyogya kArya-vibhAjana se thA, parantu Age calakara jaba yaha vyavasthA janmagata mAnI jAne lagI to mahAvIra aura buddha ko isa kA virodha karanA par3A, mUlataH isa vyavasthA meM doSa nahIM thaa| brAhmaNa aura kSatriyoM ke atirikta mahAvIra ke anuyAyI aneka gRhapati (kRSipradhAna vaizya) tathA kumhAra, luhAra, julAhe, mAlI, kisAna Adi karmakara loga the / mahAvIra ne aneka mleccha, cora, DAkU, macchImAra, vezyA, tathA cAMDAlaputroM ko dIkSA dI thii| svayaM ve nagara ke bAhara luhAra, bar3haI, julAhe, kumhAra Adi kI zAlAoM meM Thaharate the aura unheM dharmopadeza dekara apane dharma kA pracAra karate the / saca pUchA jAya to jainadharma kA mArga saba ke liye khulA thA, vaha dharma janatA kA thA aura usa meM koI bhI Akara dIkSita ho sakatA thA / zAstroM meM kahA hai ki mahAvIra ke samavazaraNa (dharmasabhA) meM kisI bhI jAti kA manuSya Akara 49 uttarAdhyayana 12 5deg dIghanikAya, kUTadanta sutta

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samAnatA-janma se jAti kA virodha 33 dharma-zravaNakara kalyANa-patha kA pathika bana sakatA hai / jina kA loga patita kahakara anAdara karate the, jinheM dharma-zravaNa kA anadhikArI mAnate the, jinheM una ke tathAkathita peze Adi ke kAraNa dharmapAlana kI manAI thI, aise patitoM, pIr3itoM aura zoSitoM ko U~ce uThAkara mahAvIra ne nissandeha jana-samAja kA mahAn kalyANa kiyA thaa| dhanikoM aura samRddhizAliyoM ko mahAvIra kA upadeza thA ki ai sAMsArika manuSyo! kAma-bhogoM se, bhoga-vilAsa se kabhI tRpti nahIM ho sakatI, ataeva apanI AvazyakatAoM ko kama karo, apanI icchAoM para niyaMtraNa rakkho; sonA, cA~dI, gAya, baila, kheta, gAr3I, ghor3A, vastra, khAna-pAna, itara-phulela, alaMkAraAbhUSaNa Adi jo tumhAre ghara aparimita mAtrA meM bhare par3e haiM una kA parimANakara dUsaroM ko ArAma pahu~cAo jisa se anya loga bhI ina vastuoM kA yathAyogya upabhoga kara skeN| mahAvIra ke paMcavratoM meM jo aparigraha vrata hai usa kA yahI artha hai ki jahA~ taka ho apanI AvazyakatAoM para, mithyA vAsanAoM para aMkuza rakkho; ahiMsaka puruSa saMgrahazIla nahIM ho sakatA, usa kA to samasta saMgraha, saba dhana-dhAnya, rupayA-paisA paropakAra ke liye hai / dUsaroM ko bhUkhe marate dekhakara, naMgA dekhakara vaha zAnti se nahIM baiTha sakatA / jisa mahAvIra ke pravacana meM itanI udAratA thI, prANimAtra kA dukha dUra karane kI dRr3ha vRtti thI, usa meM phira jAti-pA~ti kA, choTe-bar3e kA aura dhanavAn-nirdhana kA kyA bheda ho sakatA hai ? jaina zAstroM meM bhIla aura brAhmaNa kI eka kathA AtI hai-bhIla aura brAhmaNa donoM ziva jI ke bhakta the| brAhmaNa patra, puSpa, gUgala, caMdana Adi se ziva jI kI pUjA karatA thA jaba ki bhIla ke pAsa ye saba uttamottama vastue~ nahIM thIM, ataeva vaha nAca gAkara hI bhakti karatA thaa| parantu phira bhI ziva jI bhIla ko adhika cAhate the; brAhmaNa ne isa kA kAraNa pUchA / ziva jI ne 55 upAsakadazA 1

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34 mahAvIra vardhamAna eka dina apanI A~kha phor3a DAlI / brAhmaNa AyA aura yathAvat pUjA, satkAra karake calA gayA / thor3I dera bAda bhIla AyA / usa ne ziva jI kI eka A~kha g2Ayaba dekhakara jhaTa apanI A~kha nikAlakara una ke lagA dI / jaba brAhmaNa ko patA lagA to usa kI samajha meM AyA ki kyoM ziva jI bhIla .ko cAhate haiM / " yaha laukika udAharaNa yadyapi bhakti aura mAna kI utkRSTatA pradarzita karane ke liye diyA gayA hai lekina isa se patA lagatA hai ki jainadharma meM U~ca-nIca tathA nirarthaka bAhyADaMbara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM thA / manuSya apane karma se, apane guNa se aura apanI mehanata se hI ucca pada prApta kara sakatA hai, na koI U~cA hai na koI nIcA, yaha mahAvIra kA alaukika saMdeza thA / 7 striyoM kA ucca sthAna strI ke viSaya meM mahAvIra bahuta udAra the / usa yuga meM striyoM kI bar3I durdazA thii| koI unheM mAyAvI kahatA thA, koI kRtaghna kahatA thA, koI caMcala kahatA thA, koI kAmAgni se dhadhakatI huI agni kahatA thA, aura koI naraka kI khAna batAtA thA / smRtikAroM ne kahA hai ki strI ko kisI bhI avasthA meM svataMtra na rahane denA cAhiye / buddhadeva jaise jIvana ke kalAkAra upadezaka ke sAmane java strI-dIkSA kA prazna AyA to unheM isa viSaya para kAfI vicAra karanA pdd'aa| pahale to unhoMne bhikSuNI ko apane saMgha meM sthAna dene se inkAra kara diyA, parantu apanI mausI mahAprajApati gautamI ke bahuta Agraha karane para unhoM ne use saMgha meM dAkhila kiyA, 53 yadyapi Age calakara 52 'bRhatkalpa bhASya pIThikA pR0 253 culavagga 10.1 53

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striyoM kA ucca sthAna 35 54 buddha ne striyoM ke prati kAfI sammAna kA pradarzana kiyA hai / aisI dazA meM mahAvIra ne caturvidha saMgha meM striyoM ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA thA / prAcIna jaina zAstroM meM saikar3oM mahilAoM ke nAma milate haiM jinhoM ne mahAvIra kI dharmakathA sunakara AtmakalyANa kiyA / candanabAlA, jise kauzAMbI ke seTha ne bAz2Ara se kharIdA thA aura seTha kI strI ne jisa kA sira ustare se muMDavAkara aura pairoM meM ber3iyA~ DAlakara eka ghara meM vandakara diyA thA, mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA aura una ke bhikSuNI saMgha kI adhiSThAtrI thI / 55 isI prakAra rAjImatI ne apane saMyama aura tyAga dvArA jo apane caritra kI ujvalatA kA paricaya diyA hai, vaha kisI bhI puruSa ke liye spRhaNIya hai / saMsAra ke sukhoM kA tyAgakara ariSTanemi ke padacihnoM kA anugamana karanA tathA svacaritra se skhalita hote hue ariSTanemi ke bhrAtA rathanemi ko saMyama meM sthira rakhanA yaha rAjImatI jaisI vIrAMganA kA hI kAma thA / jaina granthoM meM strI-ratna cakravartI ke caudaha ratnoM meM se eka mAnA gayA hai, " tathA yaha kahA gayA hai ki jala, agni, cora-DAkU, duSkAla- janya Adi saMkaTa upasthita hone para sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI cAhiye / celanA rAjagRha ke rAjA zreNika kI rAnI thii| eka bAra mahAvIra ke darzana karake lauTate samaya usa ne rAste meM tapa karate hue eka sAdhu ko dekhA / vaha ghara Akara rAta ko so gaI / saMyogavaza sote sote usa kA hAtha palaMga ke nIce laTaka gayA aura ThaMDha ke mAre sunna ho gayA / rAnI kI jaba A~kha khulI to usa ke zarIra meM asahya vedanA thI / usa ke mu~ha se acAnaka nikala par3A 56 53 55 dekho zrantagaDa 5, 7, 8, nAyAdhammakahA; mUlAcAra 4.196 kalpasUtra 5.135 56 uttarAdhyayana 22 57 5" jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti 3. 67 58 bRhatkalpa bhASya 4.4346

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36 mahAvIra vardhamAna ki aoha ! usa bicAre kA kyA hAla hogA ! rAjA bhI vahIM soyA huA thaa| usa ne jaba ye vAkya sune to use saMdeha huA ki celanA ne kisI parapuruSa ko saMketa sthAna para bulAyA hai aura saMbhavataH aba vaha na A sakegA, isIliye yaha aisA kaha rahI hai| prAtaHkAla zreNika ne apane maMtrI abhayakumAra ko bulAkara samasta aMtaHpura jalA dene kI AjJA dI, aura svayaM apanI zaMkA dUra karane ke liye mahAvIra ke pAsa phuNcaa| vahA~ jAkara zreNika ko mAlUma huA ki celanA pativratA hai| isa para usa ne apanA sira dhuna liyaa| parantu kuzala maMtrI abhayakumAra ne abhI taka aMtaHpura nahIM jalAyA thaa| abhayakumAra ko rAjA zreNika ke isa nindya baratAva para bar3I ghRNA huI, use saMsAra se vairAgya ho AyA, aura usa ne mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM baiThakara dIkSA le lii|" abhayakumAra kI isa dIkSA meM nissandeha eka bar3A bhArI rahasya thA, bar3I vedanA thI, jisa kA artha hai ki strI jAti ke caritra ko kalaMkita karanevAlA, usa ke viSaya meM zaMkAzIla rahanevAlA puruSa cAhe vaha koI bhI ho adhama hai aura usakI cAkarI meM rahanA yogya nhiiN| yadyapi isa saMbaMdha meM yaha bAta na bhUlanA cAhiye ki tatkAlIna vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jaina graMtha strI-nindA se achUte na raha sake, jisa kA eka pradhAna kAraNa thA sAdhuoM ko saMyama meM sthira rakhanA / jo kucha bhI ho apane saMgha meM strI ko mukhya sthAna dekara mahAvIra ne strI jAti kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA thaa| pAli granthoM meM AtA hai ki kozala ke rAjA prasenajit ke ghara jaba kanyA kA janma huA to rAjA bahuta udAsa huA, usa samaya buddha ne use samajhAyA ki he rAjan ! putrI bar3I hokara buddhizAlI aura suzIlA hokara pativratA ho sakatI hai, aura guNavAn putra ko janma dekara saMsAra kA mahAn kalyANa kara sakatI hai, ataeva tU apanI putrI kA acchI taraha pAlana-poSaNa kara / nissandeha mahAvIra aura buddha ne strI jAti ko U~cA uThAkara "" vahI, pIThikA, pR0 57-8 saMyuttanikAya 3,2,6

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Izvara- kartRtva- niSedha --- puruSArtha kA mahattva yaha batAyA thA ki usa meM apAra zakti hai, vaha apanI tIvra zraddhA aura bhAvanA * vega se cAhe jo kara sakatI hai aura sAtha hI vaha apane asIma mAtRprema dvArA puruSa ko preraNA aura zakti pradAnakara samAja kA kalyANa kara sakatI hai / 37 Izvara - kartRtva- niSedha - puruSArtha kA mahattva 8 mahAvIra kA kathana thA ki AtmavikAsa kI sarvocca avasthA kA nAma Izvara hai / jaba manuSya rAga-dveSa se vimukta ho jAtA hai - prarthAt manuSya Izvara bana sakatA hai - to phira use saMsAra kI sRSTi ke prapaMca meM par3ane se kyA lAbha ? tathA yadi Izvara dayAlU hai, sarvajJa hai to phira usa kI sRSTi meM anyAya, aura utpIr3ana kyoM hotA hai ? kyoM saba prANI sukha aura zAMti se nahIM rahate ? ataeva yadi Izvara apanI sRSTi ko, apanI prajA ko sukhI nahIM rakha sakatA to usa se kyA lAbha? phira yahI kyoM na mAnA jAya ki manuSya apane apane karmoM kA phala bhogatA hai, jo jaisA karatA hai, vaisA pAtA hai / Izvara ko karttA mAnane se, use sarvajJa svIkAra karane se hama prArabdhavAdI bana jAte haiM aura kisI vastu para hama svataMtratApUrvaka vicAra nahIM kara sakate / acchA hotA hai to Izvara karatA hai, burA karatA hai to Izvara karatA hai, Adi vicAra manuSya ko puruSArthahIna banAkara janahita se vimukha kara dete haiM / mahAvIra ne ghoSaNA kI thI ki ai manuSyo ! tuma jo cAhe kara sakate ho, jo cAhe bana sakate ho, apane bhAgya ke vidhAtA tumhIM ho, puruSArthapUrvaka, buddhipUrvaka, aMdhazraddhA ko tyAgakara Age bar3he calo, iSTasiddhi avazya hogI / buddha ne eka sthAna para kahA hai ki kisI bAta meM kevala isaliye vizvAsa mata karo ki use maiM kahatA hU~ yA bahuta se loga use mAnate cale Aye haiM, isaliye vizvAsa mata karo ki vaha tumhAre AcAryoM kI kahI huI bAta hai yA tumhAre dharmagranthoM meM likhI huI hai, balki

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38 mahAvIra vardhamAna pratyeka bAta ko apane vyaktigata anubhava kI kasauTI para jA~co; yadi tumheM vaha apane tathA auroM ke liye hitakara jAna par3e to use mAna lo, na jAnapar3e to chor3a do / " kitanA sundara upadeza hai ! 1 8 mahAvIra kA dharma - zrAtmadamana kI pradhAnatA mahAvIra kA sIdhA-sAdA upadeza thA ki Atmadamana karo, apane Apa ko pahacAno aura sva-para-kalyANa karane ke liye tapa aura tyAgamaya jIvana bitA / ' kisI jIva ko na satAo, jhUTha mata bolo - jo eka bAra kaha do use pUrA karo, corI mata karo - AvazyakatA se adhika vastu para apanA adhikAra mata rakkho, parastrI ko mA~-bahana samajho, tathA saMpatti kA yathAyogya ba~TavArA hone ke liye dhana ko baTorakara mata rakkho' saMkSepa meM yahI paMca pApa-nivRtti kA upadeza thA jo hara kisI kI samajha meM A sakatA hai / 'karmamala ke kAraNa, sAMsArika vAsanAoM ke kAraNa manuSya kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA, pramAda ke kAraNa vAsanAoM ke saMskAra prA prAkara jamA hote jAte haiM, una kA rokanA Avazyaka hai jo viveka se hI saMbhava hai / jaba manuSya ko yaha viveka ho jAtA hai, use sva aura para kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura vaha kalyANa kA sAkSAtkArakara kalyANapatha kA pathika banatA hai', yahI mahAvIra ke sapta tattvoM kA rahasya hai / jainadharma ke anusAra AtmavikAsa kI caudaha zreNiyA~ haiM, jinheM guNasthAna kahate haiM / jisa samaya manuSya uccatama zreNI para pahu~ca jAtA hai usa samaya use kucha karanA bAqI nahIM raha jAtA, vaha kRtakRtya ho jAtA hai, usa kI saba gutthiyA~ sulajha jAtI haiM, graMthiyA~ saba jAtI haiM aura vaha AtmAnubhava kI, Ananda kI carama avasthA hotI TUTa 61 aMguttaranikAya 1, kAlAmasutta

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anekAMtavAda 36 hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ne Atma-vikAsa, Atma-anuzAsana aura Atma-vijaya para hI jora diyA hai| vAstava meM kalyANa-mArga ko bhale prakAra samajha lenA hI kevalitva yA sarvajJatva hai, yahI Atma-jJAna kI prakarSatA hai aura isI ko tattvajJAna kahate haiN| jahA~-tahA~ mahAvIra kA yahI upadeza hotA thA ki dUsaroM ko kaSTa mata do, dUsaroM ke dukha meM apanA dukha samajho, isI meM saba kA kalyANa hai, isI meM mokSa hai, usa ke liye na Izvara kI AvazyakatA hai, na kisI bAhyADaMbara kI AvazyakatA hai, AvazyakatA hai Atmazuddhi kI jo tumhAre hAtha meM hai, ataeva apane Apa ko pahacAno aura apane AcaraNa dvArA dUsaroM kA kalyANa kro| 1. anekAMtavAda anekAMta ahiMsA kA hI vyApaka rUpa hai| rAga-dveSajanya saMskAroM ke vazIbhUta na hokara dUsare ke dRSTibindu ko ThIka ThIka samajhane kA nAma anekAMta hai ; isa se manuSya meM tathya ko hRdayaMgama karane kI vRtti kA udaya hotA hai jisa se satya ke samajhane meM sugamatA hotI hai / anekAMtavAda ke anusAra kisI bhI mata yA siddhAMta ko pUrNarUpa se satya nahIM mAna sakate / pratyeka mata apanI apanI paristhitiyoM aura samasyAoM ko lekara udbhUta huA hai, ataeva pratyeka mata meM apane-apane DhaMga kI vizeSatAyeM haiN| anekAntavAdI una saba kA samanvayakara usa meM se janopayogI mArga nikAlakara Age bar3hatA hai| anekAMtavAda ke anusAra pratyeka siddhAMta meM kisI na kisI dRSTi se sacAI hai / jaba taka manuSya apane hI dharma yA siddhAnta ko ThIka samajhatA rahatA hai, apanI hI bAta ko parama satya mAnA karatA hai, usa meM dUsare ke dRSTibindu ko samajhane kI vizAlatA nahIM A pAtI aura vaha kUpa-maNDUka banA rahatA hai / upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI ne kahA hai ki saccA anekAMtI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM karatA, vaha samasta darzanoM ke prati

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mahAvIra vardhamAna isa prakAra samabhAva rakhatA hai jaise pitA apane putroM ke prati / vAstava meM anekAMtavAda--mAnasika zuddhi-hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai, yahI dharma hai; ise prApta kara lene para zAstroM ke eka pada kA jJAna prApta kara lenA bhI paryApta hai anyathA karor3oM zAstra par3ha jAne se bhI koI lAbha nahIM / 2 vAstava meM dekhA jAya to upazama vRtti hI mahAvIra ke zrAmaNya-dharma kI bhitti rahI hai, isI bhAvanA ko abhivyakta karane ke liye unhoM ne ahiMsA arthAt tapa aura tyAga, tathA anekAMta arthAt mAnasika zuddhi para jora diyA hai| una kA kahanA thA ki satya ApekSika hai, vastu kA pUrNarUpa se trikAlAbAdhita darzana honA kaThina hai, usa meM deza, kAla, paristhiti Adi kA bheda honA anivArya hai, ataeva hameM vyartha ke vAda-vivAdoM meM na par3akara ahiMsA aura tyAgamaya jIvana bitAnA cAhiye, yahI paramArtha hai / anekAMta hameM abhiniveza se, Agraha se mukta karatA hai ; aAgrahI puruSa kI yukti usa kI buddhi kA anugamana karatI hai jaba ki niSpakSa puruSa kI--anekAMtI kI-buddhi usa kI yukti ke pIche pIche daur3atI hai / 65 saca pUchA jAya to anekAMta kA mAnanevAlA rAga, dveSarUpa AtmA ke vikAroM para vijaya prApta karane kA satata prayatna karatA rahatA hai, dUsare ke siddhAMtoM ko vaha Adara kI dRSTi se, judA judA pahaluoM se dekhatA hai aura vizAla bhAva se virodhoM kA samanvayakara kalyANa kA mArga khoja nikAlatA hai| anekAMta vastutattva ko samajhane kI eka dRSTi kA nAma hai, ataeva use avyavahArya tarkavAda kA rUpa dekara jJAna kA dvAra banda kara denA ThIka nhiiN| 62 adhyAtmopaniSad 61,71 63 prAgrahI bata ninISati yukti tatra, yatra matirasya nivissttaa| pakSapAtarahitasya tu yuktiyaMtra, tatra matireti nivezam // (haribhadra)

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sAdhuoM ke kaSTa aura unakA tyAga 41 11 caturvidha saMgha ko yojanA-sAdhuoM ke kaSTa aura unakA tyAga apane siddhAMtoM kA pracAra karane ke liye, unheM jana-samAja taka pahu~cAne ke liye mahAvIra ne sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA isa prakAra caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kI thii| itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM aneka prakAra ke saMgha tathA gaNa maujUda the| jaina tathA bauddha granthoM meM aThAraha zreNiyoM kA z2ikara AtA hai, jina meM sunAra, citere, dhobI Adi pezevara zAmila the| ye zreNiyA~ pezoM ko lekara banI thIM, jAti ko nahIM / Ajakala kI yUniyana yA esosiezana kI taraha ye zreNiyA~ hotI thIM aura rAjA taka inakI pahu~ca hotI thii| yadi ina ke kisI sadasya ke sAtha koI durvyavahAra yA anyAya hotA thA to ye loga rAjA ke pAsa jAkara nyAya kI mA~ga karate the| isI prakAra vyApAriyoM kI esosiezana hotI thiiN| ye vyApArI loga vividha prakAra kA mAla lekara sArthavAha ke netRtva meM bar3e bar3e bhayAnaka jaMgala Adi pAra karate the| sArthavAha dhanurvidyA, zAsana, vyavasthA Adi meM kuzala hotA thA tathA rAjA kI anumatipUrvaka sArtha (kAravA~) ko lekara calatA thA / vyApAriyoM ke Thaharane, bhojana, auSadhi Adi kA prabaMdha sArthavAha hI karatA thaa| isake atirikta prAkRta granthoM meM malla gaNa, hastipAla gaNa, sArasvata gaNa Adi gaNoM kA ullekha AtA hai / malla gaNa ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki ina logoM meM paraspara bahuta aikya thA, tathA jaba koI unake gaNa kA anAtha puruSa mara jAtA thA to ye loga milakara usa kI antyeSTi kriyA karate the, tathA eka dUsare kI madada karate the|" malla kSatriyoM meM jaina tathA bauddhadharma kA bahuta pracAra thaa| ina ke bagauchiyA * sUtrakRtAMga cUNi, pR0 28

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42 mahAvIra vardhamAna gotra tathA majhaulI rAjavaMza kA ullekha kalpasUtra meM krama se vagghAvacca gutta (vyAghrApatya gotra) aura majjhimillA zAkhA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahAvIra aura buddha ne apane apane zramaNa saMgha kI sthApanA kI thii| ye zramaNa loga maThoM yA upAzrayoM meM rahate the, saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM calate the, eka AcArya ke netRtva meM rahate the aura saba eka jaise niyamoM kA pAlana karate the| jaina tathA bauddha zramaNa eka varSa meM varSA Rtu meM cAra mahIne eka sthAna para rahate the, bAqI ATha mahIne janapada-vihAra karate the| janapada-vihAra ke samaya batAyA hai ki sAdhu ko bhinna-bhinna dezoM kI bhASA tathA rIti-rivAjoM kA jJAna honA cAhiye / pAli granthoM meM kahA hai ki bodhi prApta karane ke pazcAt buddha ne apane bhikSutroM se kahA thA, "he bhikSupro ! tuma loga bahujana-hita ke liye, bahujana-sukha ke liye cAroM dizAoM meM jAo, tathA prAraMbha, madhya aura aMta meM kalyANaprada mere dharma kA saba logoM ko upadeza do; eka sAtha eka dizA meM do mata jaano|'67 ___ Aja se ar3hAI haz2Ara barasa ke pUrva ke avaijJAnika yuga meM zramaNoM ko kyA kyA kaSTa sahana karane par3ate the, Aja isa kI kalpanA karanA bhI kaThina hai| saba se prathama unheM paryaTana kA hI mahAn kaSTa thA / na usa samaya sar3akeM thIM, na rel-mottrgaadd'ii| mArga meM bar3e bar3e bhayAnaka jaMgala par3ate the jo hiMsra jantuoM se paripUrNa the| kahIM bar3e-bar3e parvatoM ko lA~ghanA par3atA thA, kahIM nadiyoM ko pAra karanA par3atA thA, aura kahIM registAna meM hokara jAnA hathuprA aura tamakuhI ke bagauchiyA Ajakala bhUmihAra brAhmaNa kahe jAte haiM, tathA majhaulI ke rAjA sAhaba aAjakala bisena-rAjapUta kahe jAte haiM; ye eka hI malla kSatriyoM ke vaMzadhara hai (rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, purAtattva nibaMdhAvali, pR0 257) dekho bahatkalpa bhASya, 1.1226-40 " mahAvagga, mahAskaMdhaka

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sAdhuoM ke kaSTa aura unakA tyAga par3atA thaa| kahIM jhAr3a, kahIM jhAr3iyA~, kahIM kA~Te, kahIM patthara, kahIM gaDDhe aura kahIM khAiyA~ isa prakAra usa samaya ke mArga nAnA saMkaToM se AkIrNa the| sAdhu loga prAyaH kAfaloM ke sAtha yAtrA karate the|68 cora-DAkuoM ke upadrava to usa samaya sarvasAdhAraNa the| usa z2amAne meM coroM ke gA~va ke gA~va basate the jinheM corapalli kahA jAtA thaa| ina coroM kA eka netA hotA thA aura saba cora usa ke netRtva meM rahate the| ye cora sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko bahuta kaSTa dete the| rAjyopadrava-janya sAdhuoM ke liye dUsarA mahAn saMkaTa thaa| rAjA ke mara jAne para deza meM jaba arAjakatA phaila jAtI thI to sAdhuoM ko mahAn kaSTa hotA thaa| usa samaya AsapAsa deza ke rAjA nRpavihIna rAjya para AkramaNa kara dete the aura donoM senAoM meM ghora yuddha hotA thaa| aise samaya prAyaH sAdhu loga guptacara samajha pakar3a liye jAte the| kabhI vidharmI rAjA hone se jaina sAdhuoM ko bahuta kaSTa sahanA par3atA thaa| jaba rAjA ina sAdhuoM ko vinaya Adi pradarzana karane kA Adeza detA to ve bar3e saMkaTa meM par3a jAte the| kabhI to unheM bauddha, kApAlika Adi sAdhuoM kA veSa banAkara bhAganA par3atA thA, jaise-taise anna para nirvAha karanA par3atA thA, tathA palAzavana aura kamala Adi ke tAlAba meM chipakara apanI prANa-rakSA karanI par3atI thii| vasatijanya sAdhuoM ko dUsarA kaSTa thaa| vasati-upAzraya meM sarpa, bicchu, macchara, cIMTI, kuttoM Adi kA upadrava thaa| usa ke AsapAsa striyAM apanA bhrUNa DAlakara calI jAtI thIM, cora corI kA mAla rakhakara bhAga jAte the, tathA kucha loga vahA~ AtmaghAta kara lete the, isa se sAdhuoM ko bahuta satarka rahanA par3atA thA aura "bRhatkalpa bhASya, pR0 856-880 6. vahI, pR0 848-856 7deg vahI, pR0 778-787 "nizItha cUNi, pR0 367

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44 mahAvIra vardhamAna aksara unheM apane upAzraya kA paharA denA par3atA thaa| yogya vasati ke abhAva meM sAdhuoM ko vRkSa ke nIce ThaharanA par3atA thA / bImAra ho jAne para sAdhuoM ko aura bhI takalIfa hotI thii| rogI ko vaidya ke ghara le jAnA hotA thA, athavA vaidya ko apane upAzraya meM bulAkara lAnA par3atA thaa| aisI hAlata meM usa ke snAna-bhojana Adi kA, tathA AvazyakatA hone para usa kI fIsa kA prabaMdha karanA hotA thaa| duSkAla kI bhayaMkaratA aura bhI mahAn thii| pATaliputra kA durbhikSa jaina itihAsa meM cirasmaraNIya rahegA jaba ki jaina sAdhuoM ko yathocita bhikSA Adi ke abhAva meM anyatra jAkara rahanA par3A, jisa ke phalasvarUpa jaina Agama prAyaH naSTa-bhraSTa ho gye| aise saMkaTa ke samaya sAdhunoM ko bhikSA-prApti ke liye vividha upAyoM kA avalaMbana lenA par3atA thA," tathA nirdoSa AhAra ke abhAva meM unheM kaccepakke tAla phala Adi para nirvAha karanA par3atA thaa| sAdhviyoM kI kaThinAiyA~ sAdhuoM se bhI mahAn thIM, aura unheM bar3e dAruNa kaSToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thaa| yuvatI sAdhviyA~ tIna, pA~ca, yA sAta kI saMkhyA meM eka dUsare kI rakSA karatI huI vRddhA sAdhviyoM meM aMtarhita hokara bhikSA ke liye jAtI thIM, aura ve apane zarIra ko kele ke vRkSa ke samAna vastra se DhA~kakara bAhara nikalatI thiiN| __ isa meM saMdeha nahIM bhikSu-bhikSuNIsaMgha kI sthApanAkara sacamuca mahAvIra ne jana-samAja kA mahAn hita kiyA thaa| ye bhikSu Arya-anArya dezoM 72 bRhatkalpa bhASya 3.4747-6 vahI, 1.1600-72 74 vahI, 4.4655-58 vahI, 1.806-62 mUlAcAra 4.164 "bRhatkalpa bhASya 3.4106 ityAdi; 1.2443

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sAdhuoM ke kaSTa aura unakA tyAga 45 meM dUra-dUra paribhramaNakara zramaNadharma kA pracAra karate the aura samAja meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA phailAte the / bhojana-pAna kI ina kI vyavasthA zrAvaka aura zrAvikA karate the| mahAvIra ne buddha ke samAna apane bhikSuoM ko madhyamamArga kA upadeza nahIM diyA thaa| mahAvIra bAra-bAra yahI upadeza dete the ki he AyuSmAn zramaNo! indriya-nigraha karo, sote, uThate, baiThate sadA jAgarUka raho aura eka kSaNa bhara bhI pramAda na karo; na jAne kaba kauna sA pralobhana Akara tumheM lakSyacyuta kara de, ataeva jaise apane prApta ko Apatti se bacAne ke liye kachuA apane aMga-pratyaMgoM ko apanI khopar3I meM chipA letA hai, usI prakAra apane mana para kAbU rakkho aura apanI caMcala manovRttiyoM ko idhara-udhara jAne se roko / bhikSu loga mahAvratoM kA pAlana karate the, ve apane liye banAyA huA bhojana nahIM lete the, nimaMtrita hokara bhojana nahIM karate the, rAtri-bhojana nahIM karate the, yaha saba isaliye jisa se dUsaroM ko kiMcinmAtra bhI kleza na pahu~ce / saMnyAsiyoM ke samAna kandamUla phala kA bhakSaNa tyAgakara bhikSAvRtti para nirvAha karane kA artha bhI yahI thA ki jisa se zramaNa loga jana-sAdhAraNa ke adhika saMparka meM A sakeM aura jana-samAja kA hita kara skeN| yaha dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki jaina bhikSu ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, kSatriya, ikSvAku, harivaMza nAmaka kSatriya kuloM meM tathA vaizya, gvAle, nAI, bar3haI, julAhe Adi ke kuloM meM hI bhikSA grahaNa kara sakate the, rAjakuloM meM bhikSA lene kI unheM sakhta manAI thI, isa se jaina zramaNoM kI janasAdhAraNa taka pahu~cane kI anupama sAdha kA paricaya prAcArAMga 6.2.181, 6.3.182 7. rAtri meM bhikSA mAMgane jAte samaya bauddha bhikSu a~dhere meM gira par3ate the, striyA~ unheM dekhakara Dara jAtI thIM, Adi kAraNoM se buddha ne rAtribhojana ko manAI kI thI (majjhimanikAya, lakuTikopama sutta) ___"prAcArAMga 2, 1.2.234; 1.3.244

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mahAvIra vardhamAna milatA hai / ina bhikSuoM ne nissandeha mahAn tyAga kiyA thaa| pAda aura jaMghA jina ke sUkha gaye haiM, peTa kamara se laga gayA hai, haDDI-pasalI nikala AI haiM, kamara kI haDDiyA~ rudrAkSa kI mAlA kI nAIM eka eka karake ginI jA sakatI haiM, chAtI gaMgA kI taraMgoM ke samAna mAlUma hotI hai, bhujAyeM sUkhe hue soM ke samAna laTaka gaI hai, sira kA~pa rahA hai, vadana murajhAyA huA hai, A~kheM aMdara ko gar3a gaI haiM, bar3I kaThinatA se calA jAtA hai, baiThakara uThA nahIM jAtA, bolane ke liye z2abAna nahIM khulatI, jina ke raudrarUpa ko dekhakara striyA~ cIkha mArakara bhAga jAtI hai ! kitanA romAMcakArI dRzya hai ! bauddha bhikSuoM ke liye kahA gayA hai ki prAsana mArakara baiThe hue bhikSu ke Upara pAnI barasakara yadi usa ke ghuTanoM taka A jAya to bhI ve apane dhyAna se calAyamAna nahIM hote,2 rUkhA-sUkhA bhojana khAkara ve saMtuSTa rahate haiM ; 3 cAra-pA~ca kaura khAne ke bAda yadi unheM kucha na mile to ve pAnI pIkara hI saMtoSa kara lete haiM / eka bAra koI bauddha bhikSu bhikSA ke liye gA~va meM gyaa| vahA~ eka kor3hI ne use kucha cAvala lAkara diye; cAvala ke sAtha kor3hI kI u~galI bhI kaTakara bhikSApAtra meM gira par3I, parantu isa se bhikSu ke mana meM tanika bhI glAni utpanna nahIM huii| yaha kucha mAmUlI tyAga nahIM thA ! loka-kalyANa ke liye apane Apa ko utsarga kara dene kA itanA ucca Adarza bahuta durlabha hai ! nissandeha apane tapa aura tyAga dvArA Atmotsarga kara dene kI tIvra lagana jaba taka na ho taba taka hama kisI kArya meM saphala nahIM ho skte| naI samAja kI racanA karanevAle tapasvI mahAvIra ne apane jIvana dvArA hameM yahI zikSA dI thii| "anuttaropapAtikadazA pR0 66 82 theragAthA 985 " vahI, 982-3 83 vahI, 580 vahI, 1054-6

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ahiMsA kA vyApaka rUpa-jagatkalyANa kI kasauTI 47 12 ahiMsA kA vyApaka rUpa jagatkalyANa kI kasauTI Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki saba jIva jInA cAhate haiM, saba ko sukha priya hai, ataeva ahiMsA ko parama dharma mAnA gayA hai / parantu yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yadi kevala jIvavadha ko hI hiMsA kahA jAya to phira zvAsa lene meM aura calane-phirane meM bhI hiMsA hotI hai, ataeva ahiMsaka puruSa kA jInA hI kaThina ho jaaygaa| aise samaya zAstrakAroM ne kahA hai ki koI jIva mare yA na mare, parantu yadi manuSya jIvarakSA kA ThIka ThIka prayatna nahIM karatA hai to vaha hiMsaka hai, aura yadi vaha jIvarakSA kA ThIka ThIka prayatna karatA hai to vaha hiMsaka nahIM hai| isa kA artha yaha huA ki jIvana nirvAha ke liye jo kriyAyeM anivArya hoM una ke dvArA yadi jIvavadha ho to use hiMsA nahIM mAnanA cAhiye / isI ko jaina zAstroM meM prAraMbhI hiMsA ke nAma se kahA gayA hai| parantu isa se bhI hiMsA-ahiMsA kI jaTilatA hala nahIM hotii| jIvana-nirvAha ke liye hama nAnA prakAra ke udyoga-dhaMdhe karate haiM, bImArI Adi kA ilAja karate haiM, athavA anyAyI, atyAcArI, cora, DAkU tathA zera Adi jaMgalI pazuoM ke aAkramaNa se apanI rakSA karanA cAhate haiM, aise samaya hameM jIvita rahane ke liye apanI rakSA karanI par3atI hai, jisa meM dUsaroM kI hiMsA anivArya hai / ina hiMsAoM ko jaina zAstroM meM krama se udyogI aura virodhI hiMsA ke nAma se kahA gayA hai| aisI hAlata meM hameM ahiMsA kI dUsarI vyAkhyA banAnI par3atI hai ki loka-kalyANa ke liye, 'adhika 86 maradu va jiyaduva jIvo prayadAcArassa NicchidA hisaa| payadassa patthi baMdho hiMsAmetteNa samidassa // (pravacanasAra 3.17)

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48 mahAvIra vardhamAna tama prANiyoM ke adhikatama sukha' kI bhAvanA ko lekara jo kArya kiyA jAya vaha ahiMsA hai, bAqI hiMsA hai / chedasUtroM meM 'alpatara saMyama ko tyAgakara bahutara saMyama grahaNa karane kA Adeza dete hue kahA gayA hai ki kabhI kabhI aise viSama prasaMga upasthita hote haiM ki saMyama-pAlana kI apekSA AtmarakSA pradhAna ho jAtI hai, kyoMki jIvita rahane para mumukSu janoM ke prAyazcitta dvArA Atma-saMzodhanakara adhika saMyama kA pAlana kara sakane kI saMbhAvanA hai / yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna kAla meM viSama paristhiti upasthita hone para apane saMgha kI rakSA karane ke liye jaina sAdhutroM ko utsarga mArga chor3akara aneka bAra apavAda mArga kA avalambana lenA par3atA thA jisa kI vistRta carcA cheda granthoM meM AtI hai| kAlakAcArya kI kathA jaina granthoM meM bahuta prasiddha hai--eka bAra una kI sAdhvI bhaginI ko pakar3akara ujjayinI ke rAjA gardabhilla ne apane aMtaHpura meM rakhavA diyaa| kAlakAcArya ise kaise sahana kara sakate the, yaha saMgha kA bar3A bhArI apamAna thA ! pahale to unhoM ne gardabhilla ko bahuta samajhAyAbujhAyA, parantu jaba vaha nahIM mAnA to kAlakAcArya IrAna (pArasa) pahu~ce aura vahA~ se chiyAnaveM zAhoM ko lAkara gardabhilla para car3hAI kara dii| tatpazcAt unhoM ne zAhoM ko ujjayinI ke takhta para baiThAkara apanI bhaginI ko punaH dharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| isa kathAnaka ke jo citra upalabdha hue haiM una meM svayaM kAlaka AcArya apane sAdhu ke upakaraNa liye hue azvArUr3ha hokara zatru para bANa chor3ate hue dikhAye gaye haiN| zramaNa-saMghoddhAraka 8 savvattha saMjamaM saMjamAno appANameva rkkhNto| muccati prativAyAno puNo visohI Na tA viratI // tumaM jIvaMto eyaM pacchitteNa visohehisi aNNaM ca saMjamaM kAhisi (nizIya cUNi pIThikA, pR0 138) "vahI, 10, pR0 571

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ahiMsA kA vyApaka rUpa-jagatkalyANa kI kasauTI 46 viSNukumAra muni kI kathA digambara aura zvetAMbara donoM granthoM meM AtI hai| varSA Rtu meM sAdhu ko vihAra karanA niSiddha hai, parantu jaba viSNukumAra muni ko jJAta huA ki namuci nAmaka brAhmaNa rAjA hastinApura meM jaina zramaNoM ko mahAn kaSTa pahu~cA rahA hai to ve varSAkAla kI paravA na karake apanA dhyAna bhaMgakara hastinApura Aye aura namuci se tIna paira sthAna mA~gakara use samucita daNDa dekara zramaNa-saMgha kI rakSA kii| bahuta bAra rAjA loga zramaNoM ke dharma se dveSa karanevAle hote the aura isaliye ve unheM bahuta parezAna karate the| aisI asAdhAraNa paristhiti upasthita hone para kahA gayA hai ki jaise cANakya ne nandoM kA nAza kiyA, usI prakAra pravacanapradviSTa rAjA kA nAzakara saMgha aura gaNa kI rakSAkara puNyopArjana karanA caahiye| aneka bAra jaba zramaNiyA~ bhikSA ke liye paryaTana karatI thIM to nagarI ke taruNa jana una kA pIchA karate the aura una ke sAtha ha~sI-maz2Aqa karate the| aise prApaddharma ke avasara para batAyA hai ki astra-zastra meM kuzala taruNa sAdhu zramaNI ke veSa meM jAkara uddaNDa logoM ko amuka samaya amuka sthAna para milane kA saMketa dekara unheM samucita daNDa de / sukumAliyA sAdhvI kI kathA jaina graMthoM meM AtI hai-vaha atyanta rUpavatI thI, ataeva jaba vaha bhikSA ke liye jAtI to taruNa loga usa kA pIchA karate aura kabhI kabhI to upAzraya meM bhI ghusa jAte the| prAcArya ko jaba yaha mAlUma huA to unhoMne sukumAliyA ke sAdhu bhrAtAoM ko usa kI rakSA ke liye niyukta kiyaa| donoM bhAI rAjaputra hone ke kAraNa sahastra-yodhI the, ataeva jo koI una kI bahana se cher3a-chAr3a karatA use ve ucita daNDa dete the| "bRhatkalpa bhASya 3, pR0 880; vyavahAra bhASya 7, pR0 94-5; 1, 10 77 " bRhatkalpa bhASya 2, pR0 608 "vahI, 5, pR0 1367-8

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50 mahAvIra vardhamAna ____ yadyapi ukta udAharaNa apavAda avasthA ke haiM, parantu ye isa bAta ke dyotaka haiM ki jaina bhikSu ApatkAla Ane para AtatAyI janoM ko ucita daNDa dene ke liye jo bAdhya hue usa kA kAraNa thA ekamAtra lokahita-zramaNasaMgha kI rkssaa| Age calakara arvAcIna jaina granthoM meM jo hiMsA ke saMkalpI, prAraMbhI, udyogI aura virodhI isa prakAra cAra bheda batAkara gRhastha ko saMkalpI arthAt irAdepUrvaka, jAna bUjhakara kI huI hiMsA ko chor3akara bAqI tIna hiMsAyeM karane kI jo chUTa dI gaI hai vaha bhI yahI ghoSita karatA hai ki jagat kA kalyANa hI ahiMsA kI ekamAtra kasauTI hai| vAstava meM ahiMsA, satya Adi guNa jaba taka sAmUhika rUpa na dhAraNa kara leM taba taka unakA janahita kI dRSTi se koI mUlya nhiiN| jainadharma ne ahiMsA ke pAlana karane meM koI aisI zarta nahIM lagAI jisa se kisI rAjA yA kSatriya ko prajA kA pAlana karate samaya apane rAjakIya karttavya se cyuta honA pdd'e| isake viparIta jaina zAstroM meM zreNika, kUNika ajAtazatru, ceTaka, saMprati, khAravela, kumArapAla Adi aneka rAjAoM ke udAharaNa milate haiM jinhoM ne prajA kI rakSArtha zatru se yuddha kiyaa| bharata Adi cakravartI rAjAoM kI digvijayoM ke vistRta varNana bhI isa ke dyotaka haiN| ataeva mAnanA hogA ki jisa ahiMsA meM lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA hai, janasamAja kA hita hai usI ko ahiMsA mAnanI cAhiye / jaina graMthoM meM eka rAjA kI kathA AtI hai-- kisI rAjA ke tIna putra the| vaha una meM se eka ko rAjagaddI para baiThAnA cAhatA thA, parantu nizcaya na kara pAtA thA ki kisa ko baiThAnA cAhiye / eka dina rAjA ne tInoM rAjakumAroM kI thAliyoM meM khIra parosI aura vyAghra-samAna bhayaMkara kuttoM ko una para chor3a diyaa| pahalA rAjakumAra kuttoM ke bhaya se apanI thAlI chor3akara bhAga gayA, dUsare ne DaMDe se kuttoM ko mAra bhagAyA aura svayaM khIra khAtA rahA, tIsare rAjakumAra ne svayaM bhI khIra khAI aura kuttoM ko bhI khAne diyaa| rAjA tIsare rAjakumAra se

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jainadharma lokadharma bahuta prasanna huA aura use rAjagaddI para baiThA diyaa| isa dRSTAMta se patA lagatA hai ki ahiMsA meM lokahita kI tIvra bhAvanA thii| 13 jainadharma-lokadharma pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki mahAvIra kA dharma kisI vyakti-vizeSa ke liye nahIM thA, vaha janasAdhAraNa ke liye thaa| jaina zAstroM meM kahA hai ki kevalajJAna hone ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara banane ke liye jagat ko upadeza dekara jagat kA kalyANa karanA paramAvazyaka hai, anyathA tIrthaMkara, tIrthaMkara nahIM kahA jA sakatA / zramaNasaMgha kA to kAma hI yaha thA ki ve janapadavihAra kareM, deza-dezAMtara paribhramaNa kareM, aura apane Adarza jIvana dvArA, apane sadupadezoM dvArA prajA kA kalyANa kreN| saMskRta bhASA ko tyAgakara lokabhASA-mAgadhI athavA ardhamAgadhI (jo magadha-bihAra prAnta kI bhASA thI) meM mahAvIra ne jo upadeza diyA thA usa kA uddezya yahI thA ki ve apanI AvAz2a ko bAla-vRddha, strI tathA anapar3ha logoM taka pahu~cAnA cAhate the| usa yuga meM samAcAra-patra, reDiyo Adi na hone para bhI mahAvIra aura buddha ke upadeza itanI jaldI lokapriya ho gaye the, isa se mAlUma hotA hai ki ina saMta puruSoM ke sIdhe-sAde vacanoM ne janatA ke hRdaya para adbhuta prabhAva DAlA thaa| Age calakara bhI jaina zramaNoM ne apane dharma ko loka 2 vyavahAra bhASya 4, pR0 38 93 tulanA karo bujjhAhi bhagavaM loganAhA ! sayalajagajjIvahiyaM pavattehi dhammatityaM / hiyasuyanisseyasakaraM savvaloe savvajIvANaM bhavissai ti // (kalpasUtra 5.111)

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52 mahAvIra vardhamAna dharma banAne ke liye pUrNa prayatna kiyA jisa ke phalasvarUpa usa samaya meM pracalita indra, skanda, nAga, bhUta, yakSa Adi devatAoM kI pUjA bhI jainadharma meM zAmila ho gaI," aura jaina upAsaka-upAsikAyeM laukika devI-devatAoM kI arcanAkara apane ko dhanya samajhane lge| jaina graMthoM meM AcArya kAlaka kI eka dUsarI kathA AtI hai-eka bAra kAlaka AcArya paiTTAna (paiThana) nagara meM pahuMce aura unhoM ne bhAdrapada sudI paMcamI ke dina paryuSaNa manAye jAne kI ghoSaNA kii| parantu isa dina indramaha kA utsava manAyA jAnevAlA thA, ataeva kAlakAcArya ne saba ke kahane para pardUSaNa kI tithi badalakara paMcamI se. caturthI kara dI / isa aitihAsika ghaTanA se mAlUma hotA hai ki lokadharma ko sAtha lekara Age bar3hane kI bhAvanA jaina zramaNoM meM kitanI adhika thI ! mathurA ke jaina stUpoM meM jo nAga, yakSa, gaMdharva, vRkSacaitya, kinnara Adi ke khude hue citra upalabdha hue haiM usa se patA lagatA hai ki jaina kalA meM bhI lokadharma kA praveza huA thaa| isI prakAra vidyA maMtra Adi ke prayogoM kA jaina zramaNoM ke liye niSedha hone para bhI ve lokadharma nibAhane ke liye ina kA sarvathA tyAga nahIM kara sake / jaina graMthoM meM bhadrabAhU, kAlaka, khapuTa, pAdalipta, vajrasvAmI, pUjyapAda Adi aneka AcAryoM kA ullekha AtA hai jo vidyA-maMtra Adi meM kuzala the aura jinhoM ne avasara Ane para vidyA Adi ke prayogoM dvArA jainasaMgha kI rakSA kI thii| jaina zAstroM meM aneka vidyAdhara aura vidyAdhariyoM kA kathana AtA hai jo jainadharma ke parama upAsaka the| isa ke atirikta usa z2amAne meM jo balikarma (kauoM Adi ko apane bhojana meM se nityaprati kucha dAna karanA), kautuka, maMgala, prAyazcitta Adi ke laukika rivAja pracalita the, una ko bhI jaina " nizItha cUNi (16, pR0 1174) meM indra, skanda, yakSa aura bhUtamaha ye cAra mahAn utsava batAye gaye haiM vahI, 10, pR0 632 ityAdi

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jainadharma--lokadharma upAsakoM ne apanAyA thaa| mRtaka kI antyeSTi kriyA karate samaya kahA gayA hai ki jaina sAdhuoM ko sarvaprathama naiRta dizA pasaMda karanI cAhiye, aura tRNa bichAkara kezara kA putalA banAnA cAhiye ; zubha nakSatra meM mRtaka ko nikAlanA cAhiye; vihAra karate samaya sAdhu ko tithi, karaNa, nakSatra Adi kA vicAra karake yAtrA prAraMbha karanI cAhiye, isa prakAra kI laukika vidhi na pAlane se jaina zramaNoM ko. upahAsa-pAtra honA par3atA thA / jaina gRhastha bhI yAtrA Adi zubha kAryoM ke prAraMbha meM tithi, nakSatra Adi kA dhyAna rakhate the, gRhadevatA kI pUjA (bali) karate the, dhUpa Adi jalAte the aura samudra-vAyu kI pUjA karate the| isa se yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne lokadharma ko apanAkara usa meM apane ahiMsA, tapa, tyAga Adi ke siddhAMtoM kA samAvezakara jainadharma ko Age bddh'aayaa| bauddha bhikSa bhI vighna, roga Adi kA nAza karane ke liye tathA sarpa-viSa nivAraNa ke liye paritrANa-dezanA Adi kA pATha karate the aura maMgalasUtra par3hate the / 00 vAstava meM dekhA jAya to mahAvIra aura buddhakAla meM sAmpradAyikatA kA jora nahIM thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba buddha, mahAvIra yA anya koI sAdhu-saMta kisI nagarI meM padhArate the to nagarI ke saba loga una ke darzana ke liye jAte the aura una kA dharma zravaNakara apane ko kRtakRtya mAnate the| parantu samaya bItane para jyoM jyoM jainadharma meM nirbalatA AtI gaI, una "bRhatkalpa bhASya 4.5505-27; bhagavatI prArAdhanA 1970-88 57 vyavahAra bhASya 1, 125 ityAdi, pR0 40 a " somadeva ne yazastilaka (2, pR0 373) meM kahA hai yatra samyaktvahAnirna yatra na vratadUSaNam / sarvameva hi janAnAM pramANaM laukiko vidhiH // "nAyAdhammakahA 8, pR0 67-8 100 milindaprazna, hindI anuvAda, pR0 186 tathA pariziSTa

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54 mahAvIra vardhamAna ke anuyAyiyoM ne brAhmaNoM kA virodha karanA chor3a diyA aura una kI bAtoM ko apanAte cale gye| phala yaha huA ki jainoM ne apane par3osiyoM kI dekhAdekhI agnipUjA svIkAra kI, sUrya meM jinapratimA mAnakara sUrya kI pUjA karane lage, gaMgA ke prapAta-sthala para zivapratimA ke sthAna para jinapratimA mAnakara gaMgA ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA, yajJopavIta Adi saMskAroM ko apanAyA, yahA~ taka ki Age calakara ve jAti se varNavyavasthA bhI mAnane lge| phala yaha huA ki jainadharma apanI vizeSatAoM ko kho baiThA aura anya dharmoM kI taraha vaha bhI eka rUr3higata dharma ho gyaa| 14 mahAvIra aura buddha kI tulanA bauddha graMthoM meM pUraNa kassapa, makkhali gosAla, ajita kesakaMbala, pakudha kaccAyana, nigaMTha nATaputta aura saMjaya velaTThiputta ina cha: gaNAcArya, yazasvI aura bahujana-sammata tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha AtA hai / 102 nigaMTha nATaputta (nirgrantha jJAtRputra) mahAvIra vuddha ke samakAlIna the aura saMbhavataH buddha-nirvANa ke pazcAt mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA / 103 jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai mahAvIra kA asalI nAma vardhamAna thA aura ve jJAtRvaMza meM paidA hone ke kAraNa jJAtRputra kahe jAte the| mahAvIra mahA tapasvI the aura tIrthapravartana ke kAraNa ve tIrthaMkara kahalAte the / buddha kA vAstavika nAma siddhArtha thA aura zAkyakula meM paidA hone ke kAraNa ve zAkya 101 jinasena, AdipurANa parva 40 102 dekho saMyuttanikAya, kosalasaMyutta, 1,1 03 profesara jaikobI kA yahI mata hai| muni kalyANavijaya jI kA mAnanA hai ki buddhanirvANa ke lagabhaga caudaha varSa pIche mahAvIra kA nirvANa huprA (vIranirvANa-saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA)

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mahAvIra aura buddha kI tulanA 55 putra kahe jAte the| buddha jJAnI the aura ve tathAgata kahe jAte the / mahAvIra dehadamana aura tapazcaryA para jora dete the aura ve ekAMta sthAnoM meM jAkara tapasyA karate the| buddha ne bhI sAdhu-jIvana meM acelaka rahakara nAnA tapasyAoM dvArA zarIra kA damana kiyA thA, parantu jJAna hone ke pazcAt unhoM ne kAyakleza tathA sAMsArika sukhabhoga ina donoM antoM ko tyAgakara madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA thaa| mahAvIra nAnA vrata-upavAsa Adi dvArA Atma-damana, icchA-nirodha aura mAnasika-saMyama para bhAra dete the jaba ki buddha cittazuddhi ke liye samyak AcAra, samyak vicAra Adi aSTAMga mArga kA upadeza karate the| mahAvIra apane ziSyoM kI bAhya jIvanacaryA para niyaMtraNa rakhate the, jaba ki buddha cittazuddhi para bhAra dete the| mahAvIra AtmoddhAra ke liye satata prayatnazIla rahate the, loka-samAja se jahA~ taka bane dUra rahate the, aura AtmatyAga para bhAra dene se una kA dharma Atmadharma khlaayaa| buddha isake viparIta, samyak AcAra-vicAra ko jIvana meM mukhya mAnate the, aura samAja meM hilate-milate the, ataeva una kA dharma lokadharma khlaayaa| mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko parama dharma batAte hue prANimAtra kI rakSA kA upadeza diyaa| buddha ne bhI ahiMsA ko svIkAra kiyA parantu unhoM ne dayA aura sahAnubhUti ko mukhya btaayaa| mahAvIra aura buddha donoM mahAn vicAraka the; mahAvIra ne prAtmA, mokSa prAdi ke viSaya meM apane nizcita vicAra prakaTa kiye the, jaba ki buddha nairAtmyavAdI the aura ve duHkha, duHkhotpAda, duHkhanirodha aura duHkhanirodha-mArga ina cAra AryasatyoM dvArA samyak AcaraNa kA upadeza dete the| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI apane samaya ke navayuga-pravartaka lokottara puruSa the, aura donoM ne hI apane-apane DhaMga se jana-samAja kA hita kiyA thaa| donoM kA tapa aura tyAga mahAn thA, aura donoM meM lokahita kI tIvra bhAvanA thii| donoM udAra the aura donoM ne apane virodhiyoM kA bar3I sahiSNutA se sAmanA kiyA thaa| mahAvIra ne

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mahAvIra vardhamAna jaba tapazcaryA, Atmadamana aura ahiMsA kA upadeza diyA to ve kahanA cAhate the ki loga Atma-anuzAsana ke mahattva ko samajhe, Atma-niyaMtraNa kI upekSAkara sukhapriya na baneM aura dUsaroM ko apane samAna mAneM / isI prakAra buddha ne jaba jJAna kA, madhyamamArga kA aura anAtmA kA upadeza diyA to una kA kahanA thA ki loga jJAnapUrvaka AcaraNa kareM, zuSka kriyAkAMDI athavA vilAsapriya na baneM, tathA AtmabhAva (ahaMkAra) kA poSaNakara ahaMvAdI na ho jaayeN| mahAvIra ne jo ahiMsA aura anekAMta kA upadeza diyA, athavA buddha ne jo cAra Aryasatya aura aSTAMga mArga kA prarUpaNa kiyA usa kA abhiprAya yahI thA ki sarvaprathama prAtmazuddhi karo, apanA AcaraNa sudhAro, isI se nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| mahAvIra loka-samAja se dUra rahakara apane Atmabala se logoM ko prabhAvita karake lokahita karanA cAhate the jaba ki buddha logoM meM hila-milakara una kA kalyANa karate the; uddezya donoM kA eka thaa| 15 mahAvIra-nirvANa aura usake pazcAt bAraha varSa taka kaThina tapa karane ke pazcAt mahAvIra ne tIsa varSa upadezaka avasthA meM vyatIta kiye| isa laMbe kAla meM unhoM ne dUra dUra taka paribhramaNa kiyA aura logoM ko ahiMsA aura satya kA upadeza dekara lokahita kA pradarzana kiyaa| vihAra karate karate mahAvIra majjhimapAvA padhAre aura vahA~ caumAsA vyatIta karane ke liye hastipAla rAjA ke paTavArI ke daftara (rajjugasabhA) meM tthhre| eka eka karake varSAkAla ke tIna mahIne bIta gaye aura cauthA mahInA lagabhaga AdhA bItane ko aayaa| kArtika amAvasyA kA prAtaHkAla thA; mahAvIra kA yaha antima upadeza thA / unhoM ne apanA antima samaya jAnakara upadeza kI akhaNDa dhArA cAlU rakkhI aura puNya-pApaviSayaka aneka upadeza sunaaye| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke

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mahAvIra nirvANa aura usake pazcAt 57 samaya kAzI - kozala ke nau malla aura nau licchavi jo aThAraha gaNarAjA kahalAte the, maujUda the; unhoM ne isa zubha avasara para sarvatra dIpaka jalAkara mahAn utsava manAyA: / bAta kI bAta meM mahAvIra - nirvANa kI carcA sarvatra phaila gii| bhuvana- pradIpa saMsAra se sadA ke liye bujha gayA; kisI ne kahA saMsAra kI eka divya vibhUti uTha gaI hai, kisI ne kahA aba durbaloM kA mitra koI nahIM rahA, duniyA kA tAranahAra Aja cala basA hai, kisI ne kahA saMsAra Aja zobhAvihIna ho gayA hai, zUnya ho gayA hai, kisI ne kahA ki zramaNa bhagavAn Aja kUca kara gaye haiM to kyA, ve hamAre liye bahuta kucha chor3a gaye haiM, bahuta kucha kara gaye haiM, una ke upadezoM ko Age bar3hAne kA kAma hama kareMge, una ke jhaMDe ko lekara hama Age bar3heMge, duniyA ko satpatha pradarzana karane kI z2immevArI aba hamAre Upara hai / mahAvIra ko nirvANa gaye Aja lagabhaga ar3hAI hajAra varSa bIta gaye / isa laMbe samaya ke itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki isa bIca meM bar3I bar3I krAntiyA~ huIM, parivartana hue, bar3e bar3e yugapravartakoM kA janma huA, jinhoM ne samAja ko idhara-udhara se haTAkara kendra-sthAna meM lAkara rakhane kA bhAgIratha prayatna kiyA parantu khela ke maidAna meM idhara-udhara ghUmane-phiranevAlI phuTabaoNla ke samAna samAja apane kendrasthala meM kabhI nahIM TikA / buddha ne kAyakleza aura sukhabhoga ina donoM carama paMthoM ko ghAtaka samajhakara madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA, parantu Age calakara una ke isa suvarNa siddhAMta kA bhI durupayoga huA aura bauddha bhikSutroM meM kAfI zithilAcAra bar3ha gayA 105 I 104 kalpasUtra 5.122-8 105 bauddha bhikSuoM kA upahAsa karate hue jaina lekhakoM ne likhA haimRdvI zayyA prAtarutthAya peyA / bhaktaM madhye pAnakaM cAparAhNe // drAkSAkhaMDa zarkarA cArdharAtre | mokSazcAnte zAkyaputreNa dRSTaH // zrarthAt mRdu zayyA, subaha uThakara peya grahaNa karanA, madhyAhna meM bhAta

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58 mahAvIra vardhamAna mahAvIra ke siddhAMtoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI huaaa| una ke ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa Adi ke kalyANakArI siddhAMtoM kI manonIta vyAkhyAyeM kI gaIM aura una kA durupayoga kiyA jAne lgaa| ahiMsA aura dayA ke nAma para choTe choTe jIvoM kI hI rakSA ko parama dharma mAnA jAne lagA, tapa aura tyAga ke nAma para zuSka kriyAkANDa aura bAhyADaMbara kI pUjA hone lagI; chUAchUta ghusa gaI tathA apane Apa ko bhinna bhinna sampradAya, gaccha jAti Adi meM vibhaktakara hamane mahAvIra kI saMgha-vyavasthA ko chinna-bhinna kara ddaalaa| jisa mahAvIra ke dharma ne samAja aura loka ko mArga-pradarzana karake janatA kA asAdhAraNa kalyANa kiyA thA, vaha dharma apane uddezya se cyuta hokara niSkriya bana gayA ! 16 upasaMhAra mAnanA hogA ki hamAre adhaHpatana kA kAraNa huA hamAre deza kI ApasI phUTa aura rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA kA abhAva / hamArI saMkucita vRtti ke kAraNa hamArA dharma samaSTigata na rahakara vyakti-paraka bana gayA, dIrgha-dRSTi usa meM se vilupta ho gaI, isa loka kI carcA kI ora se upekSita hokara hama paraloka kI carcA meM laga gaye, svadoSa-darzana se vimukha hokara hama paradoSa-darzana karane meM apanI zakti kA apavyaya karane lage, purAnI saMskRti, purAnI paraMparA meM hama doSa nikAlate cale gaye, parantu hama ne use deza, kAla ke anusAra nayA rUpa dekara usa kA vikAsa nahIM kiyaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki hama apanI svataMtratA kho baiThe aura Aja to sadiyoM kI gulAmI ke kAraNa hama apanI sarvatomukhI saMskRti aura sabhyatA ko bhulAkara duniyA kI ghur3adaur3a meM apane ko bahuta pichar3A huA pAte haiN| Aja hama dekhate haiM hamArI koI saMskRti nahIM rahI, hamAre kalA-kauzala aura vijJAna khAnA, aparAhna meM phira kucha pInA, AdhI rAta meM drAkSa aura zakkara khAnA, isa prakAra zAkyaputra ne mokSa kA darzana kiyA

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upasaMhAra 56 kA divAlA nikala gayA, sahRdayatA aura prema IrSyA aura dveSa meM pariNata ho gayA, videzI saMskRti, videzI AcAra-vicAra, videzI veza-bhUSA yahA~ taka ki videzI bhASA kA adhipatitva hamAre dila aura dimAgoM para chA gyaa| phala yaha huA ki hamArA bhAratIya samAja dina para dina adhaHpatana kI ora agrasara hotA gyaa| Aja hamAre samAja meM kitanI viSamatA phaila gaI hai ! jo bhArata bhUmi zasya-zyAmalA kahI jAtI thI, jo dhana-dhAnya se sadA paripUrNa rahatI thI aura jahA~ bhikSuka loga daravAz2e se khAlI hAtha lauTakara nahIM jAte the, vahA~ Aja anna aura vastra paidA karanevAle kisAna aura majadUroM ko bharapeTa khAne ko nasIba nahIM hotA, una kI mA~-bahanoM ko tana Dhakane ko kapar3A mayassara nahIM hotA ! mazInoM aura kala-kArakhAnoM ke isa yuga meM bhAratIya janatA kA jitanA zoSaNa huaA utanA bhArata ke itihAsa meM Aja taka kabhI nahIM huA ! dina bhara jI-tor3a parizrama karane ke bAda bhI hamAre majadUra jo Aja bhUkhe-naMge rahate haiM, kSaya, damA Adi bhISaNa rogoM se pIr3ita rahate haiM, usa kA ekamAtra kAraNa hai hamArI samAja kI dUSita racanA / eka ora mAla kI dara ghaTAne ke liye mAla ke jahAz2a ke jahAz2a samudra meM Dubo diye jAte haiM, dUsarI ora loga dAne dAne se tarasate haiM ! Aja aisI bhISaNa paristhiti ho gaI hai ki paryApta anna aura vastra hote hue bhI hama usa kA upabhoga nahIM kara sakate / eka ora dhanika-kuberoM ke koSa bharate cale jA rahe haiM aura dUsarI ora prajA kA zoSaNa hotA calA jA rahA hai| 'sone' ke baMgAla meM lAkhoM mAI ke lAla bhUkha se tar3apa tar3apakara mara gaye, kitanI hI ramaNiyoM ne vastra ke abhAva meM lajjA ke kAraNa AtmahatyA kara DAlI aura kitanI hI bhadra ramaNiyoM ko peTa pAlane ke nimitta vezyAvRtti karane ke liye utArU honA par3A, jisa ke phalasvarUpa Aja baMgAla meM kAle, goraM aura bhUre raMga ke varNasaMkara zizutroM kA janma ho rahA hai ! ina saba kA pradhAna kAraNa hai hamArI parataMtratA, hamArI guTabandI, hamArI phUTa, hamArI svArtha-lipsA aura caritrabala kI hInatA /

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mahAvIra vardhamAna ___isa paristhiti ko dUra karane kA eka hI upAya hai, aura vaha hai ahiMsA, tapa, aura tyAga ke siddhAMtoM kA punaH pracAra-manobala aura caritra kA saMgaThana / tapasvI mahAvIra ne batAyA thA ki saccI ahiMsA hai dIna-dukhiyoM kI, zoSitoM kI sevA meM aura una ke dukha meM hAtha baTAne meM, tathA saccA tapa aura tyAga hai una ke uddhAra ke liye apane Apa ko khapA dene meM aura apanA sarvasva nyochAvara kara dene meM / apane dIna dukhI bhAiyoM ko hameM batAnA hogA ki Apa loga bhI manuSya hai, Apa ko bhI jIne kA aura sukhazAnti se rahane kA adhikAra hai; jaba Apa apanI sArI zakti lagAkara jI-tor3a mehanata karate haiM to Apa ko kyoM bharapeTa khAnA nahIM milatA ? kyoM Apa kI yaha dIna-hIna dazA hai ? rUsa kI krAnti isa bAta kA pratyakSa udAharaNa hai ki majadUra aura kisAnoM meM kitanI mahAn zakti hai, aura ve apanI saMgaThita zakti dvArA deza kI kisa prakAra kAyApalaTa kara sakate haiM / hama bhI manuSya haiM, phira hama kyoM Age nahIM bar3ha sakate ? parantu isa ke liye hameM ghora tapa aura tyAga karanA par3egA, balidAna denA par3egA aura janasamAja meM jAgRti paidA karanI hogii| Aja hamArI saba se mahAn samasyA hai rAjanaitika samasyA, isa kA hala hue binA hama eka qadama bhI Age nahIM bar3ha skte| yaha samasyA hala hone ke bAda hI hama apane kalA, kauzala, vijJAna tathA udyoga-dhaMdhoM kI vRddhi kara sakeMge, apanI saMskRti aura sabhyatA ko deza-videzoM meM phailA sakeMge, aparigraha aura ahiMsA ke siddhAMtoM kA pracAra kara sakeMge ki zoSaNavRtti kA tyAga karane se tathA 'jIo aura jIne do' ke siddhAMta ko amala meM lAne se hI saMsAra meM sukha aura zAnti kI vyavasthA kAyama raha skegii| bAibila meM eka kahAnI AtI hai-eka bAra IsAmasIha ne kisI dhanADhya puruSa ko upadeza dete hue kahA ki yadi tujhe apane jIvana meM praveza karanA ho to tU hiMsA karanA chor3a de, paradAragamana karanA chor3a de, corI mata kara, jhUTha mata bola, mAtApitA kA Adara kara aura apane par3osiyoM se prema rakha / isa para usa

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upasaMhAra 61 puruSa ne uttara diyA, "he prabho ! ina niyamoM kA pAlana to maiM bacapana se karatA AyA hU~ / " isa para IsAmasIha ne uttara diyA ki acchA, yadi tU nirdoSa honA cAhe to jA apanI saba saMpatti becakara usa se jo dravya prApta ho use g2arIboM ko bAMTa de -- aisA karane se tujhe divya khajAne kI prApti hogI, usa ke bAda tU phira merA anuyAyI bananA / kitanA ucca upadeza hai ! isI parama tyAga kI zikSA hameM mahAtmA mahAvIra ne dI thI / usa mahAtmA ke upadeza hamAre sAmane haiM, hama cAheM to unheM apane jIvana meM utArakara duniyA kI kAyA palaTa kara sakate haiM / parantu yaha kAma sahaja nahIM hai / usa ke liye hameM apanA hRdaya vizAla banAnA hogA, hameM apane Apako manuSya samajhanA par3egA, hama ne jo choTe-choTe saMkIrNa dAyare banA rakkhe haiM una se Upara uThanA hogA aura usa ke liye ghora puruSArtha karanA hogA / mahAkavi ravIndra ke zabdoM meM, apanI mA~ kI goda se nikalakara hameM deza-dezAntara ghUmanA par3egA, vahA~ apane yogya sthAna kI khoja karanI par3egI, pada-pada para choTI choTI aTakAnevAlI rassiyoM ne hameM bA~dhakara jo 'bhalAmAnusa' banA rakkhA hai, unheM tor3anA par3egA, apane prANoM para khelakara, duHkha sahakara acche aura bure logoM ke sAtha saMgrAma karanA hogA, gRha aura lakSmI kA parityAgakara hameM kUca kara denA par3egA, tathA puNya-pApa, sukha-dukha aura patana - utthAna meM hameM manuSya bananA hogA, tabhI jAkara hama apane dhyeya taka pahu~ca sakeMge / " 106 106 baMgamAtA punya pApe duHkhe sukhe patane utthAne mAnuSa haite dAmro tomAra santAne he snehA baMgabhUmi ! tava gRhakoDe cirazi kare aura rAkhiyo nA ghare / dezadezAMtara mAjhe jAra jethA sthAna khU~jiyA laite dAzro kariyA sandhAna

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62 mahAvIra vardhamAna mahAvIra - vacanAmRta 1 savve pANA piyAjyA, suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavahA piyajIviNo jIviukAmA, savveMsi jIviyaM priyaM / ( AcArAMga 2.3.81 ) artha -- samasta jIvoM ko apanA apanA jIvana priya haiM, sukha priya hai, ve dukha nahIM cAhate, vadha nahIM cAhate, saba jIne kI icchA karate haiM (ataeva saba jIvoM kI rakSA karanI cAhiye) / 2 savve jIvA vi icchaMti, jIviDaM na marijjiuM / tamhA pANavahaM ghoraM, niggaMthA vajjayaMti NaM // ( dazavaikAlika 6.11) artha -- saba jIva jInA cAhate haiM, koI bhI maranA nahIM cAhatA, ataeva nirgrantha muni bhayaMkara prANivadha kA parityAga karate haiM / 3 apaNaTTA paTThA vA, kohA vA jai vA bhayA / hiMsagaM na musaM bUyA, no vi annaM vayAvae // ( dazavaikAlika 6.12 ) pade pade choTo choTo niSedhera Dore ba~dhe baMdhe rAkhiyo nA bhAlo chele kare prAna diye duHkha saye, AApanAra hAte saMgrAma karite dAzro bhAlamanda sAtha zIrNa zAnta sAdhu tava putradera ghare dAzro sarva gRhatyAga lakSmI chADA kare sAta koTi santAne re, he mugdha jananI rekhe che baMgAlI kare, mAnUSa kara ni //

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mahAvIra-vacanAmRta artha-apane liye athavA dUsaroM ke liye, krodha se athavA bhaya se, dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnevAlA asatya vacana na svayaM bolanA cAhiye aura na dUsaroM se bulavAnA cAhiye / 4 na so pariggaho vutto, . nAyaputteNa tAiNA / mucchA pariggaho vutto, ii vuttaM mahesiNA // (dazavakAlika 6.21) artha-saMrakSaka jJAtRputra mahAvIra ne vastra Adi padArthoM ko parigraha nahIM kahA, vAstavika parigraha hai mUrchA-Asakti, yaha maharSi kA vacana hai| 5 je ya kaMte pie bhoge, laddhe vi piDhikumvaI / sAhINe cayai bhoe, se hu cAi ti buccaI // 6 vatthagandhamalaMkAraM, itthIo sayaNANi y| acchandA je na bhuMjaMti, na se cAi tti vuccaI // (dazavakAlika 2.1,2) ___ artha-jo manuSya sundara aura priya bhogoM ko pAkara bhI una kI ora se pITha phera letA hai, sAmane Aye hue bhogoM kA parityAga kara detA hai, vahI tyAgI kahalAtA hai| vastra, gaMdha, alaMkAra, strI, zayana Adi vastuoM kA jo paravazatA ke kAraNa upabhoga nahIM karatA, use tyAgI nahIM khte| 7 vittaNa tANaM na labhe pamatte, imammi loe aduvA paratya / dIvappaNaThe va aNaMtamohe neyAuyaM dadrumada?meva // (uttarAdhyayana 4.5) artha-pramAdI puruSa dhana dvArA na isa loka meM apanI rakSA kara sakatA hai, na paraloka meN| phira bhI dhana ke asIma moha se, jaise dIpaka ke bujha

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64 mahAvIra vardhamAna jAne para manuSya mArga ko ThIka-ThIka nahIM dekha sakatA, usI prakAra pramAdI puruSa nyAya-mArga ko dekhate hue bhI nahIM dekhtaa| 8 uvasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM maddavayA jiNe / mAyAmajjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtoso jiNe // (dazavakAlika 8.39) artha--zAnti se krodha ko jIte, namratA se abhimAna ko jIte, saralatA se mAyA ko jIte, aura santoSa se lobha ko jiite| 6 appA ceva dameyavvo, appA hu khalu duddamo / appA danto suhI hoi, assi loe parattha va // (uttarAdhyayana 1.15) artha--sarvaprathama apane Apa kA damana karanA cAhie, yahI saba se kaThina kAma hai ; apane Apa ko damana karanevAlA isa loka meM tathA paraloka meM sukhI hotA hai| 10 chaMdaM nirohaNa uvei mokkhaM, Ase jahA sikkhiyvmmdhaarii| puvAI vAsAiM care'ppamatte, tamhA muNI khippamuvei mokkhaM // (uttarAdhyayana 4.8) artha-jaise sadhA huA kavacadhArI ghor3A yuddha meM vijaya prApta karatA hai, usI prakAra muni dIrgha kAla taka apramattarUpa se saMyama kA pAlana karatA huA zIghra hI mokSa pAtA hai| 11 khippaM Na sakkei vivegameUM, tamhA samuTThAya pahAya kAme /

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mahAvIra-vacanAmRta samicca loyaM samayA mahesI, prAyANurakkhI caramappamatte // (uttarAdhyayana 4.10) artha-viveka kucha jhaTapaTa nahIM prApta kiyA jAtA, usa ke liye kaThora sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hai| ataeva maharSi jana Alasya tyAgakara, kAmabhogoM kA parityAgakara, saMsAra kA ThIka-ThIka svarUpa samajhakara, AtmA kI rakSA karate hue apramAdapUrvaka AcaraNa karate haiN| 12 uvaujhiya mittabaMdhavaM, viulaM ceva dhaNohasaMcayaM / mA taM viiyaM gavesae, samayaM goyama ! mA. pamAyae // (uttarAdhyayana 10.30) artha-eka bAra vipula dhanarAzi tathA mitra-bAndhavoM kA tyAgakara phira una kI ora muMha mor3akara mata dekha / he gautama ! kSaNamAtra bhI pramAda na kr| 13 se supaDibaddhaM sUvaNIyaM ti naccA purisA paramacakkhU viparikkamA, eesu ceva baMbhaceraM ti bemi, se suyaM . ca me ajjhatyayaM ca me baMdhapamukkho ajjhatyeva / (AcArAMga 5.2.151) artha-maiMne sunA hai, anubhava kiyA hai ki bandhana se mukta honA yaha apane hAtha meM hai, ataeva he paramacakSumAn puruSa ! jJAnI puruSoM se jJAna prApta karake, tU parAkrama kara; isI kA nAma brahmacarya hai, yaha maiM kahatA huuN| 14 cIrAjiNaM nagiNiNaM, jaDI saMghADi muMDiNaM eyANi vi na tAyaMti, dussIlaM pariyAgayaM (uttarAdhyayana 5.21)

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mahAvIra vardhamAna artha--mRgacarma dhAraNa karanA, nagna rahanA, jaTA bar3hA lenA, saMghATikA pahananA aura muMDana karA lenA ye saba bAteM duHzIla bhikSu kI rakSA nahIM krte| 15 mAse mAse tu jo bAle, kusaggeNaM tu bhuNje| na so suyakkhAyadhammassa, kalaM agghai solasi // artha-yadi ajJAnI puruSa mahIne-mahIne kA tapa kare aura kuzA kI noka se bhojana kare, to bhI vaha satpuruSoM ke batAye hue dharma ke solahaveM hisse ko bhI nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| 16 na vi muMDieNa samaNo, na oMkAreNa bNbhnno| na muNI raNNavAseNaM, kusacIreNa Na tAvaso // 17 samayAe samaNo hoi, baMbhacereNa bNbhyo| nANeNa muNI hoi, taveNa hoi tAvaso / 18 kammuNA baMbhaNo hoi kammuNA hoi khattio / / vaiso kammuNA hoi, suddo havai kammuNA // (uttarAdhyayana 26-31) artha-sira muMDA lene se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, 'prom' kA jApa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, jaMgala meM vAsa karane se koI muni nahIM kahalAtA, aura kuzA ke bane vastra pahanane se koI tapasvI nahIM hotaa| samatA se zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna se muni hotA hai, tathA tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| manuSya apane karma se brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se kSatriya hotA hai , karma se vaizya hotA hai aura karma se zUdra hotA hai / 16 jai vi ya NagiNe kise care, jai vi ya bhuMjiya mAsamaMtaso / je iya mAyAi mijjai, prAgaMtA gabbhAya gaMtaso // (sUtrakRtAMga 2.1.6)

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mahAvIra-vacanAmRta 67 artha -- bhale hI koI nagna rahe yA mahIne mahIne meM bhojana kare, parantu yadi vaha mAyAyukta hai to use bAra bAra janma lenA par3egA / 20 tesi pi na tavo suddho nikkhaMtA je mahAkulA / jaM ne banne biyANaMti, na silogaM pavejjae // (sUtrakRtAMga 8.24) artha --- mahAn kula meM utpanna hokara saMnyAsa le lene se tapa nahIM ho jAtA ; asalI tapa vaha hai jise dUsarA koI jAnatA nahIM tathA jo kIti kI icchA se kiyA nahIM jAtA / 21 na jAimatte na ya rUvamatte, na lAbhamatte na sueNamatte / mayANi savvANi vivajjayato, dhammajjhANarae je sa bhikkhU // ( dazavaikAlika 10.16 ) artha - jo jAti kA abhimAna nahIM karatA, rUpa kA abhimAna nahIM karatA, lAbha kA abhimAna nahIM karatA, jo jJAna kA abhimAna nahIM karatA ; jisa ne saba prakAra ke mada chor3a diye haiM aura jo dharmadhyAna meM rata hai, vahI bhikSu hai / 22 pAsaMDiyaliMgANi gihiliMgANi ya bahuppayArANi / dhittuM vadaMti mUDhA ligamiNaM mokkhamaggo ti // 23 Na vi hodi mokkhamaggo liMgaM jaM dehaNimmamA zrarihA / muittu daMsaNaNANacaritANi sevaMti // liMgaM Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat ( samayasAra 430 - 1 ) www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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mahAvIra vardhamAna artha-mUrkha loga aneka prakAra ke pAkhaMDI athavA gRhasthoM ke bAhya liMga ko mokSa kA mArga batAte haiM, parantu bAhya veza se mokSa kI prApti naha hotii| arhanta bAhya liMga kA tyAgakara zarIra meM nirmama hokara darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kA sevana karate haiM usI se mokSa milatA hai|

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thazohi alchbllo heparo