Jain Tark me Anuman

Author(s): Basistha Narayan Sinha
Publisher: Z_Vijyanandsuri_Swargarohan_Shatabdi_Granth_012023.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210649/1

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jaina-tarka meM anumAna DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA, vArANasI..... jJAna ke pramANoM meM pratyakSa ke bAda anumAna kA hI hai-jJAta se ajJAta kI ora jAnA (To go From Known I, sthAna hai| parokSa pramANoM meM yaha sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA Unknown)| anumAna ko pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM aisA mhaa| hai| bhAratIya darzana meM mAtra cArvAka ko chor3akara anya sabhI diyA gayA hai ki pUre tarkazAstra para yahI chAyA huA hai| zAkhAoM ne ise mAnyatA dI hai| muni nathamalajI ke zabdoM meM-- anumAna ke saMbaMdha meM eka samasyA uTha khar3I hotI hai "anumAna tarka kA kArya hai| tarka dvArA nizcita niyama ke AdhAra pratyakSa ke atirikta smRti, pratyabhijJA Adi jitane bhI jJAna, para yaha utpanna hotA hai|.... tarkazAstra ke bIja kA vikAsa ve sabhI pratyakSa ke bAda hI prApta hote haiM, phira bhI inheM bhinn-bhiH| anumAnarUpI kalpataru ke rUpa meM hotA hai| nAmoM se saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai| inheM bhI anumAna kI mNj|| 'anu' aura 'mAna' ke milane se anumAna zabda banatA hai| kyoM nahIM dI jAtI hai? Akhira vaha kauna sA pUrva jJAna hai jis| 'anu' kA artha hotA hai 'pazcAt', 'bAda' tathA 'mAna' kA artha hotA kAraNa kucha jJAna to anumAna kI koTi meM rakhe jAte haiM aura hai 'jnyaan'| isa prakAra kisI pUrva jJAna ke bAda hone vAle jJAna ko anya ke lie vibhinna nAma prastuta kie jAte haiN| vAtsyAyana / anumAna kahate haiN| maharSi gautama ne isIlie kahA hai--'tatpUrvakam anumAna para prakAza DAlate hue kahA hai - mitena liNge| tat' se tAtparya hai-pratyakSa jnyaan| jo jJAna pratyakSa jJAna ke bAda liMgino'rthasya pshcaanmaanmnumaan| arthAt pratyakSa se prApta liMga utpanna ho use anumAna kahate haiN| aura liMgI ke jJAna ke bAda jo jJAna prApta hotA hai use anumaa| pahAr3a para agni hai kahate haiN| isase itanI jAnakArI hotI hai ki liMga-darzana aura phira liMgI ko samajhanA hI vaha jJAna hai jisase anumAna hotaa|' kyoMki pahAr3a para dhUma hai vaha aisA pUrva jJAna hai jisake kAraNa anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| yaha jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hai bAta jainAcArya vAdirAja ke dvArA anumAna pratipAdana se smara amuka pahAr3a para dhUma hai hotI hai / isalie usa pahAr3a para agni hai| 'anu vyAptinirNayasya pshcaadbhaavimaanmnumaanm|' dhUma ke sAtha agni kA pratyakSa jJAna pahale se prApta hai aura isI ke AdhAra para DA. koThiyA ne kahA hai-- usI AdhAra para dhUma ko pahAr3a para dekhakara yaha anumAna kiyA jA rahA hai ki vahA~ agni bhI hai| anumAna zabda kI yaha vyutpatti do yadyapi pAramparya se unheM (liMgadarzana, vyAptismaraNa tathA pkssdhaa| rUpA ma mAnI jAtI hai--(1) anumiti: anamAna tathA (2) anamIyate jJAna ko) bhI anumAna kA janaka mAnA jA sakatA hai para anamAnI avyavahita pUrvavartI jJAna vyAptinizcaya hI hai, kyoMki unheM avyavahita anena ati inumaanm| prathama prakriyA meM anumAna zabda bhAva rUpa meM uttarakAla meM niyama se anumAna AtmalAbha karatA hai| anumiti pramANa ke lie AtA hai tathA dvitIya prakriyA meM vaha karaNa rUpa meM hotA hai aura anumAna pramANa ke lie AtA hai| jaina paraMparA meM pratipAdita anumAna ko acchI taraha smjh| ke lie anya paraMparAoM dvArA vivecita anumAna ko samajhanA // aMgrejI meM anumAna ke lie inpherensa (Inference) zabda ucita jAna paDatA hai. kyoMki isase viSaya ko spaSTatA prApta AtA hai| inphara (Infer) se inpherensa zabda banatA hai| inphara kA hotI hai. talanAtmaka dRSTi se samAnatA-asamAnatA kA bodha honA artha hotA hai-anumAna karanA, tarka karanA, nirNaya karanA, nirNaya hai| ata: pahale bhAratIya darzana kI jainetara zAkhAoM kI anumAna para AnA aadi| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM anumAna se samajhA jAtA kI paribhASA saMbaMdhI mAnyatAoM ko dekheM--

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vaizeSika bhAratIya darzana meM sarvaprathama anumAna kI paribhASA maharSi kaNAda ke dvArA vaizeSika sUtra meM prastuta kI gaI hai - asyedaM kAryakAraNaM saMyogivirodhisamavAyi ceti laiGgikam arthAt kArya, kAraNa, saMyogI, virodhI tathA samavAyI liGgoM ko dekhane ke bAda unase saMbaMdhita jo jJAna hotA hai, use anumAna kahate haiN| * yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana nyAya - prAcIna nyAya meM maharSi gautama ne anumAna ko jisa rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai use abhI anumAna ke zabdArtha ko samajhate samaya hama logoM ne dekhA hai| navya nyAya ke ciMtaka gaMgeza upAdhyAya ne likhA hai - tatra vyAptiviziSTapakSadharmatA jJAnajanyaM jJAnamanumitiH tatkarAmanumAnaM tacca liGgaparAmarzo na tu parAmRzyamAnaM liGgamiti vakSyate / jo jJAna vyApti viziSTa pakSadharmatA se utpanna hotA hai, use anumiti kahate haiM tathA jo anumiti kA kAraNa hotA hai, use anumAna kahate haiN| anumAna liGga viSayaka parAmarza hotA hai, kintu vaha parAmRzyamAna liGga nahIM ho sakatA / sAMkhya - maharSi kapila ne anumAna kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA hai ' pratibandhadRzaH pratibaddhajJAnamanumAnam pratibandha darzana arthAt liGga ko dekhakara pratibaddha ko jAnanA anumAna hai| yoga - yogasUtra ke bhASyakAra ke anusa anumAna karane yogya vastu samAna jAtiyoM se yukta karane vAlA tathA bhinna jAtiyoM se pRthak karane vAlA jo saMbaMdha hai, tadviSayaka sAmAnya rUpa se nizcaya karane vAlI pradhAna vRtti ko anumAna kahate haiM / jaise - candramA, tArAgaNa Adi gatizIla haiM, dezAntara kI prApti hone se, caitra puruSa ke samAna tathA dezAntara prApti hone vAlA na hone ke kAraNa vindhyAcala parvata gatimAna nahIM hai| - mImAMsA - mImAMsAsUtra para bhASya likhate hue zabara svAmI ne kahA hai 10 anumAnaM jJAtasaMbaMdhasyaikadezadarzanAdekadezAntare'saMnikRSTe'rthebuddhiH / -- arthAt jJAtasaMbaMdha yAnI vyApti ke saMbaMdhiyoM meM se eka ko jAna lene ke bAda dUsare ke asannikRSTa artha ko jAna lenA hI anumAna hai| vedAnta - vedAnta - paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai 19 - anumiti karaNam anumaan| arthAt anumiti kA jo karaNa hai vaha anumAna hai| isake alAvA yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki usa vyAptijJAna se jo vyAptijJAnatva dharma se avicchinna hai, utpanna hone vAlA jJAna anumiti hai 12 / For Private bauddha - bauddhAcArya diGnAga ne anumAna para prakAza DAlate hue kahA hai3 - nAntarIyakArthadarzanaM tadvido'numAnam iti / avinAbhAva saMbaMdha jo jJAta hai usake AdhAra para nAntarIyaka artha kA darzana honA hI anumAna hai 4 / eka vastu kA jaba dUsare ke abhAva meM bhAva nahIM hotA hai, taba unake saMbaMdha ko nAntarIyaka kahate haiN| dharmakIrti ne bahuta hI sarala DhaMga se anumAna ko paribhASita kiyA hai| unake anusAra dharmI ke saMbaMdha meM jo jJAna parokSa rUpa se kisI saMbaMdhI ke dharma ke kAraNa hotA hai use anumAna kahate haiM 15 // pAzcAtya tarka prAcInakAla ke grIka dArzanika arastU ne tarka kI nigamana (Deductive) paddhati para anumAna pratiSThita kiyaa| Adhunika yuga ke buddhivAdI tathA anubhavavAdI dArzanikoM ne kramazaH nigamana tathA Agamana paddhatiyoM ko apane-apane ciMtana kA AdhAra bnaayaa| kANTa ne apanI jJAnamImAMsA meM donoM paddhatiyoM ko samanvita kiyA hai| nigamana-paddhati sAmAnya se vizeSa kI ora bar3hatI hai tathA Agamana-paddhati vizeSoM ke AdhAra para sAmAnya kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| A ke ve dArzanika jo vijJAna se prabhAvita haiM, Agamana paddhati ko hI apanAte haiN| anumAna ke saMbaMdha meM prasiddha dArzanika mila kA vicAra hai16 - anumAna kA mUla rUpa hai- eka viziSTa tathya se (yA bahuta se viziSTa tathyoM se) dUsare viziSTa tathya ( yA tathyoM) kI ora jAnA / hama viziSTa tathyoM ke prekSaNa se prAraMbha karate haiM, aura taba prekSita evaM aprekSita tathyoM ko sammilita karane vAlA eka sAmAnya kathana karate haiN| prastuta paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki nimnalikhita sthitiyoM meM hI koI vyakti anumAna kara sakatA hai - (1) pahale se kucha jJAta ho / (2) jJAta aura jise hama jAnanA cAhate haiM ke bIca vyApti yA avinAbhAva saMbaMdha ho / isI ko kaNAda ne aura adhika spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki dekhane ke bAda hI anumAna saMbhava hai| mila ke dvArA dI gaI Sambambambino permesine Personal Use Only

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana paribhASA anumAna kI saMpUrNa pRSThabhUmi para prakAza nahIM DAlatI hai| abhrAnta hotA hai yAnI usameM kisI prakAra kI bhrAnti yA AzaMkA yaha sirpha itanA batAtI hai ki Agamana-paddhati ko apanAkara hama nahIM rahatI hai| isIlie anumAna ko sAdhya-nizcAyaka bhI kahate anumAna kaise kara sakate haiN| haiN| nyAyAvatAra ke hindI anuvAdaka paM. vijayamUrtijI ne likhA hai anumAna kI paribhASA meM 'sAdhyAvinAbhu' arthAt sAMdhya ke jaina paraMparA binA na hone vAle vizeSaNa ko lAkara AcArya ne dUsare vAdiyoM anumAna kA prAcIna rUpa - jaina vidvAnoM ne aisA mAnA hai ke dvArA praNIta liGga ke lakSaNoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| ki anumAna kA prAraMbhika rUpa abhinibodha jJAna meM milatA hai| akalaMka - jaina nyAya ke pratIka akalaMka ne anumAna ko tattvArtha sUtra meM yadyapi umAsvAti ne anumAna kI carcA nahIM kI paribhASita karate hue kahA hai20- saadhnaatsaadhyvijnyaanmnumaanm...| hai phira bhI unake dvArA pratipAdita abhinibodha se anumAna kA arthAt sAdhana se sAdhya ke viSaya meM jo jJAna hotA hai use saMketa milatA hai| akalaMka, vidyAnaMda, zrutasAgara Adi jainAcAryoM anumAna kahate haiN| yaha jJAna liDga grahaNa aura vyAptismaraNa ke ke mata meM isa dhAraNA ko samarthana prApta hai| akalaMka kI ukti bAda hotA hai| cU~ki yaha jJAna avizada hotA hai isalie parokSa hai - ciMtA abhinibodhasya anumaanaadeH| isase isakI puSTi hotI mAnA jAtA hai| kintu apane viSaya meM yaha avisaMvAdI hai tathA hai ki prAcInakAla meM anumAna abhinibodharUpa meM hI thaa| saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya Adi samAropoM kA nirAkaraNa anumAna kA pracalita rUpa - aneka jainAcAryoM ne apanI- karane meM samartha hotA hai, isalie ise pramANa kI koTi meM sthAna apanI racanAoM meM spaSTa athavA aspaSTa rUpa se anumAna ke prApta hotA hai| laghIyastraya meM akalaMka ne kahA hai-- vivecana kiye haiM jinheM vistArapUrvaka yahA~ prastuta karanA saMbhava liGgAtsAdhyAvinAbhAvAbhinibodhaikalakSaNAt nahIM hai, kintu pramukha ciMtakoM ke vicAra ko jAnanA-samajhanA to liGgadhIranumAnaM tatphalaM haanaadibuddhyH| sarvathA Avazyaka hai| sAdhya kA vaha jJAna jo sAdhya-avinAbhUta liGga ke dvArA samantabhadra - AptamImAMsA samantabhadra kI prasiddha racanA prApta hotA hai use abhinibodha yA anumAna kahate haiM aura hAna hai| usameM yadyapi unake dvArA dI gaI anamAna kI koI paribhASA to - Adi jJAna usake phala hote haiN| yahA~ bhI anumAna ke prAcIna nAma upalabdha to nahIM hai phira bhI unakI bahuta sI sUktiyA~ milatI haiM para prakAza par3atA hai| jinameM kisI na kisI rUpa meM anumAna kI jhalaka milatI hai| unake saMbaMdha meM DA. koThiyA ne spaSTata: likhA hai--jina upAdAnoM se anumAna vidyAnanda - pramANa saMbaMdhI apanI prasiddha racanA pramANaniSpanna evaM saMpUrNa hotA hai una upAdAnoM kA ullekha bhI unake dvArA parIkSA meM anumAna ko paribhASita karate hue vidyAnanda ne kahA hai22 - isameM kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha - hetu, sAdhya, pratijJA, sadharmA, saadhnaatsaadhyvijnyaanmnumaanm| avinAbhAva, sapakSa sAdharmya, vaidharmya, dRSTAnta jaise anumAnopakaraNoM isa paribhASA meM mAtra akalaMka ke dvArA dI gaI anumAna kA nirdeza isameM (AptamImAMsA meM) kiyA gayA hai| kI paribhASA kI punarAvRtti hai| kintu akalaMka ke vicAra ko siddhasena divAkara - jaina-nyAya meM anumAna kI spaSTa hI ve tattvazlokavArtika meM prastuta karate haiM to unake kathana se paribhASA sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkara kI racanA meM milatI hai| akalaMka ke mata kA piSTa-peSaNa hI nahIM hotA hai balki usameM unhoMne anumAna ko ina zabdoM meM pratipAdita kiyA hai unake apane bhI vicAra vyakta hote haiM23-- sAdhyAvinAbhuvoM liGgAtsAdhyanizcAyakaM smRtm| sAdhyabhAvAsambhavaniyama lakSaNAt sAdhanAdeva zakyAbhipretA anumAnaM tadabhrAntaM pramANatvAt smkssvt|| prasiddhatvalakSaNasya sAdhyasyaiva yadvijJAnaM tadanumAnam AcAryA viduH| arthAt sAdhya ke binA na hone vAle liGga se sAdhya ke AcArya kA kathana hai ki usa sAdhana se jo sAdhya ke saMbaMdha meM nizcita jAnakArI dene vAlA jo jJAna hai use hI anamAna abhAva meM saMbhava nahIM hai, ke dvArA hone vAlA zakya, abhipreta kahate haiN| vaha anumAna pramANa hone ke kAraNa pratyakSa kI taraha tathA aprasiddha sAdhya kA vijJAna hI anumAna hai| ye AcArya yAnI aroorionitorionidmoonsansarbadroomidnirala-G41]iwarirdivorrowroorbordNGrGorbandrod6d6

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akalaMka ke vacana haiM, ise vidyAnaMda svIkAra karate haiM / kintu ina vacanoM kA vivecana ve apane DhaMga se karate haiM aura yaha ghoSita karate haiM ki sAdhanajJAna tathA sAdhyajJAna meM samagratA kA bhAva honA caahie| arthAt sAdhana aura sAdhya meM saba taraha se saMbaMdhata ho tabhI anumAna sahI ho sakatA hai| prakAratA kI dRSTi se sAdhana aura sAdhya meM ekatA honI caahie| tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa prakAra kA sAdhya ho usI prakAra kA sAdhana honA cAhie aura jisa prakAra kA sAdhana ho usI prakAra kA sAdhya bhI honA caahie| yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana mANikyanandI - inhoMne bhI akalaMka kA hI anugamana kiyA aura kahA hai25 - sAdhanAtsAdhyavijJAnamanumAnama ||10|| arthAt sAdhana se sAdhya ke viSaya meM prApta jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| isa kathana meM koI navInatA dikhAI nahIM par3atI hai kintu vivecanakartA ne isameM kucha apanI vizeSatA evaM sArthakatA dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai-- yadi anumAna kA lakSaNa yaha kiyA jAtA ki pramANa se jo vijJAna hotA, vaha anumAna hai to Agama Adi se vyabhicAra AtA hai, ataH usake nivAraNa ke lie sAdhya ke jJAna ko anumAna khaa| phira bhI pratyakSa se vyabhicAra AtA, ataH usake nivAraNArtha sAdhana se yaha pada diyA hai| isa prakAra liGga se sAdhyarUpa liGgI kA jo jJAna hotA hai, use pramANa kahate haiN| jaise dhUma dekhakara agni kA jJAna krnaa| 26 hemacaMdra - inhoMne pramANamImAMsA meM kahA hai sAdhanAtsAdhyavijJAnam anumAnam / / 7 / / isakA vivecana karate hue ve Age kahate haiM.... dRSTAdupadiSTadvA sAdhanAt yat sAdhyasya vijJAnam samyagarthanirNayAtmakaM tadanumIyate'neneti anumAnam liGgagrahaNasaMbaMdhasmaraNayoH pazcAt pricchednm||7|| vaha arthAt sAdhya kA vaha samyagartha nirNAyaka jJAna jo apane dvArA dekhe hue athavA anya vyakti ke kahe hue sAdhana ke AdhAra para hotA hai, use anumAna kahate haiN| jisase anumiti ho vaha anumAna hai, yAnI sAdhana ke prApta hone para tathA avinAbhAva saMbaMdha ke yAda Ane ke bAda hone vAlA vijJAna hI anumAna ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| ambap dharmabhUSaNa tathA yazovijaya - ina logoM ne bhI kramazaH nyAyadIpikA tathA jainatarkabhASA meM anumAna-saMbaMdhI vivecana vizleSaNa prastuta kie haiN| ina logoM ke vicAra bhI apane pUrvagAmI AcAryoM kI taraha hI hai / isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai ki anumAna ko paribhASita karane vAle AcAryoM kI eka laMbI katAra hai, kintu sabane bArI-bArI se akalaMka ke dvArA dI gaI paribhASA ko hI pariSkRta karane kA bharapUra prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi anumAna ke mUlarUpa ko dekheM to nyAya Adi jainetara paraMparAe~ tathA jainaparaMparA meM bhI sAdhana, sAdhya aura avinAbhAva saMbaMdha se hI anumAna kA nirmANa hotA hai| avayava - avayava kyA hai? isake sAmAnya artha hote haiM-- aMga, aMza aadi| anumAna ke kSetra meM bhI isake ye hI artha hote haiN| jinake sahayoga se anumAna nirUpita hotA hai, use avayava kahate haiN| vAtsyAyana ne avayava ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai sAdhanIyArthasya yAvatizabdasamUhe siddhiH parisamApyate tasya paJcAvayAH pratijJAdayaH samUhApekSayA'vayavA ucyate / arthAt jo sAdhanIya artha hai use nizcita karane ke lie zabdasamUha ke rUpa meM vAkyoM kA prayoga karanA Avazyaka hotA hai tathA pratijJAdi jina vAkyoM ke AdhAra para sAdhya kI siddhi hotI hai, unheM samUha kI apekSA se avayava kahate haiN| anumAna ke avayavoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke vibhinna mata milate haiM- [28] nyAyabhASya nyAyasUtra - pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya tathA nigmn| pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya, nigamana, jijJAsA, saMzaya, zakya, prApti, prayojana tatA sNshyvyudaas| vaizeSika bhASya 29 pratijJA, apadeza, nidarzana, anusaMdhAna tathA pratyAmnAya / - sAMkhya 30 * pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya evaM nigmn| AcAryamAThara kabhI tIna, kabhI pA~ca avayavoM ke prayoga / GamerGambian 8 pmmesmer - mImAMsA pakSa, hetu, udAharaNa tathA upanaya / kintu zAlikAnAtha, nArAyaNabhaTTa, pArthasArathi Adi kucha mImAMsaka tIna hI avayava mAnate haiM--pratijJA, hetu aura dRSTAMta / For Private Personal Use Only

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana vedAnta32 - udAharaNa tathA upny| agni hai, yaha pratijJA ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| maharSi gautama ne bauddhadarzana - dinAtha Adi prAraMbhika vicArakara3 - pratijJA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai28 - sAdhyanirdezaH prtijnyaa|" pakSa, hetu tathA dRSTAMta kintu dharmakIrti tathA unake bAda vAle jisake dvArA sAdhya kA ullekha ho use pratijJA kahate haiN| udAharaNa evaM upanaya / AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne kahA hai - jainamata - avayava para prakAza DAlate hue DA. mehatA ne sAdhyAbhyupagamaH pakSaH prtykssaadhiniraakRtH| likhA hai25 - avayava kA artha hotA hai-dUsaroM ko samajhAne ke tatprayogo'tra kartavyo hetorgocrdiipkH||14|| lie jo anumAna kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, usake hisse| kisa jisakA pratyakSAdi se nirAkaraNa saMbhava nahIM hai aise sAdhya DhaMga se vAkyoM kI saMgati baiThAnI cAhie? adhika se adhika ko grahaNa karanA, mAnyatA denA pakSa hai| aise pakSa kA prayoga kitane vAkya hone cAhie? kama se kama kitane vAkyoM kaa| parArthAnumAna ke saMdarbha meM apekSita hai, kyoMki yaha hetu kA dIpaka prayoga honA cAhie, ityAdi bAtoM kA vicAra avayavacarcA meN| yAnI prakAzaka hotA hai| kiyA jAtA hai| pakSa ke saMbaMdha meM mANikyanaMdI kI ukti hai - ___ AgamoM se anumAna ke avayava ke saMbaMdha meM koI sAdhyadharmaH kvacittadviziSTo vA dhrmo||2|| jAnakArI nahIM prApta hotI hai| avayavoM kI saMkhyA tathA prayoga ke viSaya meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI ukti hai 36--katthai pakSa iti yaavt||22|| paMcAvayavayaM dasahA vA savvahA Na pddikutthNti| ve mAnate the anumAna meM kabhI to dharma sAdhya hotA hai aura kabhI dharma ki AvazyakatA ke anusAra do se lekara tIna, pA~ca tathA dasa viziSTa dhrmii| usa dharmI ko hI pakSa kahate haiN| taka avayavoM kI saMkhyA ho sakatI hai jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hotA hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hotI hai| jahA~ do-pratijJA tathA udaahrnn| agni nahIM hotI hai| vahA~ dhUma nahIM hotaa| isameM agnirUpa dharma tIna--pratijJA, hetu aura udaahrnn| sAdhya hai| isa parvata meM agni hai, kyoMki vaha dhUmavAlA hai| jahAM jahA~ dhuma hotA hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hotI hai| isameM agni rUpa pAMca-pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAMta, upasaMhAra, nigmn| dharma se viziSTa parvata (kabhI) sAdhya hai| AcArya hemacandra ne (ka) dasa--pratijJA, pratijJAvizuddhi, hetu, hetuvizuddhi, dRSTAMta, gautama kI taraha hI sarala aura saMkSipta rUpa meM kahA hai - dRSTAMtavizuddhi, upasaMhAra, upasaMhAravizuddhi, nigamana aura nigamana sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA--jisa vAkya se sAdhya kA nirdeza -vishuddhi| hotA hai, use pratijJA kahate haiN| (kha) dasa--pratijJA, pratijJAvibhakti, hetu, hetuvibhakti, hetu (heU)-lakSaNa-vaizeSika-sUtra meM kaNAda ne kahA haivipakSa, pratiSedha, dRSTAMta, AzaMkA, tatpratiSedha aura nigmn| hetuprdesholinggprmaannkrnnmitynrthaantrm||9/2/4 ina avayavoM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM jaina vicAraka aisA mAnate haiM ki jo vyakti vivekI haiM, unheM samajhAne ke lie do, ___arthAt, hetu, apadeza, liGga, pramANa, karaNa ke artha meM manda buddhi vAloM ke lie dasa tathA sAmAnya logoM ko samajhAne kAI atara nahIM hai| ye paryAyavAcI haiM, aisA samajhA jA sakatA hai| ke lie pA~ca avayavoM ke prayoga kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| apadeza ke viSaya meM unakI ukti hai| - pratijJA (pahannA) - jise hama siddha karanA cAhate haiM, use 'prsiddhipuurvktvaadpdeshsy|' sAdhya kahate haiM aura sAdhya ke prathama nirdeza ke lie pratijJA zabda arthAt - apadeza prasiddhipUrvaka hotA hai| prasiddhi se matalaba AtA hai| pratijJA ko jAnate hI hamArA uddezya prakAzita ho jAtA hai vyaapti| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki apadeza vyAptipUrvaka hai| isa sAdhyanirdeza ke lie dUsarA nAma pakSa bhI hai| parvata meM hotA hai| jisameM prasiddha yA vyApti nahIM hotI hai use anapadeza

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yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana kahate haiM43 - aprsiddho'npdeshH| hetu ke lakSaNa ke saMbaMdha meM kaarnn| parvata meM dhUma hai ata: vaha pakSadharmatva se yukta haiN| dharma nahIM gautama ne kahA hai-44--udAharaNasAdhAtsAdhyasAdhanaM hetH| tathA rahane para jo hetvAbhAsa hotA hai use asiddhahe tvAbhAsa kahate haiN| vaidhaat| arthAt udAharaNa ke sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya ke dvArA sAdhya sapanasatva - heta yA liGaga ke lie sapakSa meM rahanA bhI ko pramANita karanA hetu hai| isake AdhAra para hetu ko do taraha ke utanA hI Avazyaka hai jitanA ki pakSa meM rhnaa| hetu sabhI sapakSoM prayogoM meM dekhA jAtA hai-sAdharmya tathA vaidhrmy| meM rahe athavA kisI eka sapakSa meM, kintu usakA rahanA jarUrI siddhasena divAkara ne hetu ke lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karate hue hai| parvata agniyukta hai, dhUmayukta hone se jaise mahAnasa aadi| kahA hai|5 - vipakSAsatva - hetu kA pakSa evaM sapakSa meM rahanA hI use 'anyathAnupapannatvaM hetorlkssnnmiiritm|' anyathAnupapannatva sArthaka nahIM banAtA balki vipakSa meM usakA abhAva honA caahie| arthAt sAdhya ke binA upapanna na honA hetu kA lakSaNa hai| sAdhya jahA~-jahA~ nahIM ho vahA~-vahA~ hetu ko bhI nahIM rahanA caahie| vidyAnanda ne bhI hetusaMbaMdhI nyAyadarzana kI mAnyatA ko khaNDita jahA~-jahA~ agni nahIM hai, vahA~-vahA~ dhUma nahIM hai jaise taalaab| karate hue kahA hai-anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra kiM paMcabhiH kRtm| abAdhitaviSayatva - bAdhitaviSaya se samajhanA cAhie nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra kiM paMcabhiH kRtm|| bAdhita saadhy| hetu kA sAdhya jaba pratyakSa athavA Agama se bAdhita hotA hai taba use bAdhitaviSaya kahate haiN| agni zItala jahA~ anyathAnupapannatva na ho vahA~ para paMcarUpatA vyartha hai| hai kRtaka hone se| yahA~ pratyakSa se agni kI zItalatA bAdhita isa ukti se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vidyAnaMda ne bhI anyathAnupapannatva hai| ataH kRtaka hetu nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kintu jaba kahate / ko hI hetu kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| isI taraha anya jainAcAryoM ne bhI haiM ki parvata agniyukta hai, dhumayakta hone se to yaha pratyakSAdi heta ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra kie haiN| kintu hemacandra ne hetu ko bahuta se bAdhita nahIM hotaa| hI sarala DhaMga se samajhAyA hai| unake anusAra hetu kI paribhASA isa prakAra hai--sAdhanatvAbhivyaJjakAvibhaktyantaM sAdhanavacanaM asatpratipakSatva - hetu kA virodhI jaba vidyamAna rahatA hai, hetuH -2/12 vaha sAdhana kathana jisake aMta meM sAdhanatva ko taba use satpratipakSa kahate haiN| satpratipakSatA ke kAraNa heta sArthaka vyakta karane vAlI vibhakti lagI ho use hetu kahate haiN| yahA~ nahAha nahIM ho sktaa| ata: use asatpratipakSa honA caahie| jaba kahate haiM samasyA AtI hai ki vaisI kauna-kauna sI vibhaktiyA~ haiM? isake / ki parvata agniyukta hai, dhUmayukta hone se to aisI koI bhI jagaha uttara meM ve panaH kahate haiM48--sAdhanatvAbhivyaJjikAvibhaktiH nahIM honI cAhie jo dhUmayukta to ho para agniyukta nahIM ho|50 paJcamI, tRtIyA, vA tadantam sAdhanasya uktalakSaNasya vacanam bauddhadarzana - bauddhAcArya arcaTa ne nyAya dvArA pratipAdita hetuH| sAdhanatva ko vyakta karane vAlI vibhaktiyA~ paMcamI aura hetu ke pAMca rUpoM meM se prathama tIna ko svIkAra kiyA hai tathA tRtIyA hotI hai| inake sAtha samApta hone vAle sAdhana vAcaka zeSa do ko anAvazyaka batAyA hai| vacana hetu hote haiN| hindI meM aisI abhivyakti kyoMki, cU~ki pakSasatva - jahAM agni kA saMdeha hai, pakSa meM dhUma kA Adi zabdoM ke sahayoga se hotI hai| usa parvata para agni hai, astitva51 kyoMki vaha dhUmayukta hai| sAdhya ke sAtha jisakI vyApti nhiiN| sapakSasatva - agni ke astitva meM dhama kA astitv| hotI hai, vaha hetu nahIM ho sakatA hai| hetu kA svarUpa - nyAya darzana meM hetu ko pA~ca rUpoM vipakSa-asatva - agni jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ dhUma nahIM hai| vAlA mAnA gayA hai 49 -- pakSadharmatva, sapakSasatva, vipakSavyAvRtti zeSa do ke saMbaMdha meM bauddhamata jo kahatA hai use mahendra abAdhitaviSayatva tathA astprtipksstv| . kumAra jaina ke zabdoM meM hama acchI taraha samajha sakate haiN| pakSadharmatva - hetu ke dharma ke jo pakSa meM rahatA hai use trairUpyavAdI bauddha trairUpya ko svIkAra karake abAdhita pakSadharmatva kahate haiN| parvata agniyukta hai, dhUmayukta hone ke viSayatva ko pakSa ke lakSaNa se hI anugata kara lete haiM, kyoMki

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pakSa ke lakSaNa meM pratyakSAdyanirAkRta pada diyA gayA hai| apane sAdhya ke sAtha nizcita trairUpya vAle hetu meM samabala vAle kisI pratipakSI hetu kI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI, ataH asatpratipakSatva anAvazyaka ho jAtA hai| ww jaina darzana bauddhaciMtaka dharmakIrti, arcaTa Adi ne nyAya tathA mImAMsA darzanoM meM hetu ke chaha rUpoM ke pratipAdana kI bAta kahI hai53 SaDlakSaNe heturityapare naiyAyikamImAMsakAdayo mnynte...| ye SaDlakSaNa isa prakAra haiM-- (1) pakSadharmatva, (2) sapakSasatva, (3) vipakSAsatva, (4) abAdhitaviSayatva, (5) vipakSitaikasaMkhyatva tathA (6) jJAtattva / kintu ina SalakSaNoM ke viSaya meM kisI prakAra kI mAnyatA, jaisA ki DA. koThiyA kI rAya hai, nyAya tathA mImAMsA darzanoM meM kahIM bhI dikhAI nahIM par3atI / usI taraha se jainAcArya vAdirAja ne hetu ke SaDlakSaNoM ko prastuta kiyA hai*5 / (1) anyathAnupapannatva (2) jJAtattva (3) abAdhitaviSayatva, (4) asatpratipakSatva tathA (5,6) pakSadharmatvAdi / yahA~ DA. koThiyA ne hai ki vAdirAja ne yaha spaSTataH prakAzita nahIM kiyA hai ki ye SaDlakSaNa kinake dvArA pratipAdita haiN| kahA yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana - vAstava meM jaina tarka meM hetu ke eka hI rUpa ko mAnA gayA hai / vaha hai avinAbhAva / avinAbhAva = a + vinAbhAva / vinAbhAva = kisI ke abhAva meM kisI kA astitva / avinAbhAva kisI ke abhAva meM kisI ke astitva kA niSedha jaise agni ke abhAva meM dhUma ke astitva kA niSedha / yadi avinAbhAva saMbaMdha hai sAdhana aura sAdhya ke bIca to anumAna ke lie anya kisI bhI cIja kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| avinAbhAva ke abhAva meM trairUpya bhI hetu nahIM bana sakatA aura yadi avinAbhAva hai to trairUpya ke na rahane para bhI hetu kA nirUpaNa ho jAtA hai| isake lie nimnalikhita udAharaNa die jAte haiM - - (1) trairUpya ke abhAva meM bhI hetu eka muhUrta ke bAda zakaTa nakSatra kA udaya hogA, kyoMki kRttikA kA udaya hai / kRttikA ke udaya ke bAda zakaTa kA udaya hotA hai, yaha nizcita hai| yadyapi kRttikA ke udaya hone tathA zakaTa ke udaya hone meM koI bhI trairUpya nahIM banatA phira bhI yahA~ avinAbhAva saMbaMdha hai, jisake AdhAra para anumAna banatA hai| POMEM For Private (2) trairUpTA hone para bhI hetu kA abhAva (ka) gItA kA vaha putra jo abhI garbha meM hai, zyAma raMga kA hogA / (kha) kyoMki vaha gItA kA putra hai| (ga) jo bhI gItA ke putra haiM ve zyAma raMga vAle haiN| yahA~ ve tIna rUpa haiM jinheM bauddha vicArakoM ne mAnyatA dI hai, kintu gItA kA putratva jise hetu mAnA jA rahA hai vaha abhI garbha meM hai| zyAma hone kA AdhAra gItA kA putratva hI hai| ataH rUpya hone para bhI avinAbhAva ke na rahane se hetu kA nirUpaNa nahIM ho sakatA / vidyAnaMda ne bauddhatarka meM pratipAdita anumAna kA khaNDana karate hue spaSTa kahA hai57 anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / nAnyarthAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / / vidyAnaMda se pUrva siddhasena divAkara, pAtrasvAmI, akalaMka Adi jainAcAryoM ke dvArA isa mata ko samarthana prApta huA hai, tathA vidyAnaMda ke paravartI jaina-ciMtakoM ne bhI mAtra avinAbhAva ko hI hetu rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| hetu trirUpa yA paMcarUpa kisI bhI avasthA meM ho, kintu avinAbhAva ke na rahane para vaha hetu kahalAne ke yogya nahIM hotA / hetu ke prakAra vaizeSika - isa darzana meM hetu ke pA~ca prakAroM ko mAnyatA milI hai*" / kArya, kAraNa, saMyogI, samavAyI tathA virodhI / kintu anya jagahoM para hetu ke ye prakAra batAe gae haiM" - abhUta, bhUtakAbhUta - abhUta kA aura bhUta-bhUta kA / - nyAya - isake saMbaMdha meM DA. zarmA ne bar3e hI saMkSipta aura sarala DhaMga se vivecana prastuta kiyA hai--nyAya paraMparA meM maharSi gautama ne hetu ke sAdharmya aura vaidharmya ye do bheda pradarzita kie haiM, jisakA samarthana vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, vAcaspatimizra evaM jayaMta bhaTTa Adi sabhI dArzanikoM ne kiyA hai| udayana ne udyotakara praNIta anumAna bheda nirUpaNa meM prayukta hetu ke anvayI, vyatirekI evaM anvayavyatirekI ina tIna bhedoM ko AdhAra mAnakara isake tIna bheda prastuta kie haiM -- (1) kevalAnvayI hetu (2) kevalavyatirekI hetu tathA (3) anvayavyatirekI hetu / bAda meM sabhI naiyAyikoM ne inakA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai| 45] 6 tt66 Personal Use Only

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yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana hai 61 bauddha dharmakIrti ne hetu ke tIna prakAroM ko prastuta kiyA (1) svabhAva (2) kArya tathA (3) anupalabdhi / svabhAva - yaha agni hai| kyoMki yaha uSNa hai| isameM agni sAdhya jise siddha hone ke lie uSNatA kI apekSA hai athavA agni kA svabhAva hai| ataH aise hetu ko svabhAva hetu kahate haiN| kAryahetu - yahA~ agni hai, kyoMki yahAM dhUma hai| isameM sAdhya agni hai aura dhUma hetu hai / kintu dhUma agni se paidA hotA hai| ataH sAdhya se utpanna hone vAle hetu ko kAryahetu kahate haiN| anupalabdhihetu - jo hetu upalabdhi ko na batAkara anupalabdhi ko batAe use anupalabdhihetu kahate haiM / kintu yaha usakI anupalabdhi batAtA hai jisameM upalabdhi kI yogyatA hai, arthAt jo vastu upalabdhi - lakSaNa prApta hai| ghaTa meM upalabdhi lakSaNa hai phira bhI isakI anupalabdhi jJAta hotI hai to jisa kAraNa se anupalabdhi jJAta ho rahI hai use anupalabdhihetu kahate haiN| pramANavArtika meM anulapabdhi ke cAra vibhAga batAe gae haiM-(1) viruddhopalabdhi (2) viruddhakAryopalabdhi (3) kAraNAnupalabdhi tathA (4) svabhAvAnupalabdhi / paraMtu nyAyabiMdu meM inake alAvA aura sAta bheda batAe gae haiM jo isa prakAra haiM- (1) svabhAvaviruddhopalabdhi (2) kAryAnupalabdhi (3) viruddhavyApto labdhi ( 4 ) vyApakaviruddhopalabdhi ( 5 ) kAraNaviruddhopalabdhi (6) kAryaviruddhopalabdhi (7) kAraNa viruddhakAryopalabdhi jainamata - sthAnAGgasUtra meM hetu ke cAra prakAra batAe gae haiM 63 -- (1) vidhi-vidhi (2) niSedha - niSedha (3) vidhiniSedha aura (4) niSedha-vidhi- vidhi-vidhi - hetu aura sAdhya do ke hI sadbhAva rUpa hoM to use vidhi-vidhi hetu kahate haiM, jaise-yahA~ agni hai, kyoMki yahA~ dhUma hai| niSedha - niSedha - jaba sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM ke hI asadbhAva rUpa hoM taba usa hetu kA niSedha - niSedha rUpa hotA hai| jaise - yahA~ dhUma nahIM hai, kyoMki yahA~ agni nahIM hai| vidhi - niSedha - sAdhya kA sadbhAva tathA sAdhana kA asadbhAva rahane para hetu vidhi - niSedha kahA jAtA hai / rAma roga grasta hai, kyoMki usameM svastha ceSTA kA abhAva hai| i niSedha-vidhi - sAdhya kA asadbhAva aura sAdhana kA sadbhAva ho to hetu niSedha - vidhi ke rUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai| jaise - yahA~ uSNatA hai, kyoMki zItalatA nahIM haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama - isake mUla sUtra meM hetu ke bheda-prabheda Adi kI koI carcA nahIM milatI hai| kintu isake vyAkhyAkAra vIrasena ne hetuvAda (jisakA ullekha SaTakhaNDAgama meM prApta hotA hai) kA vizleSaNa karate hue yaha batAyA hai ki hetu ke do bheda hote haiM - (1) sAdhana - hetu tathA (2) dUSaNa - hetu / siddhasena divAkara - hetu ke do prakAra evaM prayoga ke saMbaMdha meM siddhasena divAkara kI nimnalikhita ukti haiM 65 tostathopapatyA vA syAtprayogo'nyathApi vA dvividho'nyatareNApi sAdhyasiddhirbhavediti / / 17 / / arthAt hetu ke do prakAra haiM -- (1) tathopapatti--sAdhya ke hone para hI honaa| - (2) anyathAnupapatti - sAdhya ke abhAva meM kabhI bhI na honA ina bhedoM kA spaSTIkaraNa nyAyAvatAra ke bhASyakAra siddharSigaNi ke dvArA hotA hai| ve inake lie udAharaNa prastuta karate haiM "6 tathopapatti - yahA~ agni hai, dhUma kI agni ke dvArA hI utpatti hone se / - anyathAnupapati- yahA~ agni hai, kyoMki agni ke abhAva dhUma kI utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| akalaMka - akalaMka ne mukhya rUpa se hetu ke do hI bheda batAe haiM- vidhi aura niSedha arthAt upalabdhi aura anupalabdhi / punaH unhoMne upalabdhi tathA anulapabdhi ke chaha-chaha bheda kie haiM upalabdhi - ( 1 ) svabhAvopalabdhi ( 2 ) svabhAvakAryopalabdhi (3) svabhAvakAraNopalabdhi (4) sahacaropalabdhi (5) sahacarakAryopalabdhi tathA (6) sahacarakAraNopalabdhi | anulapabdhi- asadvyavahArasAdhaka - ( 1 ) svabhAvAnupalabdhi, (2) kAryAnupalabdhi, (3) kAraNAnupalabdhi ( 4 ) svabhAvasahacarAnupalabdhi (5) sahacarakAraNAnupalabdhi aura sahacarakAryAnupalabdhi | ttikatt46] sadvyavahAraniSedhaka - (1) svabhAvaviruddhopalabdhi (2) kAryaviruddhopalabdhi (3) kAraNaviruddhopalabdhi | For Private Personal Use Only ka

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagranya - jaina darzana mANikyanandI - akalaMka ke dvArA pratipAdita hetu tathA (3) viruddhakAraNopalabdhi - isa vyakti meM sukha nahIM hai usake vibhAgoM kA spaSTIkaraNa mANikyanandI ne kiyaa| unhoMne kAraNa hRdaya meM ghAva hai| hetu ko mukhya rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-upalabdhi (4) viruddhapUrvacaropalabdhi - eka mahUrta ke bAda rohiNI tathA anulpbdhi| punaH donoM ke do-do bheda kie gye| kA udaya honA saMbhava nahIM hai kAraNa abhI revatI kA udaya ho rahA hai| upalabdhi ke do bheda - (1) aviruddhopalabdhi aura (5) viruddhottaracaropalabdhi - eka maharta pahale bharaNI kA (2) viruddhoplbdhi| udaya nahIM huA hai, puSya ke udaya ho jAne se| anupalabdhi ke do bheda - (1) aviruddhAnapalabdhi aura (6) viruddhasahacaropalabdhi - isa dIvAra meM usa ora ke (2) viruddhaanuplbdhi| bhAga kA abhAva nahIM hai, kyoMki isa aura kA bhAga dikhAI paDa itanA hI nahIM balki ina bhedoM ke prabhedoM kI bhI mANikyanandI rahA hai| ne pratiSThA kii| unhoMne kahA aviruddhAnupalabdhi - aviruddhAnupalabdhiH - pratiSedhe aviruddhopalabdhirvidhau SoDhA-vyApyakAryakAraNapUrvottara saptadhA - svabhAvavyApakakAryakAraNapUrvottara sahacarabhedAta / / 55 / / arthAt aviruddhopalabdhi ke chaha bheda haiM- shcraanuplmbhbhedaat||74|| (1) aviruddhavyApyopalabdhi - zabda pariNAmI hai, kyoMki arthAt jo pratiSedha (abhAva) ko siddha karatI hai usa vaha kRtaka hai| aviruddhAnupalabdhi ke sAta prakAra haiM--(1) (2) aviruddhakAryopalabdhi - isa zarIradhAraka prANI meM aviruddhasvabhAvAnupalabdhi--isa bhUtala para ghaTa nahIM hogA, kyoMki buddhi hai, kyoMki vacana Adi buddhi ke kArya haiN| vaha anupalabdha hai, yadyapi usameM upalabdhi lakSaNa hai| (3) aviruddhakAraNopalabdhi - ve usameM haiM, yahA~ chAyA hai, (2) aviruddhAvyApakAnupalabdhi - yahAM zIzama nahIM hai, cU~ki yahA~ chatra hai| kyoMki yahAM vRkSa anulapabdha hai| (4) aviruddhapUrvacaropalabdhi - eka maharta ke bAda rohiNI (3) aviruddhAkAryAnupalabdhi - yahA~ apratibaddha sAmarthya kA udaya hogA, cUMki isa samaya kRttikA udita hai| rakhane vAlI agni nahIM hai, kyoMki dhUma anulapabdha hai| (5) aviruddhottaracaropalabdhi - eka muhUrta pahale bharaNI (4) aviruddhakAraNAnupalabdhi - yahA~ dhUma nahIM hai, kyoMki kA udaya ho cukA hai, kyoMki abhI kRttikA kA udaya hai| agni nahIM hai| (6) aviruddhasahacaropalabdhi - mAtuliGga arthAt vijaurA (5) aviruddhapUrvacarAnupalabdhi--eka muhUrta ke bAda rUpavAna hai, kyoMki rasavAna hai| rohiNI kA udaya saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki abhI kRttikA kA viruddhopalabdhi - isake viSaya meM mANikyanaMdI ne kahA udaya nahIM huA hai| (6) aviruddhottaracarAnupalabdhi--eka muhUrta pahale bharaNI viruddhatadupalabdhipratiSedhe tathA / / 67 / / udita nahIM huA hai kyoMki abhI kRttikA kA udaya nahIM hai| arthAt viruddhopalabdhi ke bhI chaha prakAra hote haiM-- (7) aviruddhasahacarAnupalabdhi--isa tarAjU kA eka palaDA (1) viruddhavyApyopalabdhi - yahA~ zItalatA nahIM hai kAraNa nIcA nahIM hai, kyoMki dUsarA palar3A U~cA nahIM hai| yahAM uSNatA hai| viruddhAnupalabdhi72 --viruddhAnupalabdhirvidhau tredhA(2) viruddhakAryopalabdhi - yahA~ zItalatA nahIM hai kAraNa viruddhkaarykaarnnsvbhaavaanuplbdhibhedaat||82|. yahA~ dhUpa hai| arthAt viruddhAnapalabdhi ke tIna prakAra haiM -

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana - (1) viruddhakAryAnupalabdhi--yaha vyakti vyAdhigrasta hai, dekhA jaataa| siddhasena, divAkara ne dRSTAMta, akalaMka ne dRSTAMta aura kyoMki isakI ceSTAe~ svastha jaisI nahIM haiN| nidarzana, mANikyanaMdI ne dRSTAMta, nidarzana aura udAharaNa tathA hemacaMdra _(2) viruddhakAraNAnupalabdhi--isa vyakti meM daHkha hai, ne dRSTAMta aura udAharaNa ke prayoga kie haiN| kyoMki iSTa saMyoga nahIM hai| dRSTAnta ke prakAra - brAhmaNa paraMparA ke akSapAda ne dRSTAMta (3) viruddhasvavAnupalabdhi--vastu anekAntAtmaka yA nidarzana ke do bheda mAne haiM - sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya 1 / isI taraha jainAcArya siddhasena divAkara ne dRSTAMta ke do prakAroM sAdharmya aura kyoMki ekAnta svarUpa upalabdha nahIM hotA hai|vaadidevsuuri ne vaidharmya para prakAza DAlA hai| 2 mANikyanaMdI ne unhIM dRSTAMta ke bhedoM akalaMka aura mANikyanaMdI ke hetu saMbaMdhI vicAroM kA samarthana ko anvaya aura vyatireka ke rUpoM meM vyakta kiyA hai| isI prakAra kiyA hai, kintu mANikyanaMdI ne viruddhopalabdhi ke chaha tathA AcArya hemacandra ne dRSTAnta ke prakAroM ko sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya aura viruddhAnupalabdhi ke tIna bheda kie haiN| aura vAdidevasUri ne AcArya dharmabhUSaNa ne anvaya va vyatireka kI saMjJA dI hai 5 / viruddhopalabdhi kA eka bheda svabhAvaviruddhopalabdhi adhika tathA . viruddhAnupalabdhi ke do bheda viruddhavyApakAnupalabdhi tathA dRSTAMta kI sImA - dRSTAMta kI AvazyakatA ko vyakta viruddhasahacarAnupalabdhi adhika batAyA hai| karate hue AcArya akalaMka ne yaha kahA hai ki sabhI sthaloM para dRSTAMta anivAryataH prastuta kiyA hI jAe aisI bAta nahIM dekhI jAtI AcArya hemacandra ne kaNAda, dharmakIrti tathA vidyAnaMda kI hai| padArthoM kI kSINatA siddha karane meM kisI padArtha ko dRSTAMta ke taraha hetuoM kA vibhAjana kiyA hai, lekina inake dvArA kie gae rUpa meM prastuta karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| yadi amuka padArtha dRSTAMta ke vargIkaraNa meM anupalabdhi vidhi sAdhaka rUpa meM nahIM hai| dharmabhUSaNa rUpa meM hamAre sAmane hai to hama use kSaNika kaise kaha sakate haiN| vidyAnaMda ke heta saMbaMdhI vicAroM se sahamata dekhe jAte haiN| isase yaha jAhira hotA hai ki dRSTAMta kI AvazyakatA sImita hai| yaha yazovijaya kA vargIkaraNa vidyAnaMda, mANikyanaMdI, devasUri aura viSayavastu ko spaSTa karane meM sahAyaka hai kintu sarvatra nhiiN| dharmabhUSaNa ke vargIkaraNoM ke AdhAra para huA hai| vizeSataH upanaya (upasaMhAra)- sAdhya kA upasaMhAra upanaya ke devasUri aura dharmabhUSaNa kA prabhAva usa para lakSita hotA hai| nAma se jAnA jAtA hai dRSTAMta (diIta) - nyAyasUtrakAra gautama ne dRSTAnta ko udAharaNa kI apekSA se yaha upasaMhAra do taraha se hotA hai| paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki - laukikaparIkSakANAM yasminnarthe maharSi gautama ne jaisA pratipAdana kiyA hai| upasaMhAra isa prakAra buddhisAmyaM sa dRssttaantH| hotA hai-'tathA iti' usI prakAra yaha bhI vaisA hai athavA na tathA, arthAt jisameM laukika tathA parIkSaka kI buddhi samAna usI prakAra yaha bhI vaisA nahIM hai| upasaMhAra eka prakAra kA punarkathana rUpa se pAI jAe use dRSTAMta kahate haiN| hotA hai| upasaMhAra yA upanaya meM vyApti usI anupAta meM dekhI jAtI hai jisa anupAta meM vaha sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca dRSTAMta jayaMta bhaTTa ne laukika aura parIkSaka ke sthAna para vAdI meM hotI hai| nyAya tathA vaizeSikoM darzanoM meM cU~ki paJca avayavoM tathA prativAdI zabdoM ke prayoga kie haiM, aura unhoMne vAdIprativAdI ko mAnyatA milI hai, isalie upanaya bhI unameM A hI jAtA hai| kI samAna buddhi ke viSayabhUta padArtha ko dRSTAnta kahA hai| bhaTTa-mImAMsakoM ne avayavoM ko do prakAra se upayogI sAbita nyAyAvatAra ke bhASyakAra siddharSigaNi ne kahA hai ki jisameM kiyA hai--pratijJA-heta-udAharaNa tathA udaahrnn-upny-nigmn| sAdhya sAdhana rahe vaha dRSTAMta hai| dRSTAMta ke lie udAharaNa tathA yahA~ upanaya kI sthiti ko isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai-- nidarzana zabdoM ke prayoga bhI milate haiN| isIlie hemacandra ne kahA udAharaNa - jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hai jaisehai --dRssttaaNtvcnmudaahrnnm| paakgRh| arthAt dRSTAMtavacana udAharaNa hai| dRSTAMta, udAharaNa tathA nidarzana upanaya - vaha parvata bhI dhamayakta hai| ke prayoga sabhI AcAryoM ke dvArA samAna rUpa se hae hoM aisA nahIM nigamana - ataH parvata agniyukta hai|

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana bauddhaparaMparA ke dharmakIrti tathA unake paravartI AcAryoM ne udyotakara, vAcaspatimizra, jayaMtabhaTTa, bhAsarvajJa Adi AcAryoM ne udAharaNa aura upanaya ko tarka meM sthAna diyA hai| dharmakIrti ne bhI bhI mAnA hai| vaizeSika-darzana ke prazastapAda ne nyAya-darzana dvArA udAharaNa tathA upanaya ko hetu ke sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya meM hI pratipAdita paJcAvayava ko svIkAra kiyA hai kintu kucha raddobadala antarnihita mAnA hai| ke saath| unhoMne jina paJcAvayavoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ve isa jainaparaMparA meM upanaya kI carcA akalaMka ke tarkapratipAdana prakAra haiM--pratijJA, apadeza, nidarzana, anusaMdhAna tathA prtyaamnaay| jise gautama ne nimagana kahA hai usI ko prazastazAda ne pratyAmnAya se dekhI jAtI hai| unake vicAroM meM upanayAdisamam 9 to milatA hai, kintu upanaya kA koI spaSTIkaraNa nahIM hotA hai| mANikyanaMdI kahA hai| mImAMsA-sUtra aura aura zAMkarabhASya evaM kumArila tathA ne bar3e hI sarala DhaMga se upanaya ko paribhASita kiyA hai-- prabhAkara ke grantho meM anumAna ke svArtha-parArtha bheda upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa avayava-lakSaNoM kA spaSTa vivecana nahIM kiyA hetorupasaMhAraH upnyH|0 gayA hai| cU~ki nigamana parArthAnamAna kA aMtima bhAga hotA hai, . arthAt pakSa meM hetu kI punarukti upanaya hai| prabhAcaMdra ne isalie isakA pratipAdana mImAMsAdarzana meM nahIM huA hai aisA hI upanaya kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA hai ki sAdhyadharmI yAnI pakSa mAnanA caahie| bauddha-darzana ke dharmakIrti ne bhI nigamana ko meM koI vizeSa hetu jaba avinAbhAva se darzita hotA hai use upanaya koI mahattva nahIM diyA hai, balki ise asAdhanA kahA hai| kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| unhoMne upanaya ko upamAna bhI kahA hai| jaina-pramANa meM nigamana kA prAraMbha mANikyanaMdI se hotA upanayaupamAnam dRSTAMtadhamisAdhyamiNoH sAdRzyAt 92 / / hai| unhoMne nigamana ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai 98 - upanaya ke prakAra - 'pratijJAyAstu nigmnm|' arthAt--pratijJA kA punarkathana upanaya ke do prakAra mAne jAte haiM--sAdharmya tathA vaidhrmy| nigamana hai| jo kacha pratijJA ke rUpa meM hama ghoSita karate haiM. usI jisase yaha vyakta hotA hai - 'vaisA hI yaha hai' use sAdharmya kahate ko nigamana ke rUpa meM phira spaSTata: prastata karate haiN| ise aise bhI haiM aura jisase yaha jJAtahotA hai 'vaisA yaha nahIM hai use vaidharmya kaha sakate haiM ki jisa kathana kI pratijJA kI jAtI hai use kahate haiN| siddhasena divAkara ke prasiddha grantha nyAyAvatAra se yaha pramANita karake nigamana kI saMjJA dete haiN| vAdidevasari ne nigamana jJAta hotA hai ki jisakA dharma sadRza ho vaha sAdharmya tathA jisakA ko isa prakAra prakAzita kiyA hai19 - dharma visadRza ho vaha vaidharmya hotA hai| sAdhyadharmasya punrnigmnm| ythaansmaadgnirn| upanaya kI upayogitA - jainAcAryoM meM aise bhI loga haiM arthAta, sAdhya ko duharAnA nigamana hai| jo sAdhya hai. jisako jo upanaya ko upayogitArahita mAnate haiN| isa saMbaMdha meM hama siddha karanA cAhate haiM, jise pramANita karanA cAhate haiM usI vAdidevasUri ne spaSTa kahA hai ki jaba dharmI meM sirpha sAdhya-sAdhana ko upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM dubArA prastuta karanA nigamana hai| AcArya ke kahane se hI sAdhya nizcita ho jAtA hai taba upanayaya kA hemacandra kA mata bhI mANikyanaMdI ke vicAra se milatA huA prayoga to sirpha duharAnA mAtra hai| cU~ki ye upanaya aura nigamana hai00| prabhAcaMdra ne kahA hai ki pratijJA hetu, udAharaNa aura upanaya sAdhya ko prabhAvita karane meM sakSama nahIM hai isalie pratijJA aura ko ekabaddha karane vAlA nigamana hotA hai101| yaha ukti nyAya hetu ko avayava meM mAnyatA milanI caahie| arthAt upanaya / darzana se prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai, kyoMki nyAyabhASya meM bhI aura nigamana upayogI nahIM haiN| nigamana ko aisA batAyA gayA hai| kintu anantavIrya ne nigamana nigamana (nigamaNa)maharSi gautama ne kahA hai5 - ke saMbaMdha meM isa prakAra kahA hai902 - hetvapadezAt pratijJAyA: punarvacanaM nigmnm| 'pratijJAyA: upasaMhAraH - sAdhyadharmaviziSTatvenapradarzanaM nigmnm|' arthAt hetu ke kathana dvArA pratijJA kA upasaMhAravAkya nigamana nigamana pratijJA kA punarkathana hai isameM koI zaka nahIM, hai| isameM pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa tathA upanaya ko ekatra karake kinta vaha kathanavizeSa rUpa se pratipAdita hotA hai| nigamana ke satrabaddha karane kI kSamatA hotI hai| nigamana ke isa nirUpaNa ko saMbaMdha meM DA. koThiyA kI ukti isa prakAra hai103 - anbronirankarird-dridwardwardrobadeirdrGrowdrin49Hdiradiod-dridrowdroidroraridword-ordindean

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagranya - jaina darzana aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aMtima do avayavoM para jaina tArkikoM vyApti aura pakSadharmitA ko samajhe binA anumAna kA jJAna honA ne utanA bala nahIM diyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mANikyanaMdI se muzkila hai| isalie ina donoM ke saMbaMdha meM vibhinna AcAryoM ke pUrva ina para vivecana prApta nahIM hotaa| matoM ko jAnane kA prayAsa kreNge| vyApti zabda kI utpatti vi + zuddhiyA~-vibhaktiyA~ - Apti se hotI hai| vi kA artha vizeSa mAnA jAtA hai tathA Apti kA prayoga sabaMdha ke lie hotA hai| vizeSa saMbaMdha use kahate haiM jo avayavoM kI saMkhyA nirdhArita karate samaya bhadrabAha ne kahA apavAdazUnya yA vyAbhicArarahita hotA hai jaise sUrya aura usakI hai ki AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue anumAna meM do, tIna, pA~ca kiraNoM ke bIca kA sNbNdh| jaba bhI sarya hogA usakI kiraNeM tathA dasa avayavoM kA prayoga ho sakate haiN| kintu dasa avayavoM hoMgI aura kiraNeM hoMgI to sUrya bhI hogaa| hetu kA pakSa meM pAyA ke saMbaMdha meM bhI unakA eka nizcita vicAra nahIM hai| dasa avayavoM jAnA pakSadharmatA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| parvata para agni hai, ke bhI do varga haiM kyoMki parvata para dhUma hai| parvata hai aura cU~ki parvata para dhUma hai prathamavarga - pratijJA - pratijJAvizuddhi isalie vahA~ bhI agni hogI aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| dhUma hetu hetuvizuddhi kA parvata para honA hI pakSadharmatA hai| jahA~ vyApti hotI hai vahA~ eka vyApya hotA hai aura dUsarA vyApaka hotA hai| dRSTAnta dRSTAntavizuddhi upasaMhAra - upasaMhAravizuddhi vyutpatti ke anusAra vi pUrvaka apa dhAtu se karma artha meM Nyat pratyaya karane para vyApya tathA kartA artha meM Nvul pratyaya nigamana - nigamanavizuddhi karane para vyApaka zabda siddha hotA hai| vyApti kriyA dvArA jisa yahA~ pratyeka avayava meM vizaddhi milAkara use eka se do viSaya kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, vaha vyApya aura jisake dvArA kara diyA gayA hai| yaha vizuddhi kyA hai? aura kyoM yaha avayavoM usako vyApta kiyA jAtA hai, use vyApaka kahate haiN| ke sAtha laga jAtI hai? ina praznoM ke uttara meM aisA yadi pratijJA, heta Adi paMcAvayavoM ke svarUpa meM koI doSa ho. koI AzaMkA vyApti kA lakSaNa ho to unheM zuddha yA vizuddha karane se hI sahI rUpa meM anumAna kI vyApti ke lie anya zabdoM ke prayoga bhI hae haiN| ataH pratiSThA ho skegii| anyathA anumAna meM doSa Ane kI AzaMkA vyApti ko samajhane ke lie hameM unhIM zabdoM ke saMdarbha meM adhyayana hogii| isalie kisI bhI avayava kA eka sAmAnya rUpa ho karanA hogaa| sakatA hai aura dUsarA vizuddha ruup| aisA mAna sakate haiM ki sAmAnya vaizeSikadarzana - maharSi kaNAda ne vyApti ke lie prasiddhi rUpa meM doSa kI AzaMkA rahatI hai kintu vizuddha rUpa meM kisI zabda ko kAma meM liyA hai| unake anusAra prasiddhi ke AdhAra prakAra kA doSa yA AzaMkA nahIM pAI jAtI hai| para hI hetu anumati kA bodhaka hotA hai| yadi prasiddhi na ho to dUsarAvarga - pratijJA - pratijJAvibhakti hetu kisI kAma kA nahIM raha jaataa| unhoMne kahA hai 05 hetuvibhakti 'prsiddhipuurvktvaadpdeshsy|' arthAt jo hetu prasiddhipUrvaka hai vahI vipakSa vipakSapratiSedha sadhetu hai aura usI se jJAna hotA hai| yadi kisI hetu meM prasiddhi nahIM hai to vaha anapadeza ho jAtA hai - 'aprsiddho'npdeshH|' dRSTAnta dRSTAntavibhakti anapadeza se matalaba hai hetvaabhaas| hetvAbhAsa jJAnadAyaka nahIM AzaMkA - AzaMkApratiSedha hotA hai| vaha AbhAsamAtra hotA hai, kyoMki usameM vyApti nahIM nigamana- nigamana vibhkti| hotI hai| isa taraha prasiddhi aura vyApti samAnArthaka zabda haiM aisA anumAna kA AdhAra jJAta hotA hai| sAmAnya ciMtana ke AdhAra para bhI hama aisA kaha anumAna vyApti tathA pakSadharmitA para AdhArita hotA hai| sakate haiM ki prasiddhi usI kI hotI hai jisameM vyApakatA hotI hai hetu

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* yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana aura jisameM vyApakatA hotI hai usakI prasiddhi hotI hai| zrIdharAcArya ke anusAra- kisI eka vastu kA anya vastu ke sAtha svabhAvataH jo saMbaMdha avadhArita kiyA jAtA hai, vahI upAdhizUnya va niyata hone ke kAraNa niyama arthAt vyApti kahalAtA hai966 / isakA matalaba hai ki vyApti ko upAdhizUnya honA cAhie kintu prazna uThatA hai ki upAdhi kyA hai? isake saMbaMdha meM navyanyAya ke gaMgeza upAdhyAya kA mata hai ki jisase vyAbhicAra jJAna hotA hai vaha upAdhi hai| isakI upasthiti meM vyApti kI koI nizcita jAnakArI nahIM ho sakatI hai| dhUma aura agni ke bIca saMbaMdha batAyA jAtA hai aura dhUma ko dekhakara agni kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| kintu dhUma aura agni ke bIca svAbhAvika saMbaMdha nahIM hai / jahA~ dhUma hai vahA~ agni hotI hai, kintu jahA~ agni hotI hai, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki vahA~ dhUma hI / garma lohe meM agni to hotI hai, kintu dhUma nahIM hotA hai| yadi dhUma aura agni meM svAbhAvika saMbaMdha hotA to donoM sarvadA sAtha rhte| dhUma isalie hotA hai ki lakar3I meM gIlApana hotA hai| yaha gIlApana hI dhUma kA kAraNa hai athavA agni aura dhUma kA saMbaMdha batAne vAlI upAdhi hai| mImAMsA - prabhAkara ke anusAra do vastuoM ke bIca jo avyabhicarita evaM niyata kArya-kAraNa-bhAva saMbaMdha hote haiM, unhIM ko sadhetu yA vyApti kahate haiN| sAMkhya - vyApti ko paribhASita karate hue maharSi kapila ne kahA hai107 - niyatadharmasAhityamubhayorekatarasya vA vyApti arthAt niyataMdharmasAhacarya hI vyApti hai| arthAt sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca pAyA jAne vAlA saMbaMdha yadi niyata aura vyabhicAra - rahita hai to usI ko vyApti ke nAma se jAnate haiN| yoga - isa darzanapaddhati meM vyApti ke lie saMbaMdha zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura vaha saMbaMdha kyA hai usa para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai108-- anumeyasyatulyajAtIye svanuvRttau bhinnajAtIyebhyo vyAvRttaH saMbaMdha: anumeyaH arthAt jisakA hama anumAna kara rahe haiM, ke sAtha samAna jAti meM anuvRtti tathA bhinna jAti meM vyAvRtti rakhatA ho use saMbaMdha kahate haiM / anuvRtti anukUlatA ko darzAtI hai tathA vyAvRtti pratikUlatA ko / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vyApti svajAtIya meM anukUlatA tathA vijAtIya meM pratikUlatA kA bodha karAtI hai| For Private vedAnta darzana - vedAnta paribhASA meM vyApti ke saMbaMdha meM aisI ukti milatI hai909 - - vyAptizcAzeSasAdhanAzrayAzritA sAdhyasAmAnAdhikaraNyarUpA / isameM tIna bAteM prastuta kI gaI haiM- (1) sAdhya ke sAtha hetu ke saMbaMdha ko vyApti kahate haiM jo azeSa yAnI sakala, sAdhanoM meM rahane vAlA ho| isa taraha yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sakala sAdhanoM meM rahane vAle sAdhya ke sAtha hetu kA sAmAnyAdhikaraNya hI vyApti hai| bauddha-darzana - diGnAga ne sadhetu para prakAza DAlA hai usI se hetu aura sAdhya ke bIca dekhI jAne vAlI vyApti kI bhI jAnakArI ho jAtI hai| kintu karNagominaM vyAptiH ko spaSTataH vyakta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne vyApti ke lie avinAbhAva zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kA bhI abhAva avinAbhAva saMbaMdha hotA hai, sAdhya-dharma ke abhAva meM kArya svabhAva liGgoM (cinhoM) kA na pAyA jAnA avinAbhAva yA vyApti hai910| isako yadi dUsare zabdoM meM kahanA cAheM to kaha sakate haiM ki sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana kA abhAva yA sAdhana ke abhAva meM sAdhya kA abhAva avinAbhAva hai jise vyApti yA vyApti kA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| jaina darzana jaina pramANa meM vyApti ke lie avinAbhAva tathA anyathAnupapatti zabda bhI Ae haiN| vyApti ke saMbaMdha meM mANikyanandI ne kahA hai111 - iyamasmin satyeva bhavatyasati tu na bhavatyeva / - yathA'gnAveva dhUmastadabhAve na bhavatyeveti ca / / arthAt amuka ke hone para hI amuka hotA hai aura nahIM hone para nahIM hotA hai use avinAbhAva yA vyApti kahate haiM, jaise agni ke hone para hI dhUma hotA hai aura agni ke nahIM rahane para dhUma nahIM hotA hai| yadi sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana athavA sAdhana ke abhAva meM sAdhya ho to donoM meM vyApti nahIM ho sakatI, bhale hI usakA AbhAsa kyoM na jJAta ho / devasUri ne vyApti ko trikoNavartI kahA hai arthAt yaha bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya tInoM hI ke lie hotI hai| aisA nahIM dekhA jAtA ki koI vyApti bhUtakAla meM to thI kintu vartamAna meM nahIM hai athavA vartamAna meM hai kintu bhaviSya meM isake hone kI AzA nahIM hai / vyApti ke saMbaMdha meM AcArya hemacaMdra ke vicAra ko DA. koThiyA ne bar3e hI spaSTa zabdoM meM rakhA hai- - vyApti, vyApya aura vyApaka donoM kA 1 tt Personal Use Only Embr

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana - dharma hai| jaba vyApaka (gamya) kA dharma vyApti vivakSita ho taba akalaMka ke isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki pratyakSa aura vyApaka kA vyApya ke hone para honA hI vyApti hai aura jaba anupalambhapUrvaka sarvadeza aura sarvakAla ke upasaMhArarUpa vyApya (gamaka) kA dharma vyApti abhipreta ho taba vyApya kA avinAbhAva (vyApti) kA nizcaya karane vAlA jJAna tarka hai aura vyApaka ke hone para hI honA vyApti hai|12| dharmabhUSaNa ne vyApti vaha pramANa hai| tarkazAstra kA kSetra bahuta hI vistRta hai, kyoMki ko sarvopasaMhAvatI kahA hai arthAt vyApti sarvadezika tathA yaha sannihita asannahita, niyata-aniyata, dezakAla meM rahane sarvakAlika hotI hai| yadi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jahA~-jahA~ dhUma vAle sAdhya-sAdhana ke avinAbhAva ko apanA viSaya banAtA hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hai to dhUma ke sAtha agni kA bhI honA sabhI hai|14| akalaMka ke bAda meM Ane vAle jainAcArya jaise vidyAnaMda. deza evaM sabhI kAla ke lie hotA hai| aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA mANikyanandI, prabhA candra, devasUri, hemacandra, dharmabhUSaNa Adi ki Aja dhUma ke hone para agni hai aura kala dhUma ke hone para bhI sabhI unhIM kA samarthana karate haiN| ye loga bhI tarka ko hI vyApti agni nahIM hogii| yaha bhI mAnya nahIM hai ki vArANasI meM to dhUma ko grahaNa karane vAlA mAnate haiN| ke sAtha agni hai, kintu prayAga meM dhUma ke binA agni nahIM dekhI vyApti ke prakAra - anvaya vyApti vyatireka vyApti - vyApti jA sakatA hai| tAtparya hai ki vyApti deza aura kAla kI sImAoM ke isa vibhAjana para sarvaprathama prazastapAda ne bala diyA hai195| ke aMtargata nahIM AtI hai| sAdhana aura sAdhya ke bIca kI anukUlatA yA bhAvAtmaka rUpa vyApti grahaNa ko anvaya vyApti kahate haiM aura sAdhana sAdhya kI pratikUlatA yA abhAvAtmaka rUpa ko vyatireka vyApti kahate haiN| vyApti ke 'nyAya-darzana meM vyAptigrahaNa kA AdhAra pratyakSa ko mAnA isa vargIkaraNa ko jayanta bhaTTa, gaMgeza, kezava mizra Adi tathA gayA hai| pratyakSa se liGga darzana hotA hai phira liGga aura bauddha-darzana ke dharmakIrti, arcaTa Adi ne mAnyatA dI hai| liGga saMbaMdha kA bodha hotA hai usake bAda liGgasmRti hotI hai| isa taraha se anumAna hotA hai yaha (liGga-liGgI) saMbaMdhadarzana samavyApti-viSamavyApti - do ke bIca samAna vyApti hI vyApti-darzana hai| vaizeSika darzana meM vyApti-grahaNa ke lie rahatI hai, use samavyApti rahatI hai jaise abhidheya tathA jJeya ke anvaya tathA vyatireka ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| yAnI anvaya bIca samavyApti pAI jAtI haiN| jo abhidheya hai vaha jJeya hai aura aura vyatireka ke mAdhyama se hI koI vyakti vyApti ko samajha jo jJeya hai vaha abhidheya hai| dhUma aura agni ke bIca viSamavyApti sakatA hai| sAMkhya-darzana meM vyApti-grahaNa ke lie pratyakSa ko hai, kyoMki dhUma ke rahane para agni hotI hai, paraMtu sabhI paristhitiyoM AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| anukUla tarka se bhI vyApti jAnI jA meM agni ke rahane para dhUma nahIM hotaa| mImAMsAdarzana ke kumArila sakatI hai aisA vijJAnabhikSu mAnate haiN| mImAMsAdarzana ke prabhAkara / vimAnabhimAnI ne vyApti kA aisA vibhAjana kiyA hai| ne mAnA hai ki jisa pramANa se sAdhana :- saMbaMdha vizeSa grahaNa hotA tathopapattivyApti tathA anyathAnupapatti - vyApti kA yaha hai usI pramANa se sAdhana kA vyApti saMbaMdha bhI jAnA jAtA hai| vibhAjana jaina-tArkikoM ke dvArA huA hai| tathopapatti vyApti dhUma aura agni ke saMbaMdha kA pratyakSIkaraNa hI donoM ke bIca vahA~ dekhI jAtI hai jahA~ sAdhya ke rahane para sAdhana dekhA jAtA hai| pAI jAne vAlI vyApti para bhI prakAza DAla detA hai| ise kintu sAdhya kI anupasthiti meM hI sAdhana kA pAyA jAnA asakRddarzana kahate haiM, yahI vyAptigrahaNa hotA hai| vedAnta-darzana anyathAnupatti hai| isake atirikta jaina-tArkikoM ne eka aura meM bhI vyAptigrahaNa ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM pratyakSa ko hI svIkAra vargIkaraNa kiyA hai, jisake aMtargata ye saba nAma Ate haiM-- kiyA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana ke dharmakIrti ne yaha mAnA hai ki bahirvyApti--sapakSa meM jaba sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca vyAptigrahaNa karane ke do mArga haiM--tadutpatti tathA taadaatmy| kAraNa vyApti hotI hai. use bahirvyApti kahate haiN| kArya saMbaMdha ko tadutpatti kahate haiM tathA vyApyavyApaka saMbaMdha ko taadaatmy| jaina-darzana ke pramANa-vyavasthApaka akalaMka ne tarka sakalavyApti--pakSa tathA sapakSa donoM meM hI sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca dekhI jAne vAlI vyApti ko sakala vyApti ko hI vyApti-grAhaka mAnA hai| DA. koThiyA ke zabdoM meM113 kahate haiN| dridrowdnironirbnorariadridorariwaroorironiriranid52 d irowondiriwariwariwaridnirordGirironirandionorarta

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/ - yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana antarvyApti--pakSa, sapakSa tathA hetu ke na rahane para bhI vaizeSika-darzana - vaizeSikasatra meM anumAna ke prakAroM sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca pAI jAne vAlI vyApti antarvyApti para prakAza nahIM DAlA gayA hai| kintu prazastapAda ne apane bhASya hotI hai| meM likhA hai117--tttdvividhm| dRSTaM evaM saamaanytodRssttN| anumAna ke do bheda haiM--dRSTa evaM saamaanytodRsstt| prasiddha sAdhya evaM anumeya anumAna ke prakAra - ina donoM meM jAtitaH atyaMta abhinna hone para (sajAtIya hone bhAratIya pramANazAstra meM anumAna ke tIna vargIkaraNa milate para) jo anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, dRSTa anumAna kahalAtA hai| hetu haiM--(1) pUrvavat, zeSavat tathA saamaanytodRsstt| ke sAtha pahale se jJAta rahane vAlA sAdhya prasiddha sAdhya aura jisa (2) svArthAnumAna evaM praarthaanumaan| sAdhya kI siddhi abhI abhipreta hai vaha anumeya kahA jAtA hai| jaise pUrva meM kisI sthAna vizeSa arthAt nagaraniSTha gAya meM hI (3) kevalAnvayI, kevalavyatirekI aura anvyvytirekii| kevala sAsnA ko dekhakara anya kisI sthAna arthAt vana meM ina vargoM kI mAnyatA darzana kI kisI khAsa zAkhA taka hI sAsnA ko dekhane ke pazcAta gAyaviSayaka jo pratIti (anumiti) sImita hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI zAkhA ke kucha hotI hai vaha dRSTa anamAna hai118 // AcArya prathama vargIkaraNa ko mAnate haiM, to anya kucha dvitIya yA vyomaziva Adi AcAryoM ne svanizcayArtha (svArthAnumAna) tRtIya vibhAjana ko aMgIkAra karate haiN| tathA parArthAnumAna nirUpita kie haiN| kintu saptapadAthoM meM nyAya darzana - nyAya sUtrakAra gautama ne anumAna ke bheda kevalAnvayI kevalavyatirekI tathA anvayavyatirekI kI carcA para vicAra karate hue kahA hai116 - athaM tatpUrvakaM trividhamanumAnaM milatI hai119| pUrvaccheSavatsAmAnyatodRSTam arthAt anumAna ke tIna bheda haiM-pUrvavat, mImAMsA - zabara svAmI ne anumAna ke prakAroM ko batAte AkAza meM bAdala ko dekhakara varSA hone kA anumAna krnaa| hue pratyakSato dRSTa-saMbaMdha tathA sAmAnyatodRSTa-saMbaMdha para prakAza zeSavata-nadI kI bADha ko dekhakara aisA anumAna karanA ki vaSA hui DAlA hai| prabhAkara ne anumAna ke jo do bheda mAne hai, va isa hai| sAmAnyatodRSTa--eka sAtha pAI jAne vAlI do vastuoM meM se prakAra haiM-dRSTasvalakSaNa aura adRssttsvlkssnn| kisI eka ko dekhakara dUsarI kA anumAna karanA, jaise kisI pazu ke sIMga ko dekhakara usakI pU~cha kA anumAna krnaa| sAMkhyA - sAMkhyakArikA meM kahA gayA hai 520 - trividhmnumaanmaakhyaatm| usI ke AdhAra para AcArya mAThara ne bhAsavarga, kezava mizra Adi ne anumAna ko svArthAnumAna batAyA ki anumAna ke tIna prakAra hote haiM--pUrvavat, zeSavat, tathA parArthAnumAna ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| jaba hama svayaM saamaanytodRsstt| sAMkhyatattvakaumudI meM pahale vIta aura avIta ke kucha samajhane ke lie anumAna karate haiM to use svArthAnumAna (sva rUpa meM anumAna kA vibhAjana huA hai phira vIta ke do bheda kie + artha+ anumAna) kahate haiM aura jaba para-upadeza ke lie anumAna gae haiM-pUrvavat tathA saamaanytodRsstt| karate haiM to use parArthAnumAna (para + artha + anumAna) kahate haiN| vedAnta - vedAntaparibhASA meM anumAna ke do bheda batAe . udyotakara ne anumAna kA vargIkaraNa anvayI, vyatirekI gae haiM--svArthAnumAna tathA praarthaanmaan| isI ko arthadIpikA evaM anvaya-vyatirekI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| inhIM tIna prakAroM meM kahA gayA hai ki jo anumAna apanI samasyA ko sulajhAne meM ko udayana ne kevalAnvayI, kevalavyatirekI tathA anvayavyatirekI sahAyaka hotA hai vaha svArthAnumAna tathA jo anya kI samasyA kahA hai| jo anumAna kevala anvaya para AdhArita ho use kevalAnvayI / ko sulajhAne meM sahAyaka hotA hai, vaha parArthAnumAna hai| kahate haiM, jo mAtra vyatireka para AdhArita ho use kevalavyatirekI tathA jo anvaya aura vyatireka donoM para AdhArita ho use anvaya bauddhadarzana - diGnAga ne anumAna ko do prakAroM meM vyatirekI kahate haiN| ise gaMgeza ne acchI taraha vivecita kiyA hai| vibhAjita kiyA hai--svArthAnumAna tathA praarthaanumaan| dharmakIrti ke dvArA bhI isa vibhAjana ko samarthana prApta hai| asaMga ne anumAna

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catIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana ko pA~ca prakAra kA batAyA hai- (1) liGga para AdhArita anumAna, jaise dhUma se agni kA anumAna / (2) svabhAva para AdhArita anumAna, jaise- eka cAvala ko dekhakara haMDe ke saMpUrNa cAvaloM ke pakane kA anumAna / (3) karma para AdhArita anumAna, jaise-sU~ghane se nAka kA anumAna / (4) guNa para AdhArita anumAna, jaise- anitya vastu se duHkha kA anumAna / (5) kArya kAraNa para AdhArita anumAna -- jaise adhika bhojana se peTa bharane kA anumAna yA peTa bharane se adhika bhojana khAne kA anumAna | jaina- darzana - anuyogadvArasUtra 121 meM anumAna ke prakAroM kA vivecana karate hue kahA gayA hai anumAna tIna prakAra ke hote haiM -- pUrvavat, zeSavat tathA sAmAnyatodRSTa / pUrvavat - - pahale se jAne hue hetu ko dekhakara jo anumAna kiyA jAtA hai use pUrvavat anumAna kahate haiN| ise samajhane ke lie sUtrakAra ne eka udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai jisameM putra saMbaMdhI eka mA~ ke dvArA kiyA gayA anumAna vivecita hai - kisI mA~ kA putra choTI avasthA meM ghara chor3akara anya kisI sthAna para calA gayA aura vaha usa samaya lauTA jaba yuvA ho gayA thA / kintu mA~ apane putra kI deha ke vibhinna cinhoM ko dekhakara pahacAna gii| usane cinhoM ke AdhAra para anumAna karate hue kahA - yaha merA putra hai 122 / zeSavat - una do padArthoM meM se kisI eka ko dekhakara dUsare kA anumAna karanA, jo eka-dUsare se saMbaMdhita hote haiM tathA sAtha rahate haiN| zeSavat anumAna ke pA~ca prakAra batAe gae haiM- (ka) kAryeNa - arthAt kArya ko dekhakara kAraNa kA anumAna karanA dhvani se zaMkha kA, tADana se bherI kA, Dhakkita dhvani sunakara baila kA, kekAyita sunakara mora kA, hinahinAnA sunakara ghor3e kA, ciMghAr3anA sunakara hAthI kA tathA ghaNaghaNAnA sunakara ratha kA anumAna karanA Adi kAryataH anumAna hai| (kha) kAraNena -- kAraNa ko dekhakara kArya kA anumAna karanA / tantu ko dekhakara vastra kA anumAna karanA kyoMki tantu vastra kAraNa hai, vastra tantu kA kAraNa nahIM hai| miTTI ke piNDa ko tttttt dekhakara ghaTa kA anumAna karanA kyoMki miTTI, piNDa ghaTa kA kAraNa hai| ghaTa miTTI ke piNDa kA kAraNa nahIM hai| isa taraha se bAdala ko dekhakara vRSTi kA anumAna karanA, caMdramA ke udita hone se samudra meM tUphAna tathA sUrya ko ugate hue dekhakara kamala ke khilane kA anumAna Adi kAraNataH anumAna hai| (ga) guNena -- guNa ke AdhAra para guNI kA anumAna karanA / kasauTI se. svarNa kA bodha, gaMdha se phUla kA bodha, rasa se svAda kA bodha, sugaMdha se madirA kA bodha, chUne se vastra kA bodha karanA guNataH anumAna hai| (gha) avayavena -- avayava ke AdhAra para avayavI kA anumAna karanA / avayava ko dekhakara avayavI kA yA aMga ko dekhakara avayavI kA anumAna krnaa| sIMgoM ko dekhakara bhaiMsa kA jJAna karanA, coTI ko dekhakara murge kA, dA~toM ko dekhane ke bAda hAthI kA, dAr3ha dekhakara sUara kA, mora kA paMkha dekhakara mora kA, khura dekhakara ghor3e kA, nakhoM ko dekhakara bAgha kA bodha karanA Adi avayavataH anumAna hai| (Ga) Azritena -- Azrita rahane vAlI vastu ko dekhakara Azraya kA anumAna karanA, jaise dhUma ko dekhakara agni kA anumAna karanA / ye sabhI AzrayataH anumAna hai| dRSTasAdharmyavat - isake do prakAra haiM - (1) sAmAnyatodRSTa-- kisI eka vyakti ko dekhakara usake deza (taddezIya) ke yA usakI jAti ke anya logoM kA anumAna karanA sAmAnyatodRSTaanumAna hai| (2) vizeSatodRSTa-- vizeSa guNa ko dekhakara kisI vyakti yA vastu kA anumAna karanA vizeSatodRSTa anumAna hai, jaise aneka vyaktiyoM meM se kisI eka ko alaga karake usakI vizeSatA para prakAza ddaalnaa| koI vyakti janasamUha meM apane mitra ko usakI vizeSatA ke AdhAra para pahacAna letA hai| kAla ke AdhAra para anumAna ke bheda--isake AdhAra para anumAna ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM- (1) atItakAla - grahaNa, (2) pratyutpannakAla- grahaNa tathA (3) anAgatakAla-grahaNa | siddhasena divAkara inhoMne kahA hai 123 - jaba vyakti apane hI samAna dUsare ko bhI nizcaya karavAtA hai to use hI 4onn For Private Personal Use Only -

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vidvAn loga parArthamAna kahate haiM / yahA~ para do bAteM kahI gaI haiM-(ka) svanizcaya arthAt svayaM ko jJAna denA ise svArthAnumAna kahA jAtA hai| (kha) parArthamAna arthAt parArthAnumAna kA artha hai jnyaan| Age inhoMne parArthAnumAna ko paribhASita kiyA hai 124 usa hetu kA jo sAdhya ke abhAva meM kabhI bhI nahIM hotA, pratipAdana karane vAlA vacana parArthAnumAna ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra siddhasena ne anumAna ke do prakAroM para prakAza DAlA hai| akalaMka apane pUrvavartI dArzanikoM ke dvArA anumAna bheda ke saMbaMdha meM die gae vicAroM kA akalaMka ne khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne anumAna ke trividha, caturvidha tathA paMcavidha rUpoM ko galata batAyA hai| kyoMki unameM avyApti athavA ativyAptidoSa dekhe jAte haiN| akalaMka ke vicAra kA adhyayana karane ke bAda DA. koThiyA ne kahA hai-- niSkarSa yaha hai ki anyathAnupapannatvaviziSTa hI eka hetu athavA anumAna hai| vaha na trividha hai na caturvidha Adi / ataH anumAna kA traividhya aura cAturvidhya ukta prakAra se avyApta evaM ativyApta hai| akalaMka ke isa vivecana se pratIta hotA hai ki anyathAnupapannatva kI apekSA se hetu eka hI prakAra kA hai aura taba anumAna bhI eka hI taraha kA saMbhava hai 125 / yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana - - vidyAnanda - vidyAnanda ke anusAra anumAna ke tIna bheda haiM 126 (ka) vItAnumAna -- vaha anumAna jo vidhi rUpa artha kA paricAyaka hai zabda anitya hai kyoMki utpanna honA isakA dharma hai| (kha) avItAnumAna -- -- vaha anumAna jo niSedha rUpa artha kA bodha karAtA hai jaise jIvita zarIra ko AtmavihIna nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki usameM prANa kA saMcAra hotA hai| (ga) vItAvItAnumAna --jo vidhi aura niSedha donoM hI rUpoM meM jJAna pradAna karatA hai / vaha parvata agni yukta hai, niragni nahIM hai, kyoMki dhUmayukta hai| isake atirikta vidyAnanda ne anumAna ke trividha rUpoMpUrvavat, zeSavat evaM sAmAnyatodRSTa ko avyApaka mAnate hue cauthe anumAna kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai jise unhoMne kAraNakAryobhayAnumAna kI saMjJA dI hai| isameM kAraNa se kArya aura kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai - bIja aura aMkura | bIja kAraNa hai aura aMkura kArya, kyoMki bIja se aMkura hotA hai / kintu aMkara se hI Age calakara bIja bhI banatA hai / isalie bIja ke AdhAra para aMkura tathA aMkura ke AdhAra para bIja ke anumAna kie jA sakate haiM127 / mANikyanandI mANikyanandI 128 ne anumAna ke do bhedoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai- (ka) svArthAnumAna --sAdhana ke AdhAra para sAdhya ke saMbaMdha meM jJAna karAne vAlA jo anumAna hai, use svArthAnumAna kahate haiN| - (kha) parArthAnumAna --- jo jJAna svArthAnumAna ke viSayabodha kA pratipAdana karane vAle vacanoM se hotA hai use parArthAnumAna kahate haiN| vAdirAja vAdirAja ne anumAna kA vargIkaraNa apane DhaMga se kiyA hai| jo anya AcAryoM ke dvArA kie gae vargIkaraNoM se bhinna hai| pahale unhoMne anumAna ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai 129 - - gauNa - jo anumAna ke kAraNa hote haiN| mukhya - sAdhana aura sAdhya ke avinAbhAvI saMbaMdha ke AdhAra para sAdhya ke saMbaMdha meM hone vAlA jJAna / punaH gauNa ko vAdirAja ne tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita anumAna kiyA hai-- smaraNa, pratyabhijJA tathA tarka / cU~ki ye anumAna ke kAraNa hote haiM, isalie inheM bhI anumAna kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu ye gauNa anumAna hI kahe jA sakate haiM, mukhya anumAna nhiiN| isa saMbaMdha meM anya tArkikoM ne yaha AzaMkA vyakta kI hai ki yadi smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko anumAna mAna liyA jAe, kyoMki ye anumAna ke kAraNa haiM to pratyakSa ko bhI anumAna hI kyoM nahIM mAnA jaae| pratyakSa bhI to anumAna kA kAraNa hai| isase lagatA hai ki vAdirAja dvArA pratipAdita anumAna kA vargIkaraNa anya AcAryoM ko svIkArya nahIM hai| prabhAcandra, anantavIrya, devasUri, hemacandra ina sabhI ne anumAna ko svArthAnumAna tathA parArthAnumAna ke rUpoM meM hI vibhAjita kiyA hai930 / anumAna ke bhedoM ke saMbaMdha meM AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai- tad dvidhA svArthaM parArthaca / svArthasvanizcitasAdhyAvinAbhAvaikalakSaNAt sAdhanAt sAdhyajJAnam 111 / 44] ke kahe jAne tt66

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana isa vivecana meM svArthAnumAna ke lakSaNa meM eka vizeSa kyoMki isake sIMga haiN| kintu sIMga vAle aneka aise pazu hote haiM, bAta bar3hA dI gaI hai, vaha hai svnishcit| parArthAnumAna kA lakSaNa jo azva nahIM hote| jaise - gAya, bhaiMsa aadi| ata: sIMga vAlA vahI hai, jo pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne pratipAdita kiyA haiN| pazu azva hotA hai| aisI koI prasiddhi nahIM hai, phira to anumAna anumAnAbhAsa - anumAnAbhAsa (anumAna + AbhAsa) bhA gala bhI galata hai| kA artha hotA hai doSapUrNa anumaan| anumAna kA AbhAsa ho kintu (2) asada - jo heta asata ho, jisakI sattA na ho, jo sahI artha meM anumAna na ho| jo anumAna sAdhya ke viSaya meM galata siddha na ho| yadi koI gadhe ko azva kahatA hai, yaha hetu dikhAkara bodha karAe vahI anumAnAbhAsa hai| yaha taba hotA hai jaba anumAna ke ki vaha sIMga vAlA hai, to aisA heta siddha bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki gadhe AdhAra para yA anumAna ke avayavoM meM doSa hotA hai| AdhAra kI ke sIMga hotA hai, aisA kisI ne nahIM dekhA hai| dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaba hetu kI to usake dvArA diyA gayA heta saMdigdha hai| kyoMki jitane vyApti evaM pakSa kI pakSadharmatA meM doSa hotA hai taba anumAnAbhAsa bhI sIMga vAle pazu haiM, ve gAya hI nahIM hote| ataH nizcita rUpa hotA hai| avayava kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama kaha sakate haiM ki se yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki sIMga vAle pazu gAya haiN| paJcAvayava-pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAMta, upanaya tathA nigamana meM jaba doSa pAe jAe~ge taba anumAnAbhAsa hogaa| isameM AbhAsa hone para hI nyAya darzana - anumAnAbhAsa hotA hai| doSa hone para pratijJA- pratijJAbhAsa, hetu isa darzana meM pAMca prakAra ke hetvAbhAsa mAne gae haiN|134 hetvAbhAsa, dRSTAnta-dRSTAntAbhAsa, upanaya-upanayAbhAsa tathA nigamanigamanAbhAsa ho jAte haiN| ina saba kI vajaha se pUrA anumAna hI (1) savyabhicAra - do virodhI vastuoM meM hetu kA rahanA anumAnAbhAsa ho jAtA hai| inameM se koI bhI eka AbhAsa yadi vyabhicAra hotA hai| sAdhya aura sAdhyAbhAva do virodhI pakSa haiN| ghaTita hogA to anumAna sahI nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadi hetu kisI rUpa meM donoM meM batAyA jAe, to yaha vyabhicAra vaizeSika darzana - sAmAnyataH anumAna ke pAMca avayava hogaa| vyabhicAra yukta vyavasthA yA vyabhicAra vAle hetu ko mAne gae haiM kintu unameM hetu ko adhika pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| savyabhicAra kahate haiN| isalie bahuta se dArzanikoM ne anumAnAbhAsa para vicAra karate (2) viruddha - svIkAra kie gae siddhAnta ke virodha meM hue kevala hetvAbhAsa para hI dhyAna diyA hai| maharSi kaNAda ne bhI Ane vAlA hetu viruddha kahA jAtA hai| pratijJAbhAsa, dRSTAntAbhAsa Adi para prakAza nahIM DAlA hai| unhoMne (3) prakaraNasama - "nirNaya ke lie, apadiSTa hone para sirpha hetvAbhAsa kA vivecana kiyA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se (kathana karane para) bhI, jisameM prakaraNacintA banI rahatI hai, use hetvAbhAsa para vicAra karane vAle ve prathama vyakti mAne jAte haiM, nyAyasatrakAra ne prakaraNasama kahA hai|"135 kyoMki unase pahale bhAratIya nyAya zAstra meM kisI ne hetvAbhAsa (4) sAdhyasama - jo hetu siddha na ho balki svayaM sAdhya para vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai132 kI taraha hI sAdhya ho use sAdhyasama kahate haiN| zabda bhI batAtA hai "prasiddhipUrvaka tvaadpdeshsy|" (sAdhya + sama) ki jo sAdhya ke barAbara ho| jo hetu prasiddhi pUrvaka hotA hai yAnI jisameM vyApti hotI (5) kAlAtIta - sAdhana aura sAdhya ko eka hI kAla hai, use hI apadeza yA sadhetu kahate haiN| jisa hetu meM prasiddhi nahIM meM honA caahie| jo hetu sAdhya kI siddhi ke lie usa samaya hotI yA jisakI prasiddhi saMdigdha hotI hai, use asad yA asiddha prastuta kiyA jAe, jaba usakA samaya vyatIta ho cukA ho, to hetvAbhAsa mAnate haiN|133 isa prakAra kaNAda ne hetvAbhAsa ke tIna use hI kAlAtIta hetvAbhAsa kahate haiN| prakAra mAne haiM - mImAMsA evaM vedAnta - mImAMsAsUtra meM hetvAmAsa kI (1) aprasiddha - jisa hetu kI prasiddhi na ho| koI carcA nahIM miltii| 'zAMkarabhASya' ne bhI isa para koI prakAza nahIM vyakti gadhe ko dUra se dekhakara kahatA hai - yaha pazu azva hai, DAlA hai kinta kamArila ke vimarza meM asiddha anaikAntika evaM Madaaraansaansorsasaraordarsanaroromotoroof 5 6]ooranslationsansarsawaaridwardindiansudra

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- yatIndrasUrismArakagranya - jaina darzana - bAdha hetvabhAsoM ko dekhA jAtA hai|136 vedAnta darzana meM nyAya darzana pratipAdyasiddha pakSAbhAsa hai| jo pakSa kisI kAraNa se bAdhita ho dvArA pratipAdita hetvAbhAsoM kA khaMDana prApta hotA hai| 137 jAe use bAdhita pakSAbhAsa kahate haiN| isake cAra bheda hote haiM - bauddha darzana - nAgArjana ne hetvAmAsa ke ATha prakAra (1) pratyakSabAdhita- jo pratyakSa se bAdhita hai| jaise - batAe haiM - 138 (1) vAkchala, (2) sAmAnyachala, (3) saMzayasama, svalakSaNa niraMza hai| (4) kAlAtIta, (5) prakaraNasama, (6) varNyasama, (7) vyabhicAra (2) anumAnabAdhita - jo anumAna se bAdhita hai| jaise tathA (8) viruddh| - sarvajJa nahIM hai| (3) lokabAdhita - jo loka dvArA bAdhita hai| jaise - asaGga ke mata meM hetvAbhAsa do haiM139 - anizcita athavA mAtA gamya hai| anaikAntika tathA saadhysm| (4) svavacanabAdhita - jo apane vacana ke kAraNa vasubandhu ke anusAra hetvAbhAsa tIna haiM 140 - asiddha, bAdhita hai| jaise - saba bhAva nahIM haiN| anizcita tathA viruddha hetvAbhAsa - jaina darzana - "anyathAnapapannatvaM hetorlakSaNamIritama / samantabhadra jainatarka meM hetvAbhAsa kI spaSTa vyAkhyA to siddhasena tatpratItisaMdeha vipryaasaistdaamtaa||1143 divAkara kI racanA meM milatI hai kintu unake pUrvavartI AcArya anyathAnupapannatva hetu kA lakSaNa hai, arthAt sAdhya ke samantabhadra ne vijJAnAdvaita ke khaMDana ke silasile meM pratijJAbhAsa binA utpanna na honA kintu jaba isa bAta kA abhAva hotA hai, tathA hetvAbhAsa kI carcA kI hai| unake vicAra ko DaoN. koThiyA yAnI sAdhya ke na hone para bhI sAdhana yA hetu kA honA hetvAbhAsa isa prakAra prastuta karate haiM 141 - hotA hai| "vijJaptimAtratA kI siddhi yadi sAdhya aura sAdhana ke jJAna hetvAbhAsa ke tIna prakAra haiM - asiddha, viruddha tathA se kI jAtI hai, to advaita kI svIkRti ke kAraNa na sAdhya saMbhava hai anaikaantik| aura na het, anyathA pratijJAdoSa aura hetadoSa prApta hoNge|" "asiddhastvapratIto yo yo'nyyaivoppdyte| isase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samantabhadra ne pratijJAdoSa viruddho yonyathApyata yukto'naikAntikaH sa tu||''144 yAnI pratijJAbhAsa tathA hetu doSa yAnI hetvAmAsa ko mAnA hai| asiddha - jisakI pratIti anyathAnupapannatva se nahIM hotI hai| siddhasena divAkara - viruddha - jo sAdhya ke na hone para hI utpanna hotA hai, yAnI siddhasena divAkara ne tIna prakAra ke AbhAsoM ko mAnyatA vipakSa meM utpanna hotA hai, use viruddha kahate haiN| dI hai aura unake vivecana-vizleSaNa kie haiM - (1) pakSAmAsa anaikAntika - sAdhya tathA sAdhyaviparyaya donoM hI ke (2) hetvAbhAsa tathA (3) dRssttaantaabhaas| sAtha jo ho, use anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa kahate haiN| pakSAbhAsa - jo pakSa ke sthAna para AtA hai kintu pakSa dRSTAntAmAsa - kA kAma nahIM karatA, jo pakSa jaisA lagatA hai, use pakSAbhAsa kahate haiN| "sAdharmyaNAta dRSTAntadoSA nyaayvidiiritaa| apalakSaNahetUtyAH sAdhyAdi viklaadyH||' 1545 "pratipAdyasya yaH siddhaH pkssaamaaso'ksslinggtH| lokasvavacanAbhyAm ca bAdhito'nekadhA mtH||'142 jina hetuoM meM hetu ke lakSaNa nahIM haiM, unase utpanna hone ke pakSAmAsa ke do prakAra hote haiM - (1) pratipAdyasiddha pakSAbhAsa kAraNa dRSTAnta AbhAsa ho jAtA hai| jo dRSTAnta doSa sAdharmya ke tathA (2) bAdhita pkssaamaas| prativAdI ko siddha hone vAlA dvArA hotA hai use sAdharmya dRSTAntAbhAsa kahate haiN| isake chaha bheda hote haiN|146

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yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana - (1) sAdhyavikala - anumAna bhrAnta hai, kyoMki pramANa (4) saMdigdhasAdhyavyatirekI - sAdhya kA abhAva saMzaya hai. jaise - pratyakSA yahA~ dRSTAnta pratyakSa hai| sAdhya bhrAntatA hai| yakta ho| kintu bhrAntatA pratyakSa meM nahIM hai| yadi pratyakSa bhrAMta hogA, to (5) saMdigdhasAdhanavyatirekI - sAdhana ke abhAva meM sabhI prakAra ke vyavahAra ruka jAe~ge, kyoMki na koI pramANa hogA sNshy| aura na prameya hii| ata: aisA dRSTAnta doSapUrNa hai| ise sAdhya - (6) saMdigdhasAdhyasAdhanavyatirekI - jahA~ sAdhya tathA vikala kahate haiN| yaha sakala nahIM hai| sAdhana ke donoM ke hI abhAva saMdigdha hoN| (2) sAdhanavikala - jAgane kI sthiti kA saMvedana jaba bhI anumAna saMbaMdhI koI vivecana hotA hai, taba bhAratIya bhrAnta hai, kyoMki pramANa hai| jaise - svpnsNvedn| jAga jAne para paramparA meM nyAya darzana meM vyAkhyAyita anumAna tathA pAzcAtya svapnasaMvedana nahIM hotaa| isalie isameM pramANatA sAdhana nahIM ho paramparA meM grIka dArzanika arastU ke dvArA pratipAdita nigamana sakatI hai| tarka (Deductive Logic) ke ullekha sAmane Ate haiM kintu jaina (3) ubhayavikala - sarvajJa nahIM hai, kyoMki pratyakSa se nyAya jise kabhI-kabhI akalaMka-nyAya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA upalabdha nahIM hotaa| ghar3e kI taraha isalie sAdhya nahIM hai| ghar3A hai, meM vivecita anumAna Adi kisI se kama nahIM haiN| anumAna lenina / pratyakSa se upalabdha hai, isalie isameM sAdhana nahIM hai| mUlataH sAdhya-sAdhana avinAbhAva saMbaMdha para AdhArita hotA hai| (4) saMdigdhasAdhyadharma - jisameM sAdhya dharma saMdigdha dasa bAta se to sabhI sahamata dekhe jAte haiM lekina anamAna kI ho| yaha vItarAgI hai, kyoMki isameM mRtyudharma hai| jaise rAha para saralatA evaM spaSTatA ke lie mAnya usake vibhinna avayavoM kI calane vAlA puruss| yaha saMdigdha hai ki rAha para calane vAlA saMkhyA ke saMbaMdha meM mataikya nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| kisI ne avayavoM vyakti vItarAgI ho| kI saMkhyA do to kisI ne tIna to kisI ne pA~ca batAI hai| nyAya (5) saMdigdhasAdhanadharma - sAdhana dharma kI saMdigdhatA bhASya meM avayavoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai| isa saMbaMdha meM jaina-anumAna jisameM ho, yaha vyakti maraNazIla hai, kyoMki rAguyakta hai, jaise kI apanI vizeSatA hai| isane avayavoM kI saMkhyA do, tIna, pA~ca rAha para calane vAlA vykti| kintu rAha para calane vAlA vItarAga aura dasa mAnI hai aura isakI sArthakatA bhI batAI hai| jaina cintakoM bhI ho sakatA hai| ke anusAra buddhimAna vyaktiyoM ke lie do tathA maMda buddhivAloM ke (6) saMdigdhobhayadharma - jisameM sAdhya-sAdhana donoM hI liye dasa avayavoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| bIca vAle yAnI saMdigdha hoN| yaha vyakti asarvaja hai. rAgI hone se pathika kI sAmAnya logoM ko anumAna ke lie tIna yA pA~ca avayavoM kI trh| kintu pathika meM sAdhya-sAdhana donoM hI saMdigdha haiN| hI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isa taraha anumAna kI upayogitA ko sarala banAne kA prayAsa jaina-nyAya kI apanI vizeSatA hai| "vaidhayeNAtra dRSTAntadoSA nyaayvidiiritaaH| sAdhyasAdhanayugmAnAmanivRntezca saMzayAt / / '147 sandarbha vairdhamya dRSTAntAmAsa taba banatA hai, jaba sAdhya-sAdhana tathA (1) jainadarzana-manana aura mImAMsA, pRSTha 591 sAdhya-sAdhana donoM ke abhAva hoN| ye doSa chaha prakAra ke hote haiM - (2) nyAyasatra- 1/1/5 (1) sAdhyavyatirekI - jahA~ sAdhya kA abhAva siddha na (3) nyAyabhASya- 1/1/3 ho ske| (4) nyA. vi.vi. bhA. 2/1 (2) sAdhanavyatirekI - jisameM sAdhana kA abhAva (5) jainatarkazAstra meM anumAna-vicAra-pRSTha 90 siddha na ho| (6) vaizeSikasUtra-9/2/1 (3) sAdhya-sAdhanavyatirekI - jahA~ na sAdhya aura na (7) tattvacintAmaNi- pRSTha 24 sAdhana kisI kA abhAva pramANita na ho|

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dhanIndrasari smArakagrantha - jaina darzana - (8) sAMkhyasUtra-1/100 (32) vedAntaparibhASA, pRSTha 184-189 (9) yogabhASya-pRSTha 11 tathA (33) nyAya praveza, pRSTha 1 bhAratIya-darzana meM anumAna-DaoN. bRjanArAyaNa zarmA, pRSTha 24 (34) vahI (10) mImAMsAsUtra, bhASyakAra-zabarasvAmI, pRSTha, 36 (35) jaina-dharma-darzana, DA. mohanalAla mehatA, pRSTha 303 (11) vedAntaparibhASA, pRSTha 159 (36) dazavaikAlikaniyukti 50 (12) Anumitizca vyAptijJAnatvena vyAptijJAnajanyA-vedAnta - (37) jaina-dharma-darzana, pRSTha 328 paribhASA, pRSTha 161 (38) nyAyasUtra - 1/1/33 tathA bhAratIyadarzana, anu. pRSTha 24 (39) nyAyAvatAra, kArikA-14 (13) pramANavArtika-2/62 (40) prameyaratnamAlA, tRtIya samuddeza (14) pramANa samuccaya-adhyAya 2 tathA (41) pramANamImAMsA-2/1/11 bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, DA. bRjanArAyaNa zarmA, pRSTha 26 (42) vaizeSika-sUtra 3/1/14 (15) pramANavArtika (43) vahI - 3/1/15 (16) Adhunika tarkazAstra kI bhUmikA-DaoN. saMkaTAprasAda siMha, (44) nyAyasUtra - 1/1/34-35 pRSTha 186 (45) nyAyAvatAra, kArikA - 22 (17) laghIyastraye svo. kRti, kArikA-10 (46) pramANaparIkSA - 116, 117 (18) AptamImAMsA, kArikA 16-19, 26,27 Adi (47) pramANamImAMsA, dvitIyo'dhyAyaH tathA jainatarkazAstra meM anumAna-vicAra, pRSTha 91 (48) 12veM sUtra kA vivecana (19) nyAyAvatAra, kArikA-5 (49) nyAyavArtika, pRSTha 144-145 tathA nyAyAvatAra, anu. paM. vijayamUrti zAstrAcArya, pRSTha 49 / / (50) pramANavArtika - 3/2 (20) nyAyavinizcaya, zloka 170 (dvitIyaH anumAnaprastAva:) (51) hetubinduTIkA, pRSTha 204-213 (21) jaina-darzana, DA. mahendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 234 (52) jainadarzana, DA. mahendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 242 (22) pramANaparIkSA, 109 anumAnasya prmaanny-niruupnnm|| (53) hetubinduTIkA, pRSTha 205 (23) zlokavArtika 1/13/129 (54) jainatarkazAstra meM anumAna, pRSTha 192 (24) jainatarkazAstra meM anumAna, pRSTha 94 (55) nyAyavinizcayavRtti - 2/155 (25) parIkSAmukha sUtra-10, tRtIyaH samuddezaH (56) jainatarkazAstra meM anumAna, pRSTha 194 (26) prameyaratnamAlA, vyAkhyAkAra-paM. hIrAlAla jaina, pRSTha 140 (57) pramANaparIkSA, sampAdaka-DA. koThiyA, pRSTha 49 (27) nyAyabhASya, pRSTha 47 (58) vaizeSika-sUtra 9/2/1 (28) nyAyasUtra, 1/1/32 (59) jainadarzana, DA. mahendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 245 (29) avayavAH punaH pratijJApadezanidarzanAnusandhAna pratyAmnAyAH- (60) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 56 prazastapAdabhASya, pRSTha 335 (61) pramANavArtika-3/2 (30) paJcAvayavayogAt, sukhasaMvitti: 5/27 sAMkhyasUtra (62) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pR. 63-64 (31) jainatarkazAstra meM anumAna-vicAra, pRSTha 46

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(63) sthAnAMgasUtra, pRSTha 309, 310 (64) bhUtabalI, puSpadanta, SaTkhaNDAgama 5/5/51 tathA jainatarkazAstra meM anumAnavicAra, pRSTha 206, 207 (65) nyAyAvatAra, kArikA - 17 yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina darzana (92) vahI - 3/37 (66) nyAyAvatAra, pR. 70 (67) pramANa-saMgraha, caturtha prastAva, kArikA 29-30 (68) prameya-ratnamAlA, 3/54, pRSTha 178 (69) vahI, 3 / 55 (70) vahI, 3/67 (71) vahI, 3/74 (72) vahI, 3/82 (73) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 68 (74) pramANamImAMsA 1/2/12 tathA jaina - tarkazAstra meM anumAna - vicAra, pRSTha 220 (75) nyAyadIpikA, pRSTha 95-99 (76) jaina - tarkazAstra meM anumAna - vicAra, pRSTha 220 (77) nyAyasUtra 1 / 2 /25 (78) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 280 (79) nyAyAvatAra, anu. vijayamUrti zAstrAcArya, pRSTha 71 (80) pramANamImAMsA 2/1/13 (81) nyAyasUtra - 1/1/25, 1/1/36, 37 (82) nyAyAvatAra - 18 (83) vahI - 19 (84) parIkSAmukha - 13 / 47 (85) pramANamImAMsA - 1/2/20-23 (86) nyAya - dIpikA - 381 (87) nyAyasUtra - 1/1/38 (88) jaina - tarkazAstra meM anumAna, pR. 55, 182 (89) pra.sa., kA. 51, akalaMka grantha, pRSTha 111 (90) parIkSAmukha - 3 / 50 (91) prameyakamalamArtaNDa - 3/50, pRSTha 377 (93) parIkSAmukha - 3/40 (94) syAdvAdaratnAkara, pRSTha 63 (95) nyAyasUtra - 1 / 1/39 (96) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 285 (97) jaina - tarkazAstra meM anumAna vicAra, pRSTha 185 (98) parIkSAmukha - 3 / 51 (99) pramANanayatattvAloka 3/51-52 (100) pramANamImAMsA - 2 /1/15 (101) prameyakamalamArtaNDa - 3 / 51 (102) prameyaratnamAlA - 3/47 (103) jaina- tarkazAstra meM anumAna - vicAra, pRSTha 186 (104) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 75 (105) vaizeSikasUtra - 3/1/14-15 (106) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 87 (107) sAMkhyasUtra - 5 / 29 (108) yogabhASya, pRSTha 11 (109) vedAntaparibhASA, pRSTha 172 (110) kAryasya svabhAvasya ca liGgasthAvinAbhAvaH sAdhyadharmavinA na bhAva ityarthaH, bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 220 (111) parIkSAmukha - 3/12, 13 (112) jaina - tarkazAstra meM anumAna, pRSTha 151 (113) jaina - tarkazAstra meM anumAna, pRSTha 148 (114) vahI, pRSTha 149 ( 115) prazastapAdabhASya, pRSTha 102 (116) nyAyasUtra 1/2/5 ( 117) prazastapAdabhASya, pRSTha 304 (118) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 229 (119) saptapadArthI - 34 (120) sAMkhyakArikA 5 (121) anuyogadvArasUtra ttf 60 Indrtt

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- yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha - jaina darzana (122) mAyA puta jahA naTuM, juvANaM punnraagyN| (134) nyAyasAra, pRSTha 35 kAI paccabhijAjejjA pavvaliMgeNa kennii|| (135) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 334 tathA (123) nyAyAvatAra - 10 nyAyasUtra - 1/2/7 (124) vahI - 13 (136) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pRSTha 353 (125) sAdhanaM prakRtabhAve'nupapannaM tato pre| (137) khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya, pRSTha 375-78 viruddhsiddhsNdigdhakiNcitkrvistraaH| (138) upAyahRdaya, pRSTha 14-17 nyA.vi-2/101, 102, pRSTha 102, 127 (139) Buddhist Logic before Dinnag, Page 480 (126) tattvArthazlokavArtika - 1/13/202 tathA (140) bid, Page 481 pramANaparIkSA, pRSTha 208 (141) jaina-tarkazAstra meM anumAna-vicAra, pRSTha 226 tathA (127) tattvArthazlokavArtika, 1/13/203, 204 sAdhyasAdhanavijJapteryadi vijnyptimaatrtaa| (128) parIkSAmukha - 3/52-56 na sAdhyaM na ca hetuzca pratijJAhetudoSata: 80 AptamImAMsA (129) pramANanirNaya, pRSTha 33, 36 (130) (ka) prameyakamalamArtaNDa - 3/52-56 (142) nyAyAvatAra - 21 (kha) prameyaratnamAlA - 3/48-52 (143) vahI - 22 (ga) pramANanayatattvAloka - 3/9, 10, 23 (144) vahI - 23 (131) pramANamImAMsA - 1/2 8,9 (145) nyAyAvatAra - 24 (132) vaizeSikasUtra - 3/1/14 (146) vahI, pRSTha 80 (133) vaizeSikasUtra - 3/1/15 (147) nyAyAvatAra - 25