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________________ 132 anusandhAna-58 jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa pro. sAgaramala jaina kathA sAhitya kA udbhava utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA isa pRthvI para mAnava kA astitva / cAhe sAhityika dRSTi se kathAoM kI racanA kucha paravartI ho, kintu kathA-kathana kI paramparA to bahuta purAnI hai| kathA sAhitya ke lie aMgrejI meM Narrative literature zabda pracalita hai, ataH AkhyAna yA rUpaka ke rUpa meM jo bhI kahA jAtA hai yA likhA jAtA hai, vaha sabhI kathA ke antargata AtA hai / sAmAnya artha meM kathA vaha hai jo kahI jAtI hai / kintu jaba hama kathA sAhitya kI bAta karate haiM, to usakA tAtparya hai, kisI vyakti yA vastu ke sambandha me kathita yA likhita rUpa meM jo bhI hamAre pAsa hai, cAhe vaha kisI bhI bhASA meM ho, kathA ke antargata AtA hai| yaha satya hai ki pUrva meM kathAoM ko kahane kI paramparA maukhika rUpa meM rahI hai, bAda meM unheM likhita rUpa diyA gayA / dUsare zabdoM meM pUrva meM kathAeM zruta paramparA se calatI rahI hai, bAda meM hI unheM likhita rUpa diyA gayA hai, yaha bAta jaina kathA sAhitya ke sandarbha meM bhI satya hai / jaina paramparA meM bhI kathAeM pahale anuzruti ke rUpa meM hI calatI rahI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki laukika paramparAoM ke AdhAra para unameM samaya-samaya para saMkSepaNa, vistAraNa, parizodhana, parivartana evaM sammizraNa hotA rahA hai / unakA svarUpa to usa samaya sthira huA hogA, jaba unheM likhita svarUpa pradAna kara pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA hogaa| maukhika paramparA ke rUpa meM ina kathAoM ne samagra bhUmaNDala kI yAtrAeM kI hai aura unameM vibhinna dharmoM evaM sAmAjika saMskRtiyoM ke mAdhyama se AMzika parivartana aura parivardhana bhI huA hai| vibhinna dezoM meM pracalita kathAoM meM bhI AMzika sAmya aura AMzika vaiSamya dekhA jAtA hai, hitopadeza aura Isapa kI kathAeM isakA pramANa hai / jaina kathAoM meM bhI ina lokakathAoM ke aneka AkhyAna sammilita ho gaye hai, jaise- zekha cillI kI kthaa| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki ina kathAoM ke pAtra deva, manuSya aura pazu pakSI sabhI rahe haiN| jahAM taka jaina kathAoM kA prazna hai unake bhI mukhya
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________________ phebruArI 133 pAtra deva, manuSya, pazu-pakSI Adi sabhI dekhe jAte hai / jaina kathAoM meM jaina lekhakoM ke dvArA to devoM evaM manuSyoM ke sAtha-sAtha pazu-pakSI hI nahi, vRkSoM aura phUloM ko bhI rUpaka banAkara kathAoM ko prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai| AcArAGga evaM jJAtAdharmakathA meM kachue kI rUpaka kathA ke sAtha-sAtha sUtrakRtAGga meM kamala ko bhI rUpaka banAkara bhI kathA varNita hai / loka paramparA meM premAkhyAna ke rUpa meM hindI meM totA-mainA kI kahAniyAM Aja bhI pracalita hai, kintu aise premAkhyAna jaina paramparA meM nahIM haiM / usameM pazu-pakSI, per3apaudhe, phala-phUla Adi ke rUpaka bhI tapa - saMyama kI preraNA ke hetu hI hai| jaina kathA sAhitya kA sAmAnya svarUpa I - 2012 yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba bhI hama jaina kathA - sAhitya kI bAta karate hai vaha bahu-AyAmI aura vyApaka hai / rUpaka, AkhyAnaka, saMvAda, laghukathAeM, ekAMkI, nATaka, khaNDa kAvya, caritakAvya aura mahAkAvya se lekara vartamAna kAlIna upanyAsa zailI taka kI sabhI kathA-sAhitya kI vidhAe~ usake antargata A jAtI hai / Aja jaba hama jaina kathA - sAhitya kI bAta karate hai, to jaina paramparA meM likhita ina sabhI vidhAoM kA sAhitya isake antargata AtA hai / ata: jaina kathA sAhitya bahuvidha aura bahu-AyAmI hai| puna: yaha kathA sAhitya bhI gadya, padya aura gadya-padya mizrita arthAt campU ina tInoM rUpoM meM milatA hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM vaha bhI vividha bhASAoM aura vividha kAloM meM likhA jAtA rahA hai / jaina sAhitya meM kathAoM ke vividha prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne vividha prakAra kI kathAeM to likhIM, phira bhI unakI dRSTi vikathA se bacane kI hI rahI hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kathAoM ke tIna varga batAye gaye hai akathA, kathA aura vikathA / uddezyavihIna, kAlpanika aura zubhAzubha kI preraNA dene se bhinna uddezyavAlI kathA ko akathA kahA gayA hai / jabaki kathA naitika uddezya se yukta kathA hai / aura vikathA vaha hai, jo viSaya-vAsanA ko uttejita kare / vikathA ke antargata jaina AcAryoM ne rAjakathA, bhAtakathA, strIkathA aura dezakathA ko liyA hai / kahI-kahIM rAjakathA ke sthAna para arthakathA aura strIkathA ke sthAna para kAmakathA kA
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________________ 134 bhI ullekha milatA hai / dazavaikAlika meM arthakathA, kAmakathA, dharmakathA aura mizrakathA - aisA bhI eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa milatA hai aura vahAM ina kathAoM ke lakSaNa bhI batAye gaye hai / yaha vargIkaraNa kathA ke varNya viSaya para AdhArita hai / punaH dazavaikAlika meM ina cAroM prakAra kI kathAoM meM se dharmakathA ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM / dharmakathA ke ve cAra bheda hai - AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMveginI aura nirvedanI / TIkA ke anusAra pApamArga ke doSoM kA udbhAvana karake dharmamArga yA naitika AcaraNa kI preraNA denA AkSepaNI kathA hai / adharma ke doSoM ko dikhAkara unakA khaNDana karanA vikSepaNI kathA hai / vairAgyavardhaka kathA saMveginI kathA hai / eka anya apekSA se dUsaro ke duHkhoM ke prati karuNAbhAva utpanna karanevAlI kathA saMveginI kathA hai / jabaki jisa kathA se samAdhibhAva aura AtmazAMti kI upalabdhi ho yA jo vAsanA aura icchAjanya vikalpoM ko dUra kara nirvikalpadazA meM le jAye vaha nirvedanI kathA hai / ye vyAkhyAeM maiMne merI apanI samaja ke AdhAra para kI hai / punaH dharmakathA ke ina cAroM vibhAgoM ke bhI cAra - cAra upabheda kiye gaye hai kintu vistAra bhaya se yahAM usa carcA meM jAnA ucita nahIM hogA / yahAM mAtra nAma nirdeza kara denA hI paryApta hogA / (a) AkSepanI kathA ke cAra bheda hai prajJapti aura 4. dRSTivAda. - - anusandhAna- 58 (ba) vikSepanI kathA ke cAra bheda hai 1. svamata kI sthApanA kara, phira usake anurUpa paramata kA kathana karanA. 2. pahale paramata kA nirUpaNa kara, phira usake AdhAra para svamata kA poSaNa karanA. 3. mithyAtva ke svarUpakI samIkSA kara phira samyaktva kA svarUpa batAnA aura 4. samyaktva kA svarUpa batAkara phira mithyAtva kA svarUpa batAnA / (da) nirvedanI kathA kA svarUpa hai - 1. AcAra 2. vyavahAra 3. (sa) saMveginI kathA ke cAra bheda hai 1. zarIra kI azucitA, 2. saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura 3. saMyogo kA viyoga avazyabhAvI hai - aisA citraNa kara 4. vairAgya kI ora unmukha karanA / AtmA ke ananta catuSTaya kA --
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________________ phebruArI - 2012 135 varNana kara vyakti meM jJAtA dRSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva utpanna karanA / vibhinna bhASAoM meM racita jaina kathA sAhitya bhASAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jaina kathA sAhitya prAkRta, saMskRta, kannaDa, tamila, apabhraMza, marUgurjara hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI aura kvacit rUpa meM baMgalA meM bhI likhA gayA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM bhI una bhASAoM ke apane vividha rUpoM meM vaha milatA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prAkRta ke bhI aneka rUpoM yathA ardhamAgadhI, jaina zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi meM jaina kathA sAhitya likhA gayA hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai / guNADhya ne apanI bRhatkathA paizAcI prAkRta meM likhI thI, yadyapi durbhAgya se Aja vaha upalabdha nahIM hai / Aja jo jaina kathA sAhitya vibhinna prAkRta-bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai unameM sabase kama zaurasenI meM milatA hai| usakI apekSA ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prabhAvita ardhamAgadhI me adhika hai| kyoMki upalabdha Agama aura prAcIna Agamika vyAkhyAeM isI bhASA meM likhita haiM / mahArASTrI prAkRta meM jaina kathA sAhitya una donoM bhASAoM kI apekSA bhI vipula mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai aura isake lekhana meM zvetAmbara jainAcAryo evaM muniyoM kA yogadAna adhika hai / digambara AcAryoM kI ruci adhyAtma aura karma sAhitya meM adhika rahI / phalataH bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM saMlekhanA ke sAdhaka kucha vyaktiyoM ke nAma nirdeza ko chor3akara usameM adhika kucha nahIM milatA hai / yadyapi kucha jaina nATakoM meM zaurasenI kA prayoga avazya dekhA jAtA hai, isa paramparA meM hariSeNa kA bRhatkathAkoza hI eka mahatvapUrNa grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai / isake atirikta ArAdhanA kathAkoza bhI hai / ardhamAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke mizrita rUpa vAle AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM jaina kathAoM kI vipulatA hai, kintu unakI ye kathAeM mUlataH caritra-citraNa rUpa tathA upadezAtmaka hI hai, sAtha hI ve naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa karane kI dRSTi se likhI gaI hai| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM niyukti sAhitya meM mAtra kathA kA nAma-nirdeza yA kathA-nAyakake nAma kA nirdeza hI milatA hai / isa dRSTi se niyuktiyoM kI sthiti bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke samAna hI hai, jinameM hameM kathA nirdeza to milate hai, kintu kathAeM nahIM
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________________ 136 anusandhAna-58 hai / kathAoM kA vistRta rUpa bhASyoM kI apekSA bhI cUrNi yA TIkA sAhitya meM hI adhika milatA hai | cUrNiyAM jaina kathAoM kA bhaNDAra kahI jA sakatI hai | cUrNi sAhitya kI kathAeM upadezAtmaka to hai hI, kintu ve AcAraniyamoM ke utsarga aura apavAda kI sthitiyoM ko spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai / kina paristhitiyoM me kauna AcaraNIya niyama anAcaraNIya bana jAtA hai isakA spaSTIkaraNa cUrNI kI kathAoM meM hI milatA hai / isI prakAra vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM kisa aparAdha kA kyA prAyazcitta hogA, isakI bhI samyak samajha cUrNiyoM ke kathanakoMse hI milatI hai / isa prakAra cUrNIgata kathAeM jaina AcArazAstra kI samasyAoMke nirAkaraNa meM dizA-nirdezaka hai / jahAM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kathA sAhitya kA prazna hai, yaha mukhyataH padyAtmaka hai aura isakI pradhAna vidhA khaNDakAvya, caritakAvya aura mahAkAvya hai / yadyapi isameM dhUrtAkhyAna jaise kathAparaka evaM gadyAtmaka aura bhI upalabdha hote hai / isa bhASA meM sarvAdhika kathA sAhitya likhA gayA hai aura adhikAMzataH yaha Aja upalabdha bhI hai / prAkRta ke pazcAt jaina kathA - sAhitya ke aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha saMskRta bhASA meM bhI upalabdha hote haiM / digambara paramparA ke aneka purANa, zvetAmbara paramparA meM hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra Adi aneka caritra kAvya saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye hai / isake atirikta jaina nATaka aura dUtakAvya bhI saMskRta bhASA meM racita hai / digambara paramparA meM varAGgacaritra Adi kucha caritrakAvya bhI saMskRta meM racita hai / jJAtavya hai ki AgamoM para vRttiyAM aura TIkAeM bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhI gaI hai / inake antargata bhI aneka kathAeM saMkalita hai / yadyapi inameM adhikAMza kathAeM vahI hotI hai jo prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM saMgrahita hai / phira bhI ye kathAeM cAhe apane varNya viSaya kI apekSA se samAna ho, kintu inake prastutIkaraNa kI zailI to viziSTa hI hai / usa para usa yuga ke saMskRta lekhakoM kI zailI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai / isake atirikta aneka prabandha grantha bhI saMskRta me likhita hai / saMskRta ke pazcAt jaina AcAryoM kA kathA-sAhitya mukhyataH apabhraMza aura usake vibhinna rUpoM meM milatA hai / kintu yaha jJAtavya hai ki apabhraMza
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________________ phebruArI meM bhI mukhyataH caritakAvya hI vizeSa rUpa se likhe gaye hai / svayambhU Adhi ne aneka lekhakoM ne carita kAvya bhI apabhraMza meM likhe hai - jaise paumacariu Adi / - 2012 137 I bhASAoM kI apekSA se apabhraMza ke pazcAt jainAcAryoM ne mukhyataH marU gurjara apanAyA / kathAsAhitya kI dRSTi se isameM parva kathAeM evaM caritanAyakoM ke guNoM ko varNita karane vAlI choTI-bar3I aneka racanAeM milatI hai / vizeSa rUpa se caritakAvya aura tIrthamAlAeM marUgurjara meM hI likhI gaI hai / tIrthamAlAeM tIrthoM sambandhI kathAoM para hI vizeSa bala detI hai / carita, caupAI, DhAla Adi viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke caritra para AdhArita hotI hai aura ve geya rUpa meM hotI hai / isake atirikta isameM 'rAso' sAhitya bhI likhA gayA hai| jo ardha aitihAsika kathAoM kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai I I I Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI aura baMgalA meM bhI jaina kathA sAhitya likhA gayA hai / mahendramuni ( prathama ), upAdhyAya amaramunijI evaM upAdhyAya puSkaramuni jI ne hindI bhASA meM aneka kathAeM likhI hai, isameM mahendramunijIne lagabhaga 25 bhAgoM meM, amaramunijI ne 5 bhAgoM meM aura upAdhyAya puSkaramunijI ne 140 bhAgoM meM jaina kathAeM likhI hai / eka bhAga meM bhI eka se adhika kathAeM bhI varNita hai / ye sabhI kathAeM kathAvastu aura nAyakoM kI apekSA se to purAne kathAnakoM para AdhArita hai, mAtra prastutIkaraNa kI zailI aura bhASA me antara hai / isake atirikta upAdhyAya kevala muni jI aura kucha anya lekhakoM ne upanyAsa zailI meM aneka jaina upanyAsa bhI likhe hai / jahAM taka merI jAnakArI hai vartamAna meM pA~ca sau se adhika jaina kathAgrantha hindI meM upalabdha hai aura inameM bhI kathAoM kI saMkhyA to sahasrAdhika hogI / hindI ke atirikta jaina kathA sAhitya gujarAtI bhASA me bhI upalabdha hai, vizeSa rUpa se Adhunika kAla ke kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM aura anya lekhakoM ne gujarAtI bhASA meM aneka jaina kathAeM evaM navalakathAeM likhI hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM mujhe vizeSa jAnakArI to nahIM hai phira bhI jo chuTapuTa jAnakArI DaoN. jitendra bI. zAha se milI hai, usake AdhAra para itanA
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________________ 138 anusandhAna-58 to kahA jA sakatA hai ki gujarAtI bhASA me jaina kathAoM para lagabhaga tIna sau se adhika grantha upalabdha hai| gujarAtI kathA lekhakoM meM ratilAla desAI, cunnIlAla zAha, becaradAsa dozI, mohanalAla dhAmI, vimalakumAra dhAmI, kumArapAla desAI, dhIrajalAla zAha tathA AcArya bhadraguptasUri, bhuvanabhAnusuri, zIlacandrasUri, pradyumnasUri, ratnasundarasUri, candrazekharasUri Adi pramukha hai / isake sAtha hI digambara paramparA meM bhI kucha kathA grantha hindI evaM marAThI me likhe gaye hai| isake atirikta gaNezajI lAlavAnI ne baMgalA meM bhI kucha jaina kathAeM likhI hai| jahAM taka dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAoM kA prazna hai tamila, kannaDa meM aneka jaina kathA grantha upalabdha hai| inameM tamila grantho meM jIvanakacintAmaNi, zrIpurANam Adi pramukha hai / isake sAtha kannaDa meM bhI kucha jaina kathA grantha hai, inameM 'ArAdhanAkathai' nAmaka eka grantha hai, jo ArAdhAnAkathAkoza para AdhArita hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina kathA sAhitya bahuAyAmI hone ke sAtha-sAtha vividha bhASAoM meM bhI racita hai| tamila evaM kannar3a ke sAthasAtha paravartI kAla meM telugu, marAThI Adi meM bhI jaina grantha likhe gaye hai| vibhinna kAlakhaNDoM kA jaina kathA sAhitya ____ kAlika dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte hai ki jaina kathA sAhitya I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI se lekara Adhunika kAla taka racA jAtA rahA hai / isa prakAra jaina kathA sAhitya kI racanA avadhi lagabhaga sattAvIsa sau varSa hai / itanI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM vipula mAtrA meM jaina AcAryoM ne kathA sAhitya kI racanA kI hai / bhASA kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para kAlakrama ke vibhAjana kI dRSTi se ise nimna pAMca kAlakhaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. Agamayuga - IsvI pUrva 6 ThI zatI se IsA kI pA~cavI zatI tk| 2. prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAyuga- IsA kI dUsarI zatI se IsA kI 8 vI zatI taka / 3. saMskRta TIkA yuga yA pUrvamadhyayuga- IsA kI 8 vI zatI se 14 vIM zatI taka /
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________________ phebruArI 4. uttara madhyayuga yA apabhraMza evaM marUgurjara yuga -- IsA kI 14 vIM zatI se 18 vI zatI taka / 1 2012 5. Adhunika bhAratIya bhASA yuga IsA kI 19vIM zatI se vartamAna taka / -- T bhAratIya itihAsa kI apekSA se ina pA~ca kAlakhaNDoM kA nAmakaraNa isa prakAra bhI kara sakate hai 1. pUrvaprAcIna kAla 2. uttaraprAcIna kAla 3. pUrvamadhya kAla 4. uttaramadhya kAla aura 5. Adhunika kAla / inakI samayAvadhi to pUrvavat hI mAnanA hogI / yadyapi kahIM-kahIM kAlAvadhi me ovhara lepiMga (atikramaNa ) hai / phira bhI ina kAlakhaNDoM kI bhASAoM evaM vidhAoM kI apekSA se apanI-apanI vizeSatAeM bhI hai| Age hama ina kAla khaNDoM ke kathA sAhitya kI vizeSatAoM ko lekara hI kucha carcA kareMgeprathama kAlakhaNDa me mukhyataH ardhamAgadhI prAcIna AgamoM kI kathAe~ AtI hai ye kathAe~ mukhyataH AdhyAtmika upadezoM se sambandhita hai aura ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM likhI gaI haiM / dUsare ye kathAe~ saMkSipta aura rUpaka ke rUpa meM likhI gaI hai / jaise AcArAGga meM zaivAla chidra aura kachuve dvArA cA~danI darzana ke rUpaka dvArA saddharma aura mAnavajIvana kI durlabhatA kA saMketa hai / sUtrakRtAGga me zvetakamala ke rUpaka se anAsakta vyakti dvArA mokSa kI upalabdhi kA saMketa hai / sthAnAGgasUtra meM vRkSoM, phaloM Adi ke vividha rUpakoM dvArA mAnava-vyaktitva ke vibhinna prakAroM ko samajhAyA gayA hai / samavAyAGga ke pariziSTa meM cauvIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke kathAsUtroM kA nAma - nirdeza hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI meM aneka kathArUpa saMvAdo ke mAdhyama se dArzanika samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa hai / isake atirikta AcArAGga ke donoM zrutaskandhoM ke antima bhAgoM me sUtrakRtAGga ke SaSTama adhyayana meM aura bhagavatI meM mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke kucha aMzo ko ullekhita kiyA gayA hai / inake kalpasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke kathAnakoM meM atizayoM kA praveza kaise-kaise huA hai / jaina kathAsAhitya kI apekSA se jJAtAdharmakathA kI kathAe~ ati - 139 - -
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________________ 140 anusandhAna-58 mahattvapUrNa hai, isameM saMkSepa rUpa se aneka kathAe~ varNita hai / prathama meghakumAra nAmaka adhyayana meM vartamAna muni jIvana ke kaSTa alpa hai aura upalabdhiyA~ adhika hai, yaha bAta samajhAyI gayI hai / dUsare adhyayana meM dhannA seTha dvArA vijayacora ko diye gaye sahayoga ke mAdhyama se apavAda meM akaraNIya karaNIya ho jAtA hai yaha samajhAyA gayA hai / isI prakAra isake sAtaveM adhyayana meM yaha samajhAyA gayA hai ki yogyatA ke AdhAra para dAyitvoM kA vibhAjana karanA cAhiye / mayurI ke aNDe ke kathAnaka se yaha samajhAyA gayA hai ki azraddhA kA kyA duSpariNAma kyA hotA hai / mallI ke kathAnaka meM svarNapratimA ke mAdhyama se zarIra kI azucitA ko samajhAyA gayA hai / kachuve ke kathAnaka ke mAdhyama se saMyamI jIvana kI surakSA ke lie viSayoM ke prati unmukha indriyo ke saMyama kI mahattA ko batAyA gayA hai / upAsakadazA meM zrAvakoM ke kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se na kevala zrAvakAcAra ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, apitu sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upasargoM meM avicalita rahane kA saMketa bhI diyA gayA hai / aMtakRtadazA, anuttaropapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA meM vividha prakAra kI tapa sAdhanAoM ke svarUpa ko aura unake supariNAmoM ko tathA durAcAra ke duSpariNAmoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai / upAGga sAhitya meM rAyapasenIyasutta meM aneka rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi meM bhI upadezaprada kucha kathAnaka varNita hai / nandIsUtra meM aupapAtikI buddhi ke antargata rohaka kI 14 aura anya kI 26 aisI kula 40 kathAoM, vainiyakI buddhi kI 15, karmajAbuddhi kI 12 aura pAriNAmikI buddhi kI 21 kathAoM isa prakAra kula 88 kathAoM kA nAma saMketa hai / usakI TIkA me ina kathAoM kA vistRta vivecana bhI upalabdha hotA hai / kintu mUla grantha meM kathAoM ke nAma saMketa se yaha to jJAta ho jAtA hai ki nandIsUtra ke kartA ko una sampUrNa kathAoM kI jAnakArI thI / isa kAla kI jaina kathAe~ vizeSa rUpa se caritra citraNa sambandhI kathAe~ aitihAsika kama aura paurANika adhika pratIta hotI hai / yadyapi unako sarvathA kAlpanika bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki unameM varNita kucha vyakti aitihAsika bhI hai /
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________________ phebruArI - 2012 141 Agamayuga kI kathAoM meM kucha caritanAyako ke hI pUrva janmoM kI carcA hai| unameM adhikAMza kI yA to mukti dikhAI gaI hai yA phira bhAvI janma dikhAkara unakI mukti kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaGkaroM ke bhI aneka pUrvajanmoM kA citraNa inameM nahI hai / samavAyAGga Adi meM mAtra eka hI pUrva bhava kA ullekha hai| kahIM-kahIM jAti smaraNa jJAna dvArA pUrvabhavoM kI cetanA kI nirdeza bhI kiyA gayA hai / AgamoM meM jo jIvanagAthAeM varNita hai, unameM sAdhanAtmaka pakSa ko chor3akara kathAvistAra adhika nahIM hai / kahIM-kahIM to dUsare kisI vaNita caritra se samarUpatA dikhAkara kathA samApta kara dI gaI / Agamayuga ke pazcAt dUsarA yuga prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA yuga hai / ise uttara prAcIna kAla bhI kaha sakate hai| isakI kAlAvadhi IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara sAtavIM zatI taka mAnI jA sakatI hai / isa kAlAvadhi meM jo mahattvapUrNa jaina kathAgrantha ardhamAgadhI prabhAvita mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhe gaye unameM vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM, saMghadAsagaNi kI vasudevahiNDI aura anupalabdha taraMgavaI kahA pramukha hai / isa kAla kI antima zatI meM yApanIya paramparA meM saMskRta meM likhA gayA varAGgacaritra bhI AtA hai| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vimalasUri ne paumacariyaM (rAmakathA) ke samAna hI harivaMza cariyaM ke rUpa meM prAkRta meM kRSNa kathA bhI likhI thI, kintu yaha kRti upalabdha nahIM hai / ina kAla ke ina donoM kathAgranthoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki inameM avAntara kathAeM adhika hai / isa prakAra ina kathAgranthoM meM kathApraroha zilpa kA vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai / isa kAla ke kathA granthoM meM pUrva bhavAntaro kI carcA bhI mila jAtI hai / svatantra kathAgranthoM ke atirikta isa kAla meM jo prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNI sAhitya likhA gayA hai unameM aneka kathAoM ke nirdeza hai / yadyapi yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki niyuktiyoM meM jahA~ mAtra kathA saMketa hai vahA~ bhASya aura cUrNi meM unheM kramazaH vistAra diyA gayA hai| dhUrtAkhyAna kI kathAoM kA nizIthabhASya meM jahA~ mAtra tIna gAthAoM meM nirdeza hai, vahI nizIthacUrNi meM ye kathAe~ tIna pRSThoM meM varNita hai / isI ko haribhadra ne adhika vistAra dekara eka svatantra grantha kI racanA kara dI hai|
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________________ 142 anusandhAna-58 isa kAla ke kathA sAhitya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM anya paramparAoM se kathAvastuko lekara usakA yukti-yukta karaNa kiyA gayA hai, jaise paumacariyaM me rAmacaritra meM sugrIva hanumAna ko vAnara na dikhAkara vAnaravaMza ke mAnavoM ke rUpa citrita kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra rAvaNa ko rAkSasa na dikhAkara vidyAdhara vaMza kA mAnava hI mAnA gayA hai / sAthahI kaikayI, rAvaNa Adi ke caritra ko adhika udAtta banAyA gayA hai / sAtha hI dhUrtAkhyAna kI kathA ke mAdhyama se hindU paurANika evaM avaijJAnika kathAoM kI samIkSA bhI vyaGgAtmaka zailI meM kI gaI hai / rAma aura kRSNa ko svIkAra karake bhI unako Izvara ke sthAna para zreSTha mAnava ke rUpa meM hI citrita kiyA gayA hai| dUsare Agamika vyAkhyAoM vizeSa rUpa se bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM jo kathAe~ hai, ve jainAcAra ke niyamoM aura unakI ApavAdika paristhitiyoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke nimitta hai| jaina kathA sAhitya ke kAlakhaNDoM meM tIsarA kAla AgamoM kI saMskRta TIkAoM tathA jaina purANoM kA racanA kAla hai / isakA kAlAvadhi IsA kI 8 vIM zatI se lekara IsA kI 14 vIM zatI mAnI jA sakatI hai| jaina kathA sAhitya kI racanA kI apekSA se yaha kAla sabase samRddha kAla hai / isa kAlAvadhi meM zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya tInoM hI paramparAoM ke AcAryoM aura muniyoM ne vipula mAtrA meM jaina kathA sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| yaha kathA sAhitya mukhyataH caritra-citraNa pradhAna hai / yadyapi kucha kathA-grantha sAdhanA aura upadeza pradhAna bhI hai| jo grantha caritra-citraNa pradhAna hai ve kisI rUpa meM preraNA pradhAna to mAne hI jA sakate hai / digambara paramparA ke jinasena (prathama) kA AdipurANa, guNabhadra kA uttarapurANa, raviSeNa kA padmacaritra, jinasena dvitIya kA harivaMza purANa Adi isI kAlakhaNDa kI racanAe~ hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA, kautUhala kavi kI lIlAvaIkahA, udyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA, siddharSi upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA, zIlAGka kA caupannamahApurisacariyaM, dhanezvarasUri kA surasundarIcariyaM, vijayasiMhasUri kI bhuvanasundarIkathA, somadeva kA yazastilakacampU, dhanapAla kI tilakamaJjarI, hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, jinacandra kI saMvegaraGgazAlA, guNacandra kA
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________________ phebruArI - 2012 143 mahAvIracariyaM evaM pAsanAhacariyaM, devabhadra kA pANDavapurANa Adi aneka racanAe~ hai / isa kAlakhaNDa meM aneka tIrthaGkaroM ke caritra-kathAnakoM ko lekara bhI prAkRta aura saMskRta meM aneka grantha likhe gaye hai, yadi una sabhI kA nAma nirdeza bhI kiyA jAye to Alekha kA AkAra bahuta baDha jAvegA / isa kAlakhaNDa kI svatantra racanAe~ zatAdhika hI hogI / yahA yaha jJAtavya hai ki isa kAla kI racanAoM meM pUrvabhavoM kI carcA pramukha rahI hai / isase granthoM ke AkAra me bhI vRddhi huI hai, sAtha hI eka kathA meM aneka antara kathAe~ bhI samAhita kI gaI hai / isake atirikta isa kAla ke aneka svatantra granthoM aura unakI TIkAoM meM bhI aneka kathAe~ saMkalita kI gaI hai - udAharaNa ke rUpa meM haribhadra kI dazavaikAlika TIkA meM 30 aura upadezapada meM 70 kathAeM gumphita hai / saMvegaraGgazAlA meM 100 se adhika kathAe~ hai / piNDaniyukti aura usakI malayagiri kI TIkA meM bhI lagabhaga 100 kathAe~ dI gaI hai| isa prakAra isa kAlakhaNDa meM na kevala mUla granthoM aura unakI TIkAoM meM avAntara kathAe~ saMkalita hai, apitu vibhinna kathAoM kA saMkalana karake aneka kathAkozoM kI racanA bhI jainadharma kI tInoM zAkhAoM ke AcAryoM aura muniyoM dvArA kI gaI hai - jaise - hariSeNa kA "bRhatkathAkoza", zrIcandra kA "kathA-koza", bhadrezvara kI "kahAvalI", jinezvarasUrikA "kathA-koSa prakaraNa" devendra gaNi kA "kathAmaNikoza", vinayacandra kA "kathAnaka koza", devabhadrasUri aparanAma guNabhadrasUri kA "kathAratnakoSa", nemicandrasUri kA "AkhyAnaka maNikoza' Adi / isake atirikta prabhAvakacaritra, prabandhakoza, prabandhacintAmaNi Adi bhI ardha aitihAsika kathAo ke saMgraharUpa grantha bhI isI kAla ke haiM / isI kAla ke antima caraNa se prAyaH tIrthoM kI utpatti kathAe~ aura parvakathAe~ bhI likhI jAnI lagI thii| parva kathAoM meM mahezvarasUri kI 'NANapaMcamIkahA' (vi.saM. 1109) tathA tIrtha kathAoM meM jinaprabha kA vividhatIrthakalpa bhI isI kAlakhaNDa ke grantha hai / yadyapi isake pUrva bhI lagabhaga dazavIM zatI meM "sArAvalI prakIrNaka" meM zatruJjaya tIrtha kI utpatti kathA varNita hai / yadyapi adhikAMza parva kathAe~ aura tIrthotpatti kI kathAe~ uttaramadhyakAla meM hI likhI gaI haiM /
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________________ 144 anusandhAna-58 isI kAlakhaNDa meM hArTala kI sUcanAnusAra brAhmaNaparamparA ke paJcatantra kI zailI kA anusaraNa karate hue pUrNabhadrasUri nAmaka jaina AcArya ne bhI paJcatantra kI racanA kI thI / ____ jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ pUrva madhyakAla meM kathAe~ saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM likhI gaI, vahI uttaramadhyakAla meM arthAt IsA kI 16 vIM zatI se 18 vIM zatI taka ke kAlakhaNDa meM marUgurjara bhI kathA lekhana kA mAdhyama banI hai| adhikAMza tIrthamAhAtmya viSaya kathAe, vrata, parva aura pUjA viSayaka kathAe~ isI kAlakhaNDa meM likhI gaI hai| ina kathAoM meM camatkAroM kI carcA adhika hai / sAtha hI ardhaaitihAsika yA aitihAsika rAso bhI isI kAlakhaNDa meM likhe gaye hai| isake pazcAt Adhunika kAla AtA hai, jisakA prArambha 19vIM zatI se mAnA jA sakatA hai / jaisA ki hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke hai yaha kAla mukhyataH hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, baMgalA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM racita kathA sAhitya se sambandhita hai / isa kAla meM mukhyataH hindI bhASA meM jaina kathAe~ aura upanyAsa likhe gaye / isake atirikta kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne gujarAtI bhASA ko bhI apane kathA-lekhana kA mAdhyama banAyA / kvacit rUpa meM marAThI aura baMgalA meM bhI jaina kathAe likhI gaI / baMgalA me jaina kathAo ke lekhana kA zreya bhI gaNeza lalavAnI ko jAtA hai / isa yuga meM jaina kathAoM aura upanyAsoM ke lekhana meM hindI kathA zilpa ko hI apanA AdhAra banAyA gayA hai / sAmAnyatayA jaina kathAzilpa kI pramukha vizeSatA naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI sthApanA hI rahI hai, ataH usameM kAmuka kathAoM aura premAkhyAnakoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI dekhA jAtA hai / yadyapi vajjAlaggaM tathA mahAkAvyoM ke kucha prasaMgoM kA choDa de to pradhAnatA naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI sthApanA kI hI rahI hai / yadyapi kathAoM ko rasamaya banAne ke hetu kahI-kahIM premAkhyAnakoM kA prayoga to huA hai phira bhI jaina lekhakoM ko mukhya prayojana to zAntarasa yA nirveda kI prastuti hI rahA hai| jaina kathAoM kA mukhya prayojana : jaina kathA sAhitya ke lekhaka ke aneka prayojana rahe hai, yathA
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________________ phebruArI - 2012 145 1. jana sAmAnya kA manoraJjana kara unheM jaina dharma ke prati AkarSita karanA / 2. manoraJjana ke sAtha-sAtha nAyaka Adi ke sadguNoM kA paricaya denaa| 3. zubhAzubha karmoM ke pariNAmo ko dikhAkara pAThakoM ko satkarmoM yA naitika AcaraNa ke lie prerita karanA / 4. zarIra kI azucitA evaM sAMsArika sukhoM kI nazvaratA ko dikhAkara vairAgya kI dizA meM prerita karanA / 5. kinhI ApavAdika paristhitiyoM meM apavAda mArga ke sevana ke aucitya aura anaucitya ko spaSTa karanA / pUrvabhavoM yA paravartIbhavoM ke sukha-duHkhoM kI carcA ke mAdhyama se karma siddhAnta kI puSTi karanA / 7. dArzanika samasyAoM kA upayukta dRSTAnta evaM saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se sahaja rUpa me samAdhAna prastuta karanA jaise - AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi ke rAyapasenIya ke kathAnaka meM rAjA ke tarka aura kezI dvArA unakA uttara / isI prakAra kriyamAna kRta yA akRta hai - isa sambandha meM jamAlI kA kathAnaka aura usameM bhI sAr3I jalane kA prasaMga / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina kathA sAhitya bahuuddezIya bahu AyAmI aura bahubhASI hokara bhI mukhyataH upadezAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika rahA hai / usakA pramukha uddezya nivRtti mArga kA poSaNa hI hai / isa prakAra vaha soddezya aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMsthApaka rahA hai aura lagabhaga tIna sahasrAbdiyoM se nirantara rUpa se pravAhamAna hai / saMsthApaka nidezaka prAcyavidyApITha dupAr3A roDa, zAjApura (ma.pra.) 465001