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________________ hindu aura jaina vrata : eka kriyApratikriyAtmaka lekhAjokhA DaoN. anItA botharA zIrSaka kA spaSTIkaraNa : ___ veda se prArambhita hokara purANa tathA vividha bhaktisampradAyoM meM vicAra kI jo dhArA bahatI calI AyI hai use hama vaidika, vedottarakAlIna, brAhmaNa yA hindu paramparA kaha sakate haiM / vratoM ke sandarbha meM paurANika kAla meM jo vicAra antarbhUta hue hai unako isa zodhanibandha meM kendrIbhUta sthAna dekara hamane 'hindu paramparA' zabda kA upayoga zIrSaka meM kiyA hai / yadyapi hindu tathA hindutva ina donoM zabdoM ke bAre meM abhyAsakoM meM bahuta matabheda hai tathApi veda se Arambha hokara uttarakAlIna mahAkAvya, darzana tathA purANa meM jo vicArapravAha bahatA calA AyA hai use hama eka dRSTi se hindu kaha sakate haiM / zodhanibandha kA prayojana : brAhmaNa paramparA se samAntara bahatI calI AyI dUsarI bhAratIya vicAradhArA zramaNa paramparA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai / jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM yaha zrAmaNika vicAradhArA sAhitya rUpa meM pravAhita huI hai| jaina vicAradhArA zramaNa paramparA meM prAcInatama hai| jaina sAhitya meM pratibimbita vratoM kA svarUpa apanA eka alaga sthAna rakhatA hai| hindu aura jaina donoM dhArA isI bhAratabhUmi meM udbhUta tathA pravAhita hone ke kAraNa unameM hamezA AdAna-pradAna tathA kriyA-pratikriyAtmaka pravRttiyA~ nirantara calatI AyI haiM / vrata-vicAra ke bAre meM ina donoM meM jo kriyApratikriyAeM huI unakA tarkasaMgata lekhAjokhA isa zodhanibandha meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / hindu athavA brAhmaNa paramparA meM prArambha ke bahutAMza vrata-vidhAna, vividha yajJIya kriyAoM se sambandhita the / paristhitijanya kAraNoM se ve vratavidhAna upavAsa, pUjA tathA vividha aihika, pAralaukika vratoM meM pariNata hue| naeNzanala saMskRta kaoNnpharansa, nAgapura, 1,2,3 mArca 2009 meM prastuta zodhapatra
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________________ 104 anusandhAna 50 (2) jaina paramparA meM bhI Agamika kAla meM, vratavidhAna, sAdhu dvArA Acarita paMcamahAvrata tathA zrAvaka dvArA svIkRta bAraha vratoM tathA tapoM ke svarUpa meM vidyamAna the / ina mahAvrata, aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata tathA tapoM ko surakSita rakhate hue anekAneka upavAsa, pUjA, tapa Adi rUpa meM jainiyoM meM vratAcaraNa kI pravRtti huI / hindu tathA jaina donoM paramparAoM ke antargata parivartanoM kA lekhAjokhA bhI isa zodhanibandha meM sArAMza rUpa se prastuta kiyA hai / vaidika tathA vedottarakAlIna vrata (1) 'vrata'zabda kI vyutpatti : vratazabda ke vyutpattyartha meM vidvAnoM meM bahata sAre matabheda dikhAI dete haiM DaoN. pA.vA.kANejI ne vratazabda 'vR' tathA 'vRt' ina donoM dhAtuoM se vyutpanna kiyA hai| vividha mata dekara yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki 'vR-varaNa karanA' isa dhAtu ko 'ta' pratyaya lagAkara 'saMkalpita kRtya', 'saMkalpa' tathA 'icchA' ina arthoM se 'vrata'zabda nikaTatA se jur3A huA hai / (2) 'vrata'zabda kA artha : Rgveda meM 'Rta', 'vrata' aura 'dharman' ye zabda bAra-bAra dikhAI dete haiN| unake arthoM meM bhI aneka bAra nikaTatA dikhAI detI hai| 'Rta' kA sAmAnya artha hai - devoM ke dvArA Aropita nirbandha athavA niyama / 'dharman' kA artha hai - dhArmika vidhi athavA yajJa / DaoN. kANejI kahate haiM ki kramakramase 'Rta'saMkalpanA pracalana se calI gayI / usakI jagaha 'satya'zabda kA prayoga hone lgaa| 'dharma'zabda sarvasaMgrAhaka banA aura 'vrata'zabda 'dhArmika evaM pavitra pratijJA' tathA 'manuSya dvArA Acarita nirbandhAtmaka vyavahAra', isa sandarbha meM arthapUrNa bnaa| (3) 'vrata'zabda ke samAsa tathA 'vrata' ke vividha artha : Dekkana kaoNleja ke saMskRta-mahAzabda-koza ke skripToriyama meM antarbhUta sandarbho ke kArDas para najara DAlane para yaha patA calatA hai ki Rgveda meM 'satyavrata', 'priyavrata', 'dRDhavrata' i. samAsa haiM lekina 'aNuvrata' samAsa nahIM hai|
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________________ mArca 2010 'mahAvrata' zabda yadyapi atharvaveda, zatapathabrAhmaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM hai, tathApi satya, ahiMsA Adi jaina mahAvratoM ke pAribhASika artha meM na hokara kevala great vow, great penance athavA great ceremony Adi artha meM AyA hai 105 brAhmaNa grantha tathA upaniSadoM meM vratazabda kA artha hai - 'dhArmika vidhi', 'dharmasambandhI pratijJA' athavA 'anna-pAna grahaNa ke niyama' / 'zrauta', 'gRhya' tathA 'dharmasUtra' meM 'vyakti kA viziSTa vartanakrama athavA upavAsa' ina donoM artha meM vrata zabda pAyA jAtA hai / 3 'manu' tathA 'yAjJavalkIya smRti' meM 'prAyazcittoM' ko vrata kahA hai kyoMki prAyazcittoM meM anekavidha niyamoM kA pAlana nizcayapUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai| 'mahAbhArata' se jJAta hotA hai ki vahA~ vrata, 'eka aMgIkRta dharmakRtya' athavA 'anna tathA AcaraNa sambandhI pratijJA' hai / 5 I 'pAtaMjalayoga' meM ahiMsA, satya i. vratoM ko pramukhatA se 'yama' kahA hai / unake sArvabhauma aura sampUrNa AcaraNa ke lie 'mahAvratam' saMjJA hai / jaina paramparA meM bhI ahiMsA, satya Adi pAcoM ko 'mahAvrata' kahA jAtA hai, tathApi ekavacanI nirdeza na hokara pratyeka ko svatantra rUpa se mahAvrata kahA gayA hai / 7 pAtaMjalayogasUtra meM jaina paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mahAvrata saMjJA antarbhUta karane kI AzaMkA hama rakha sakate haiM / kyoMki pAtaMjalayoga se prabhAvita uttarakAlIna granthoM meM yama-niyama-Asana Adi zabdAvalI rUDha huI hai / 'mahAvrata' zabda kA prayoga kvacit hI pAyA jAtA hai / brAhmaNa paramparA meM IsvI kI 2 - 3rI zatAbdI se lekara 10 vI zatAbdI taka 'purANa' granthoM kI saMkhyA vRddhiMgata hotI calI / vratoM kI saMkhyA bhI baDhatI gayI / prAyaH sabhI purANoM meM vividha prakAra ke vrata vipula mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiM / usake anantara vratakathA aura kozoM kI nirmiti huI (i.sa. kI 15 se 19vI zatAbdI taka) / saba purANoM meM milakara lagabhaga 25,000 zloka vratasambandhI hai | vratoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 1,000 hai / RgvedakAla meM dhArmika athavA pavitra pratijJA evaM AcaraNasambandhI nirbandha isa artha meM vrata zabda kA prayoga hotA thA / dhIre dhIre usameM parivartana
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________________ 106 anusandhAna 50 (2) hote gaye / pUjA, vrata-vidhAna, upavAsa, dAna tathA mahinA-vAra-tithi-parva Adi muddoM kA samAveza hote hue vratoM kI saMkhyA baDhatI gayI aura svarUpa meM bhI parivartana Aye / isakI kAraNamImAMsA nimnalikhita prakAra se dI jA sakatI (4) hindu paramparA meM 'vrataparivartana' tathA 'vratavRddhi' kI kAraNamImAMsA : veda aura brAhmaNa kAla meM pracalita yajJa dhIre-dhIre ADambarayukta, purohitapradhAna, kharcIle aura vyAmizra banate cale gaye / sarvasAmAnya vyakti ke lie yajJavidhi racAnA nAmumakInasA hotA calA gayA / Arambha meM prAyaH sabhI vrata yajJavidhi se sambandhita hI the / yadyapi yajJa kA pracalana kama hone lagA tathApi usase sambandhita vrata parivartita svarUpa meM rUDha hote cale / jaina aura bauddhoM ne yajJa saMsthA kA jamakara virodha kiyA / khAsakara pazuhiMsAtmaka yajJoM kI spaSTa aura kaThora zabdoM meM nindA kI / 10 pariNAmasvarUpa yajJoM kI jagaha dhIre-dhIre prAsaMgika vratoM ne lI hogii| kevala jaina aura bauddhoM ne hI nahIM to vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA ke kucha vicAravantoM ne bhI yajJa meM nihita hiMsA ko garhaNIya mAnI thI aura ahiMsA tathA bhaktipradhAna dharmAcaraNa ke prati AsthA rakhI thii| mahAbhArata tathA kucha anya granthoM ke anusAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM rahakara nArada ne pazuhiMsA kA jo virodha kiyA aura nAmasaMkIrtana kA mahimA batAyA, isase spaSTa hotA hai ki hindu paramparA ke hI antargata honevAle virodhAtmaka vicArapravAha se vividha vrata-vidhAna, pUjA Adi kA pracalana huA hogA / 11 nArada kI ahiMsApradhAna dRSTi kA gaurava isI vajaha se jaina paramparA ne usako RSibhASita meM sthAna dekara kiyA hogA / 12 yajJapradhAna dharma meM striyA~ aura zUdroM ko kisI bhI prakAra ke dhArmika vidhi ke adhikAra nahIM the / 13 samAja kA itanA bar3A hissA dharma se vaMcita nahIM raha sakatA thA / vratoM kI vizeSatA yahI hai ki vrata
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________________ mArca 2010 107 ke adhikArI cAroM jAtiyoM ke gRhastha yA gRhiNI ho sakate the / 14 vratoM ke vistRta varNana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vahA~ jAti, liMga Adi ke nirbandha bahuta kama hai| hindudharma ke antargata hI jAtiliMga-nirapekSa dharmAcaraNa kI AvazyakatA utpanna huI / jaina aura bauddhoM ne jAtivyavasthA para bhI kaThora AghAta kiye / 15 pariNAmavaza vratoM ke vivecana meM kahIM bhI 'amuka jAti dvArA kiye gaye vrata', isa taraha ke ullekha nahIM pAye jAte / vrata karAne ke lie brAhmaNa purohita kI AvazyakatA ke saMketa bahuta hI kama milate haiM / jainadharma meM zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ke lie bAraha vratoM ke rUpa meM eka sughaTa zrAvakAcAra kA prAvadhAna thA / 16 bauddhoM ne bhI paMcazIla ke rUpa meM upAsakAcAra batAyA thA / 17 hindu dharmazAstriyoMne parivartita vratoM ke rUpa meM sabhI jAtiyoM ke gRhastha tathA vizeSataH gRhiNiyoM ke lie AcAra banAyA / 18 Ama samAja meM pracalita dhArmika tathA devatAlakSI vidhiyoM kA varNana yadyapi grAnthika karmakANDAtmaka svarUpa meM smRtiyoM meM aMkita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, tathApi 'lokaveda' saMjJA se sambodhita atharvaveda meM Ama samAja meM pracalita rUDhI, paramparA, kulAcAra, praghAta, andhavizvAsa, mannata Adi ke rUpa meM isakA digdarzana hotA hai| purANoM meM aMkita vratoM para isa lokapracalita rUDhI, vidhi Adi kA bhI jarUra prabhAva rahA hogaa| Agama tathA AgamottarakAlIna vrata (1) jaina pariprekSya meM 'vrata' kA artha : 'va' kriyApada ke jo vividha artha saMskRtakoza meM diye haiM, usameM se 'maryAdA karanA', 'niyantraNa karanA' tathA 'rokanA' yaha artha AgamakAla kI vratasaMkalpanA se sarvAdhika milatA julatA hai / isakA artha yaha huA ki jaina aura hindu donoM kA vratoM kA vyutpattyartha hI alaga alaga hai / hinduvrata meM 'saMkalpa', 'icchA', 'pratijJA' Adi ko prAdhAnya hai9 to jainavratoM meM 'virati'
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________________ 108 anusandhAna 50 (2) 'viramaNa', 'saMyama', 'maryAdA' Adi ko prAdhAnya hai| hindu dharma ke pravRttiparakatApara tathA jaina dharma ke nivRttiparakatApara isa vyutpattyartha ke dvArA hI yathArtha prakAza paDatA hai / 'uMcha', 'piNDa' Adi aneka zabda jaina paramparA ne brAhmaNa paramparA se lekara apane DhAMce meM DAle haiN| tathApi vrata zabda kI bAta alaga hai| jaina paramparA meM vrata zabda kA apanA eka alaga khAsa artha thA / 'hiMsA, anRta, asteya Adi se viramaNa tathA virati' jainiyoM ne vratasvarUpa mAnI / 21 pUrNarUpa se virati ko 'mahAvrata' kahA tathA AMzika virati ko 'aNuvrata' kahA / 22 jaina AcAra paddhati meM mahAvratoM para AdhArita sAdhuAcAra tathA bAraha AMzika vratoM para AdhArita zrAvakAcAra kI paramparA prAcIna kAla se lekara Ajataka bahatI calI AyI / 23 ye vrata prAsaMgika nahIM the| eka bAra grahaNa kiye to Ajanma paripAlana kI jimmedArI thii| jaina pariprekSya meM jise hiMsAvirati, anRtavirati i. kahA hai, isa prakAra ke vratoM kA AcaraNa karanevAle yatiyoM kA ullekha hameM Rgveda meM milatA hai / 24 'vrAtyastoma' zabda se yahI sUcita hotA hai / Rgveda meM ullikhita ye vrAtya, zramaNa paramparA ke hI rahe hoNge| kyoMki viratirUpa vrata dhAraNa karane kI saMkalpanA vaidika paramparA ke Arambha kAla meM pracalita hI nahIM thI / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jainiyoM kI vrata saMkalpanA brAhmaNa paramparA se alaga hI thii| (2) vrataviSayaka sAhitya kI prathamAvasthA : AgamoM meM 'vrata' zabda sAdhu tathA zrAvaka ke Ajanma, nitya AcAra ke lie upayojita hai / yadyapi sAdhu tathA zrAvaka ke vratoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai tathApi ina vratoM ke AropaNa kI vidhi, karmakANDa yA ADambara kA nirdeza AgamoM meM nahIM hai| sAdhu aura zrAvaka, vrata ke AdhAra para donoM ko yathAzakti AdhyAtmika pragati karanA apekSita hai / isa pragati kA pramukha sAdhana hai 'tapa' / tapa kA prayojana hai karmoM kI nirjarA / 25 kisI bhI aihika phalaprApti kI AkAMkSA se tapa karane ko 'nidAnatapa' kahake nimnadarjA para rakhA gayA hai / 26 yaha 'vrata' tathA 'tapa' saMkalpanA kI prathamAvasthA khristAbda pAcavI zatAbdI taka ke granthoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / isa prathamAvasthA meM AgamakAla meM yadyapi samAja meM vividha prakAra ke makha, utsava, mannata, rUDhI, devatApUjana Adi pracalana meM the28 tathApi
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________________ mArca 2010 109 jainiyoM ke lie unake vratasvarUpa AcaraNa kA koI prAvadhAna nahIM banA thA / (3) vrataviSayaka sAhitya kI dvitIyAvasthA : AgamakAla meM vividha prakAra ke tapoM kA nirdeza hai| uttarakAla meM tapoM kA vistAra se varNana karate karate dhIre dhIre tapa ke sAtha vividha prakAra kI vidhiyA~ juDa gayI / tapovidhi ke sAtha phala bhI alpAMza mAtrA meM nirdiSTa hone lage / yaha dvitIyAvasthA khristAbda chaTThI zatI se dasavIM sadI taka ke granthoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| jaTAsiMhanandikRta 'varAMgacarita' yaha saMskRta grantha, DaoN. e.en.upAdhye ke anusAra sAtavI zatAbdI kA hai| Agamokta tapoM ko unhoMne 'sattapa' kahA hai|29 unako 'vrata' saMjJA nahIM dI hai| vrata zabda ke aneka samAsa grantha meM dikhAyI dete haiM lekina ve saba prAyaH sAdhuvrata tathA zrAvakavrata ke sandarbha meM haiM / 30 phalaniSpatti ke kathana kI pravRtti dikhAyI detI hai / 31 jinapratimA, jinapUjA, pratiSThA Adi kA suvistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai / 32 kisI bhI naye sulabha vratoM kA nirmANa unhoMne nahIM kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa (8vI zatAbdI)33 tathA AdipurANa (9vI zatAbdI)34 meM Agamokta tapoM kA saMkSipta varNana hai / kucha tapoM ko 'vidhi' kahA hai| svarga tathA mokSa ina donoM phaloM kA jikra kiyA hai| upavAsa kI pradhAnatA hai| udyApana nahIM hai| dasavI zatAbdI meM to tapovidhi ke lie vrata zabda kA Ama upayoga hone lagA / 35 yaha tathya guNabhadrakRta 'uttarapurANa' grantha ke nimnalikhita zloka se ujAgara hotA hai| vratAtpratyayamAyAti nivrataH zaGkayate janaiH / vratI saphalavRkSo vA nivrato vandhyavRkSavat // 36 isa prakAra varAMgacarita se lekara uttarapurANa taka ke granthoM meM vratasAhitya kI dvitIyAvasthA dikhAyI detI hai / (4) vrataviSayaka sAhitya kI tRtIyAvasthA : vrataviSayaka sAhitya kI tRtIyAvasthA lagabhaga 11vI zatI se Arambha
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________________ 110 anusandhAna 50 (2) hotI hai| isa kAla meM tapovidhi ke sAtha-sAtha anya naye vratoM kI zurUAta huI / ina naye vratoM ko 'tapa' ke badale 'vrata' kahane kA prArambha huA / 11vI zatAbdI meM mahezvarasUrine 'jJAnapaMcamIkathA' meM 'paMcamIvaya' (paJcamIvrata) zabda kA prayoga kiyA / 37 isa eka vrata ke mAhAtmya ke lie dasa kathAe~ likhI / isameM vrata kA saMkalpa, vidhi, udyApana tathA aihikapAralaukika phala kA spaSTataH nirdeza hai / 38 Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki jJAnapaMcamI vrata ke phala Adi kA kathana muniyoM ke mukha se karavAyA hai / 39 'jJAnapaMcamIkathA' jisa prakAra eka vrata para AdhArita hai usI prakAra 'sugandhadazamIkathA' bhI eka vrata kA mAhAtmya batAne ke lie racI gayI hai / 10 / / 12vI zatAbdI ke jaina zaurasenI graMtha 'vasunandi-zrAvakAcAra' meM rohiNI, azvinI, saukhyasampatti, nandIzvarapaMkti aura vimAnapaMkti ina vratoM kA nirdeza hai| lekina khuda granthakAra ne inako vrata bhI nahIM kahA hai aura tapa bhI / bhASAntarakAra tathA sampAdaka ne inako spaSTataH 'vrata' kahA hai| isa grantha meM svarga tathA mokSaprApti rUpa phala batAye haiM / 41 jaina paramparA meM bilakula hI mela na khAnevAlI eka bAta isa grantha meM kahI hai| jaise ki ujjavaNavihI Na tarai kAuM jai ko vi atthaparihINo / to viuNA kAyavvA uvavAsavihI payatteNa // 42 tapa aura upavAsa ko duyyama sthAna para rakhate hue dAna tathA udyApana ko isameM adhorekhita kiyA hai / 14vI zatAbdI ke jinaprabhakRta 'vidhimArgaprapA' grantha kA sthAna jaina vidhi-vidhAnoM ke itihAsa meM vizeSa lakSaNIya hai| isa saMkalanAtmaka grantha meM unhoMne mahAvrata, aNuvrata, tapa tathA naye vrata ina sabakI vidhi vistArapUrvaka dI hai| samyaktva se Arambha karake zrAvakavrata, sAdhuvrata tathA samagra zrAvaka tathA sAdhuAcAra ko parilakSita karake inhoMne vratAropaNa kI vidhiyA~ banAyI / 43 vidhimArgaprapA meM vratoM ke saMkalpa tathA phala kA nirdeza nahIM hai tathApi udyApana kA suvistRta varNana hai / grantha meM 'vrata' zabda kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai, sabhI ko 'vidhi' hI kahA hai / 44 inake vrata varNana se lagatA hai ki brAhmaNa paramparA ke paurANika vratoM kA jaina paramparA ke vratoM para prabhAva par3ane lagA hai /
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________________ mArca 2010 sarvAMgasundara, nirujasiMha, kokilAvrata Adi vratoM ke nAmasAmya se yaha dRggocara hotA hai / 45 jinaprabhasUridvArA upayojita 'naivedya' zabda para bhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI muhara spaSTataH dikhAyI detI hai / 46 jaina paramparA tathA siddhAnto se nigaDita naye vratoM kA nirmANa bhI inhoMne kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke taurapara kalyANatapa, indriyajaya, kaSAyamathana, aSTakarmasUdana, samavasaraNa Adi vratoM kA nirdeza kara sakate haiM / 47 Agamokta tapoM kI duSkaratA kI tathA naye sulabha vratoM ke nirmANa kI jo bAta jinaprabhasUri ne uThAyI hai vaha jaina vratoM ke parivartana kI eka nayI dizA sUcita karatI hai - je puNa egAvalI-kaNagAvalI-rayaNAvalI-muttAvalI-guNarayaNasaMvaccharakhuDDamahalla-siMhanikkIliyAiNo tavabheyA te saMpayaM dukkara tti na daMsiyA / 48 jinaprabhasUri mugalasamrATa mahammada tagalaka ke samakAlIna the| bAdazAha para unakA acchA khAsa prabhAva thA / isa rAjAzraya ke AdhArapara unakI sAhityika pravRttiyA kaI dazakoM taka jArI rahI / mandiranirmANa aura mUrtipratiSThApanA inake kAla meM bahutAyata mAtrA meM huI thI / 49 ina sabase yaha lagatA hai ki jinaprabhasUrikA jaina samAja para bar3A gaharA prabhAva hogA / pariNAmasvarUpa inake vratavidhAna khAlI kitAbI na rahakara pracalana meM bhI Aye hoMge / (5) vrataviSayaka sAhitya kI caturthAvasthA : 15vI zatAbdI meM jaina vratoM ne eka nayA moDa liyA / 15vI sadI kA brahmasAdhAraNakRta 'vayakahA' yaha apabhraMza bhASA meM likhita vratakathAoM kA saMgraha, vrataviSayaka sAhitya kI caturthAvasthA kA dyotaka hai / vratakathA meM mukuTasaptamI, kSIradvAdazI, ravivrata, kusumAMjali, nirjharapaMcamI Adi naye naye vrata, saMkalpa, vidhi, udyApana, jinapUjA, dAna tathA kevala aihika phala tathA svargaprApti kA varNana hai / 50 vratakathA ke bAda 16vI zatAbdI se lekara 18vI zatAbdI taka vratakathAoM ke saMgrahoM kI mAnoM bADha sI A gayI / jaina paramparA meM vratoM kA pracalana isa samaya meM bahuta hI baDhatA calA hogA / vratakathAsaMgrahoM kI racanA jyAdAtara saMskRta bhASA meM hI huI hai / DaoN. velaNakara likhita 'jinaratnakoSa' meM bahuta sAre vratakathAsaMgraho kA nirdeza hai / lekina ve isa zodhalekha ke lie
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________________ 112 anusandhAna 50 (2) mujhe upalabdha nahIM hue| ina cAroM avasthAoM ke nirIkSaNa se hama isa niSkarSa taka pahu~cate haiM ki - sAdhuvrata tathA zrAvakavrata AgamakAla se lekara Ajataka pracalana meM Agamokta tapa prathama vidhi ke taurapara Aye aura bAda meM duSkaratA ke kAraNa sulabha vratoM meM parivartita hue / Arambha meM vrata tathA tapa kA uddiSTa karmanirjarAmAtra thA / dhIre-dhIre usameM aihika aura pAralaukikatA AyI aura anta meM mokSaphalaprApti choDakara svargataka sImita huI / jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa paMcama kAla meM jaba koI jIva isa bharatakSetra meM mokSagAmI honevAlA nahIM hai taba unakA svargaprApti taka sImita rahanA ThIka hI lagatA hai / * vrata viSayaka zvetAmbarIya prAkRta sAhitya meM, digambarIya vrataviSayaka saMskRta sAhitya kI tulanA meM 'vrata' zabda kA Ama prayoga karane kA pracalana bAda meM AyA huA dikhAyI detA hai / (6) jaina vratoM ke avasthAntaroM kI kAraNamImAMsA : hinda vratoM meM kAlAnusArI jo parivartana Aye usake anusAra jaina vratoM meM parivartana AnA bilakula svAbhAvika thA kyoMki alpasaMkhya jaina samAja bahusaMkhya hindu samAja ke samparka meM hamezA hI thA / isa sAmAjika sahajIvana kA asara jaina vratoM meM bhI dikhAyI detA hai / pravRttipradhAna hindudharma meM paurANika vrata prAyaH utsava svarUpa aura kriyAkANDAtmaka, vidhividhAnoM se bhare hue the| unake prati Ama jaina samAja kA AkRSTa honA svAbhAvika thA / jaina gRhasthAcAra meM yadyapi bAraha vrata zAmila the tathApi ve nivRttipradhAna aura amUrta the / isI vajaha se gRhasthAcAra se sambandhita tapa se nigaDita tathA jaina tattvajJAna se susaMgata isa prakAra ke naye vidhividhAnAtmaka vrata jaina AcAryoM ne banAye / jaise ki 'samyaktva' ke AropaNa kI vidhi
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________________ mArca 2010 113 bana gayI / 51 'aSTakarmatapa' mUrta kriyApradhAnarUpa lekara sAmane AyA52 tathA 'jJAnapaMcamI', 'sugandhadazamI' Adi naye naye vrata bhI banane lage / 53 yadyapi jainadharma pradhAnatA se mokSalakSI thA tathApi gRhasthoM ke lie dhana, AyuSya, Arogya, samRddhi Adi prApta karAnevAle vratoM kI AvazyakatA jaina AcArya mahasUsa karane lage / isalie kevala pAralaukika kalyANa ke lie hI nahIM kintu aihika sukhoM kI kAmanA rakhakara bhI vratoM kI yojanA hone lagI / aihika phalakAmanAsahita kriyAoM kI yA tapa kI 'nidAnatapa' zabda se yadyapi AgamoM meM nindA kI hai tathApi socavicAra kara aura vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa apanAkara dharmAcaraNa ke prati sAmAnyoM kA mana AkRSTa karane ke lie vratoM meM parivartana A gaye / prAcIna kAla se hI jainiyoM meM kuladevatA, kulAcAra, pUjana Adi ke rUpa meM vividha kathAoM kA pracalana thA / badalate kAla ke sAtha unameM se kucha rItirivAja vrata svarUpa meM parivartita hue / Adhunika kAla meM bhI zubhaprasaMga meM vinAyakapUjana (gaNezapUjana), maMgaLasAta, ghaTasthApanA, ziLAsaptamI, kuladevatAoM kA pUjana Adi paramparAoM kA pracalana dikhAyI detA hai| ina kulAcAroM ke grAnthika AdhAra sahaja upalabdha nahIM hai / tathApi pIDhI dara pIDhiyoM se inakA paripAlana hotA calA AyA hai / vratoM ke pratyakSa AcaraNa ke samaya tapa, upavAsa, mauna, svAdhyAya, japa Adi kI pradhAnatA hotI hai jo jaina siddhAnto se milIjulI hai| vrata ke pAraNA tathA udyApana meM utsava kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai / svajAti tathA anyajAtiyoM ke logoM ko bulAkara bhojana kA prabandha, prabhAvanA svarUpa bheTa vastuoM ko AdAna-pradAna pramukhatA se dikhAyI detA hai / jJAnapaMcamI vrata ke samApana meM vasunandi kahate haiM kisahiraNNa paMcakalase purao vitthAriUNa vatthamuhe / pakkaNNaM bahubheyaM phalANi vivihANi taha ceva // 54 //
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________________ 114 anusandhAna 50 (2) dANaM ca jahAjoggaM dAUNa cauvvihassa saMghassa / ujjavaNavihI evaM kAyavvA desaviraeNa // 55 // udayacandraviracita sugandhadazamIkathA ke udyApanavidhi meM nimnalikhita varNana pAyA jAtA hai / jaise ki- 'jinamandira ko puSpoM se sajAnA, caMdovA tAnanA, dhvajAe~ phaharAnA, auSadhidAna denA, muniyoM ko pavitra AhAra denA, dasa zrAvakoM ko bheTavastu tathA khIra-ghRta kaToriyA Adi denA, isa prakAra kI vidhi karanA caahie| isase puNya utpanna hotA hai / 56 upasaMhAra : hinda aura jaina vratoM kA kriyApratikriyAtmaka lekhAjokhA hamane abhItaka dekhA / aba usake upasaMhAra taka pahuMcate haiN| donoM paramparAo ne eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita kiyA / jyAdAtara hindu prabhAva se jaina vratoM meM parivartana aaye| lekina isa sabhI prakriyA meM jainoM ne parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha apanI alaga pahacAna bhI rakhane kA jarUra prayAsa kiyA / usapara AdhArita sAmya-bhedAtmaka nirIkSaNa upasaMhAra meM prastuta kara rahe haiM / 57 * hindu tathA jaina donoM paramparAoM ke prAcIna mUla grantho meM vidhi vidhAna rUpa vratoM kA varNana nahIM pAyA jAtA / hindu paramparA meM prArambha meM yajJoM kI pradhAnatA thI / usake AdhAra se vrata niSpanna tathA parivadhita hue / jaina AgamoM meM mahAvrata, aNuvrata tathA tapa pradhAna the / vidhi-vidhAnAtmaka vratoM kA Arambha inhIM ke AdhAra se huA / hinduo ke vrata parimita kAla ke lie haiM / mahAvrata-aNuvrata Ajanma paripAlana ke lie tathA usI ke AdhAra se AdhyAtmika unnati ke lie banAye gae haiN| bAda meM jaina paramparA meM prArambhita ravivrata, nirdoSasaptamIkathAvrata, rohiNIvrata i. parimita kAla ke lie apekSita hai| hindu paramparA meM vrata sambandhita upavAsa cAra prakAra se hotA hai -
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________________ mArca 2010 115 anazana, ayAcita, nakta (pradoSa) tathA ekabhukta / jaina vratoM meM bhI upavAsa hI kendrasthAnI hai tathA unake upavAsa ke bhI ekAzana, Ayambila, viyagatyAga, belA, telA Adi vividha prakAra haiM / brahmacaryapAlana, madhu-madya - mAMsa kA tyAga ina bAtoM kI donoM paramparA meM vrata pAlana ke dina samAnatA dikhAyI detI hai / vrata ke udyApana ke dina hindu loga prAya: brAhmaNa, purohita ko dAna dete haiM tathA jaina loga saMgha ko dAna dete haiM / donoM paramparAoM meM vrata jyAdAtara striyoM dvArA Acarita hai tathA cAturmAsa kAla meM vratoM kI vizeSa ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai / hindu paramparA meM caitra se lekara phAlguna taka vividha prakAra ke tyauhAra haiM / ve utsava ke taurapara aura vratarUpa meM parivartita karake manAye jAte haiM / vratoM kI itanI vipulatA tathA utsavI svarUpa jainoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA / I vratoM kI saMkhyA jaise jaise baDhane lagI vaise vaise dono paramparAoM meM vratakathAoM ke saMgraha banane lage / kathAe~ bhI racI gayI / ve apanIapanI saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM se milatI-julatI thI / pUrvajanma tathA punarjanma kA jikra donoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / cAndrAyaNa, kokilA, saubhAgya, Arogya, ambikA, RSipaMcamI, akSayatRtIyA, mokSadA (mauna) ekAdazI Adi hindu vratoM se nAmasAmya rakhanevAle jainavrata pAye jAte haiM / tathApi ina vratoM kA antargata svarUpa bilakula hI bhinna hai / hindu vrata, 'dhanadhAnyasukhasamRddhyartham amukavratam ahaM kariSye', isa prakAra se saMkalpapUrvaka kiye jAte haiM / jainavrata saMkalpa ke uccAraNapUrvaka nahIM kiye jAte / pUrvollikhita jainavratoM kI tIsarI avasthA meM vrata ke phala kA jikra hone lagA / usameM eka prakAra se saMkalpa bhI nihita hai tathApi prArambha meM saMkalpa karanA prAyaH nidAnAtmaka aura niSiddha hI mAnA gayA hai I hindu vratoM meM anivArya rUpa se snAna kI AvazyakatA batAyI gayI
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________________ 116 anusandhAna 50 (2) hai| jainoM meM yadyapi mandiramArgiyoM meM pUjA ke pahale snAna kA pracalana hai tathApi snAna aura bAhyazuddhi ko ananyasAdhAraNa mahattva nahIM diyA hai| bhAvazuddhi kI pradhAnatA batAyI gayI hai kyoMki sabhI jainaAcAra kA kendra hI bhAvazuddhi hai| hinduoM meM devatAprItyartha kiye gaye vratoM meM viziSTa dhAnya tathA zAkabhAjI se yukta bhojana naivedya svarUpa meM caDhAyA jAtA hai| jaina vratoM meM yaha paddhati pracalita nahIM hai tathA prasAda bhI bATane kI prathA prAyaH nahIM hai| donoM paramparAoM meM yadyapi pratimAoM kA pUjana kiyA jAtA hai tathApi gaNapati, gaurI, haratAlikA, rAma-rAvaNa, durgA Adi prAsaMgika pratimAoM kA nirmANa, visarjana tathA dahana hindu paramparA meM bahuta hI pracalita hai / jaina paramparA meM prAsaGgika pratimAnirmANa tathA visarjana ko bilakula hI sthAna nahIM hai kyoMki jaina dRSTi se yaha saba virAdhanA, AzAtanA, pramAdacaryA tathA anarthadaNDarUpa hai / apatyaprApti ke lie tathA pati ke dIrghAyuSya ke lie vrata rakhanA, prAyaH sabhI vratoM meM suvAsinI strI ko mahattva denA-ye saba hinduvratoM kI vizeSatAe~ haiM / jainavratoM meM inheM khAsa taurapara parilakSita nahIM kiyA jAtA kyoMki apatya kA honA yA na honA, pati kI AyurmaryAdA Adi saba bAteM karmAdhIna haiM / vrata rakhakara AyuSya baDhAne meM jaina siddhAnta vizvAsa nahIM rkhtaa| hindu smRtigranthoM meM sabhI 'prAyazcittoM' ko 'vrata' kahA hai| jaina paramparA meM 'prAyazcitta' yAne 'cheda' ko 'tapa' kahA hai / prAyazcittoM ko kendrasthAna meM rakhakara donoM paramparA meM alaga se granthoM kA nirmANa huA hai| hinduoM meM kucha vratoM ke lie purohita kI AvazyakatA batAyI hai| vividha prakAra ke homa kiye jAte haiM / kucha vrata dUsaroM dvArA karavAne kA bhI jikra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vratoM meM vrata muni kI AjJA se karate haiN| homa kA prAvadhAna bilakula hI nahIM hai aura vrata khuda
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________________ mArca 2010 117 I hI karanA paDatA hai, dUsaroM dvArA nahIM karavAyA jA sakatA / hinduoM meM vrata vaiyaktika tathA sAmUhika donoM pAye jAte haiM / jainoM meM vaiyaktika vratoM kI pradhAnatA hai lekina upadhAnatapa, pauSadhopavAsa Adi bahuta hI kama vrata sAmUhika rUpa meM karane kI prathA hai / brAhmaNa, kSatriya Adi bheda na rakhake sabhI vargoM ke tathA jAti ke logoM ko kendrasthAna meM rakhakara hindu vrata sAmAnyataH banAye gaye haiN| tathApi kucha granthoM meM pichale daravAje se jAtibheda praviSTa huA dikhAyI detA hai / kahA hai ki viziSTa vrata meM brAhmaNa aura kSatriya eka dina kA upavAsa rakhe aura usI vrata meM vaizya tathA zUdra lagAtAra do dinoM kA upavAsa rkhe| jaina paramparA meM prAya: isataraha ke bhedabhAva dikhAyI nahIM dete tathApi apavAda svarUpa udAharaNa pAye jAte haiM / isa bhedabhAva kA AdhAra Arthika sAmarthya hai / vasunandizrAvakAcAra meM kahA hai ki jJAnapaMcamIvrata kA udyApana jo vyakti ukta prakAra se karane meM asamartha ho vaha vrata kA kAlAvadhi duganA kareM / hindu dharmazAstroM meM traivarNikoM ke lie vratabandhasaMskAra kA prAvadhAna thA / isa saMskAra ke anantara unakI zikSA kA Arambha hotA thA / jaina paramparA meM zrAvakavrata grahaNa karane ke ullekha AgamoM meM milate haiM lekina vahA~ vidhipUrvaka vratagrahaNa kA vidhAna likhita rUpa meM nahIM dikhAI detA / caudahavI sadI ke jinaprabhasUri ko isakI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huii| pariNAmavaza unhoMne samyaktva - AropaNavidhi tathA sAdhu evaM zrAvakavratoM ke grahaNa kI bhI vidhi banAyI / lekina zrAvakadIkSA kI vidhi kA pracalana jaina samAja meM nahIM ho sakA / niSkarSa : hindu aura jaina vratasaMkalpanAoM ke Arambhabindu alaga-alaga haiM / ahiMsA, satya Adi ucca mAnavIya mUlyoM ko jainoM ne sAdhu tathA zrAvakAcAra meM yAvajjIvana sthAna diyA / unheM hI AdhyAtmika unnati kA AdhAra mAnA / vaidika tathA vedottara kAla meM kartavyasvarUpa varNAzramadharma dainandina tathA yAvajjIvana
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________________ 118 anusandhAna 50 (2) AcAra meM puSpita- phalita nahIM huA / liGgabheda, jAtibheda, purohitapradhAnatA Adi kAraNoM se tathA jaina aura bauddhoM dvArA kiye gae tIvra vaicArika saMgharSoM se sarvasamAvezaka, vidhividhAnAtmaka patra - puSpa - hiraNya - suvarNa - pratimApUjana - visarjana, naivedya, prasAda, udyApana, dAna Adi atIva AkarSaka rUpa meM nayA sAmAjika pahalU lekara hindu purANoM dvArA vratoM kA pracalana huA / jaina AcAryoM ko upavAsa, tapa, nivRttipradhAna, nIrasa dharmavyavahAra meM parivartana lAne kI atyadhika AvazyakatA mahasUsa huI / ihalaukika sukhasamRddhi aura svargaprApti ko najaraaMdAja na karate hue gyArahavI sadI se lekara paMdrahavI sadI taka jainoM meM bhI vidhividhAnAtmaka vratoM kA khUba pracAra huA / zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM sampradAya mandira aura pratimA nirmANa, pUjA-pratiSThA, vidhividhAna, yantra - mantra meM nimagna hue / solahavI sadI meM gujarAta meM lauMkAzAha nAmaka dhArmika zrAvaka ne ina saba naye karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke viruddha jaina-jAgRti kI tathA 'sthAnakavAsI' sampradAya kA Arambha kiyA / mandira, pUjA, pratiSThA tathA nAnAvidha vidhividhAnAtmaka vratoM ko haTAkara mUlagAmI, siddhAntapradhAna jaina dharma kI ora kucha cintanazIla vyaktiyoM kA jhukAva baDhA / prAyaH isI samaya hinduoM meM paurANika dharmAcAra se Ubakara eka svayambhU amUrta Izvara ko pradhAnatA denevAle zIkhasampradAya kA udaya aura prasAra hone lagA / rAma, kRSNa, viThThala Adi eka mUrta Izvara kA nAmasaMkIrtana tathA bhakti inapara AdhArita sampradAya udbhUta hue / bhAratIya saMskRti ke bahupeDI AyAmoM kA kriyApratikriyAtmaka silasilA Arambha se lekara Ajataka jArI hai / ' vratasaMkalpanA' ko kendrasthAna meM rakhakara agara hindu aura jaina dhArmika AcAroM kA parIkSaNa kareM to uparyukta lekhAjokhA sAmane ubharakara AtA hai / sandarbha 1. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa (uttarArdha) pR. 159 - 161 2. atharvaveda 11.7.6; zatapatha brAhmaNa 10.1.2.4; mahAbhArata 1.64.42; 2.20.4; 3.10.3; 12.24.17; vAmaNapurANa 62.38; skandapurANa 1.3.11.66 3. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa ( uttarArdha) pR. 162
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________________ mArca 2010 4. manusmRti adhyAya 11 prAyazcittavidhi pR. 388 se 517 yAjJavalkyasmRti, prAyazcittaprakaraNa (5) pR. 388 se 517 119 5. mahAbhArata 2.11.18 (127*); 5.43.12; 6.103.78; 12.36.19 6. yoga - darzana 2.30,31 7. AcArAMga cUlikA 15.42, 43, 49, 50, sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.57; sthAnAMga 3.524; 5.1; uttarAdhyayana 19.10, 28, 89; 20.39; 21.12; Avazyaka 4.3., 8, 9; 5.2 8. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa (uttarArdha) pR. 167, 171 9. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa (uttarArdha) pR. 166 10. uttarAdhyayana 12.17; 14.12; 25.30 ; dhammapada 26.23; suttanipAta cULavagga, 7 vA brAhmaNadhammikasutta 11. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva 346.10, 11 12. RSibhASita - nArada nAmaka prathama adhyayana 13. manusmRti 5.155, 8.18; 9.334, 335; 10.121 se 126; 11.13 14. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa ( uttarArdha) pR. 167, 169 15. uttarAdhyayana adhyayana 12, adhyayana 14, adhyayana 25; dhammapada adhyayana 26 16. upAsakadazA 1.23; aupapAtika pR. 357, 358, 474 - 483; vasunandizrAvakAcAra gA. 207 se 220 17. dhammapada 18.12; suttanipAta cULavagga, 14vA dhammikasutta pR. 95 se 18. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa pR. 169 19. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa pR. 160 20. uttarAdhyayana 19.25-31; tattvArtha 7.1 21. tattvArtha 7.1 22. tattvArtha 7.2; AcArAMga cUlikA 15.42, 43; sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.57; sthAnAMga 5.1.; uttarAdhyayana 20.39; 21.12; Avazyaka 4.8 se 12 23. AcArAMga cUlikA, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, chedasUtra, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, upAsakadazA, zrAvakaprajJapti, ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, vasunandizrAvakAcAra, purUSArthasiddhayupAya 101 24. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna pR. 18,19 25. antagaDa varga 8; aupapAtika pR. 163 - 172 26. sthAnAMga 3.385; samavAyAMga 3. 3; bhagavatI 14.71 ; jJAtAdharmakathA 1.16.113;
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________________ 120 anusandhAna 50 (2) 1.16.327(1). 27. AcArAMgacUlikA, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, chedasUtra, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, upAsakadazA, zrAvakaprajJapti, vasunandizrAvakAcAra 28. jJAtAdharmakathA 1.1.96; 1.2.12 29. varAMgacarita 30.52 30. varAMgacarita 11.40; 13.39; 15.121; 24.106, 30.44 31. varAMgacarita 23.77 se 82 32. varAMgacarita 23.77, 83 33. harivaMzapurANa pR. 423 se 443 34. AdipurANa parva 7 35. uttarapurANa parva 67.358 se 384 36. uttarapurANa 67.373 37. jJAnapaMcamIkathA 1.364 38. jJAnapaMcamIkathA 1.339 se 378; 2.125; 4.125; 7.42, 43, 93 se 97 39. jJAnapaMcamIkathA 1.494 se 496; 2.50 se 57 40. sugandhadazamIkathA prathama sandhI 41. vasunandizrAvakAcAra gA. 353 se 381 42. vasunandizrAvakAcAra gA. 359 43. vidhimArgaprapA 44. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 25 se 29 45. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 25 paMkti 17, 19 46. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 27 paMkti 1 47. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 25 paMkti 3, 29, 31, 32, pR. 26 paMkti 2, 4 48. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 29 paMkti 25, 26 49. vidhimArgaprapA, saMkSipta jIvana caritra pR. 1 se 24 50. vratakathA 51. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 1 se 3 52. vidhimArgaprapA pR. 26 paMkti 1 se 3 53. jJAnapaMcamIkathA; sugandhadazamIkathA 54. vasunandizrAvakAcAra gA. 357 55. vasunandizrAvakAcAra gA. 358
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________________ mArca 2010 121 56. sugandhadazamIkathA 1.12 57. hindu vratoM ke varNanAtmaka svarUpa ke lie 'vrataziromaNI' kitAba kA AdhAra liyA hai| sandarbha-grantha-sUci 1. antakRddazA (antagaDadasA) : anuvAdaka-ghAsIlAlajI ma., jaina prinTiMga presa, 1980 2. AcArAMga cUlikA : aMgasuttANi 1, A. tulasI, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) vi.saM. 2031 AdipurANa : anuvAdaka-ghAsIlAlajI ma. jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa, 1959 Avazyaka (Avassaya) : muni puNyavijaya, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, mumbaI, 1977 aupapAtika (uvavAI) : anuvAdaka-ghAsIlAlajI ma. jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa 1959 6. uttarapurANa : guNabhadrAcArya, saM. pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1954 7. uttarAdhyayana (uttarajjhayaNa) : jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, sailAnA, 1992 8. upAsakadazA (upAsakadasA) : (mitAkSarAsArAsaha), bhASAntara-viSNuzAstrI bApaTa, dAmodara tryaMbaka jozI, puNe 9. RSibhASita (isibhAsiya) : saM. vinayasAgara, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988 10. jJAtAdharmakathA (nAyAdhammakahA) : aMgasuttANi 3, A. tulasI, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) vi.saM. 2031 11. jJAnapaMcamIkathA (NANapaMcamIkahA) : mahezvarasUrikRta, siMghI jainazAstra vidyApITha, mumbaI, 149 12. tattvArtha : viveka-paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 2001 13. dazavaikAlika (dasaveyAliya) : anuvAdaka-ghevacaMdajI bA~TiyA, jaina prinTIMga presa, sailAnA, 1983 14. devIbhAgavata : khaNDa 1, saM. A. zrIrAma zarmA, saMskRta saMsthAna, barelI, 1968 15. dharmazAstrAcA itihAsa : DaoN. kANe, mahArASTra rAjya sAhitya va saMskRti maNDala, 1967 16. dhammapada : anuvAdaka-DaoN. bha.ga.bApaTa, dhamma buksa prakAzana, 2001 17. nAradapurANa : (khaNDa 1, 2) saM.paM.zrIrAma zarmA, saMskRta saMsthAna, barelI, 1971
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________________ 122 anusandhAna 50 (2) 18. pAtaMjalayogaH pataMjalikRta,gItApresa, gorakhapura 19. bhagavatI (bhagavaI) : aMgasuttANi 2, A. tulasI, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) vi.saM. 2031 20. bhaviSyapurANa : (khaNDa 2) saM. paM. zrIrAma zarmA, saMskRta saMsthAna, barelI, 1969 21. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad, bhopAla, 1962 22. manusmRti : bhASAntara-viSNuzAstrI bApaTa, zrI gajAnana buka Depo, puNe 23. mahAbhArata : saM. zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara. 1979 24. yAjJavalkyasmRti : (mitAkSarAsArAsaha), bhASAntara-viSNuzAstrI bApaTa, dAmodara tryaMbaka jozI, puNe 25. vayakahA : brahmasAdhAraNa, saM. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura, 1985 26. varAMgacarita : jaTAsiMhanandiviracita, saM. e.en.upAdhye, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthAlaya samiti, mumbaI, 1938 27. vasunandizrAvakAcAra : vasunandikRta, saM. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1952 28. vidhimArgaprapA : jinaprabhasUrikRta, saM. jinavijaya, nirNayasAgara presa, mumbaI, 1941 29. vrataziromaNI : zrInivAsa deziMgakara, pra. zAlinIbAI deziMgakara, miraja, 1977 30. sugandhadazamIkahA (sugandhadasamIkahA) : udayacandrakRta, saM. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1966 31. suttanipAta : saM. DaoN. bhikSu dharmarakSita, motIlAla banArasIdAsa pablizarsa, dillI, 1995 32. sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDa) : aMgasuttANi 1, A. tulasI, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) vi.saM. 2031 33. sthAnAMga (ThANa) : aMgasuttANi 1, A. tulasI, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) vi.saM. 2031 34. harivaMzapurANa : jinasenakRta, saM. pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1944 35. harivaMzapurANa : (khaNDa 1), saM.paM. zrIrAma zarmA, saMskRta saMsthAna, barelI, 1968 C/0. jaina ceara pUNe vizvavidyAlaya, pUNe (mahArASTra)