Aparigraha

Author(s): D R Mehta
Publisher: D R Mehta
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269089/1

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Prakrit Bharati Academy 13-A, Gurunanak Path, Main Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302017 Phone No. 0141-2524827, Cellphone 91-94140-71430 e-mail: aparigrahakosh@gmail.com/drsushmasinghvi@rediffmail.com Respected ............ It is our pleasure to let you know that Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur is working on the project for bringing out an Encyclopaedia of APARIGRAHA under the patronage of Padmabhushan' Shri D.R. Mehta. I am associated with the project as editor of this Encyclopaedia. This task is possible only with the active cooperation of scholars like you. We would like you to contribute us the title entry on. ..............or other title entries within the field of your specialization, which is relevant to the subject APARIGRAHA. Each entry will be of about 1500 to 2000 words, which will be published in your name and there is a provision for a token amount of honorarium for each entry. List of contributors will be published. You can contribute one or more entries. A tentative list of titles is enclosed for your perusal (see attachments). Entries in Hindi or in English will be accepted. The Encyclopaedia will be published in (a) Hindi and (b) in an English version, and both will be prepared simultaneously. Information regarding your brief profile, telephone nos., address, e-mail and your relevant readings as well as resource persons will be useful for us. Entries may be contributed in this prescribed format: (i) Title (ii) Theme in one sentence (111) Brief introduction (as applicable meaning/historical background/year of birth-death/Nationality/ Domicile/Contribution etc. relevant to your subject or person described. (iv) Description (main entry) including relevance to the concept of Aparigraha (v) References The entries in Encyclopaedia will cover titles regarding concepts, personalities; Authors & works; world Religions-philosophies-ethics; Saint-Literature; Modern Natural sciences; EconomicPsychological-Historical-Sociological-Political Geographical, Cultural, Environmental, Legal aspects and worldwide Economic movements. The entries representing a comprehensive view of concept from different approaches will be included. Aparigraha means taking what is truly necessary and no more. Aparigraha is the sanskrit word for non-possession or non-possessiveness; or non-covetousness, non-grasping, non-attachment, non-greed or trusteeship or limiting one's personal desires and belongings or limit possessions to what is necessary or important. It is the antonym of the word parigraha, 'compulsive hoarding,' which means reaching out for something and claiming it for oneself. Aparigraha is in the first place understood as an economic concept: one should not collect more material items or money than one needs, one has to set certain limits Aparigraha gives importance to abandoning emotional and mental attachment also. Mahatma Gandhi is famous for phrasing it as there is enough for everyone's need, but not for anyone's greed.' The effort of this Encyclopaedia will be to highlight Aprigraha (i) as a basic human value necessary to make a person better human being and (ii) as a basis for alternative economic models, ways of (1)

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living and (iii) to lay a basis for long term sustainable partnership between the natural ecology of the planet and human existence. The understanding of this concept can have very big consequences for our approach to current economy, society, environment, and also for physical & mental health and other issues pertaining to human and planetary welfare. This Encyclopaedia can throw light on the relation between Aparigraha and Life-liberty and the pursuit of happiness at the individual as well as on the global level. It is our goal to attract many scholars and experts to give their views by writing the entry on Aparigraha and related subjects. In this venture, your support and contribution are greatly needed. Apart from writing your own entry my humble request in this matter will be of very great value to us in these early stages of the project: (a) Kindly contribute title entries, besides the once already in the attached list, within the field of your specialization, which you consider necessary and relevant to this Encyclopaedia. (b) Kindly suggest the names of other scholars if possible, to persuade them to contribute their entries. (c) If possible kindly send us a bibliography on the subject of Aparigraha. (d) Kindly provide your general advice for the Encyclopaedia. (e) Kindly provide your short bio-data. Awaiting your reply conveying titles to be written by you for the Encyclopaedia of Aparigraha. Feel free to communicate with us at any time. Enclosed please find a list of titles and a note on Aparigraha. With profound regards, Sincerely yours (Sushma Singhvi) Chief Editor, Encyclopaedia of Aparigraha Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur e-mail : aparigrahakosh@gmail.com e-mail: drsushmasinghvi@rediffmail.com (2)

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List of some titles for entry in Encylopaedia of Aparigraha (Your suggestions for more titles are most welcome) Religions and schools (Conceptual understanding of Aparigraha to sub divided to convenience) (1) Ajivaka School Philosophers (14) Bergson, Henri (2) Buddhism (3) Charvaka School (15) Berkeley (4) Christianity (16) Bosanquet (5) Hinduism (17) Bradley (18) David Hume (6) Islam (7) Jainism (19) Hegal (20) Immanuel Kant (8) Judaism (21) Plato (9) Nyaya-Vaisheshik School (10) Purva Mimansa-Vendanta-School (22) Shekh Fareed (11) Sankhya-Yog (23) Spencer (12) Shaivism (24) Yang Hsiung (13) Taoism Authors, works and Personalities (25) Albert Schweizer (58) Jesus Christ (26) Amartya Sen (59) John Dui (27) Ameerkhusro (60) John Locke (28) Andrew Harvey ("Hidden Journey") (61) John Ruskin (29) Aristotle (62) John Stuart Mill (30) Arther Shopen Hawer (63) Kabeer (31) Ashoka (64) Kapassi (32) Baba Amte (65) Kautilya ("Arthashastra") (33) Berlin Ijakh (66) Khan Abdul Gafar Khan (34) Bernard Litaer ("Beyond Greed and Scarcity") (67) Kumarappa J.C. (35) Buddha (68) Kunda Kundacharya (36) Burtrend Russel (69) Laotse (37) Butras Butras Ghali (70) Lasse Nordlud (38) Carson ("Silent spring") (71) Liebnitz (39) Chief Seatle (72) Mahaveer (40) Dadu Dayal (73) Martin Luther King (41) Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) (74) Maxfurson, C.B. (42) Dorothy De (75) Mensius (Meng-tgu) (Meng k'o) (43) Earnest Wood (76) Moulana Room (44) Edmond Bordeaux Szekely ("The Essene code of life") (77) Muni Bechardas (45) Emerson (78) Nanak (46) Ethan Millar (79) Narendra Dev Acharya (47) E.F. Shumacher ("small is beautiful") (80) Nelson Mandela (48) Frank Waters: White Bear: ("The book of Hopi") (81) Osho (49) Gandhi, Mohan Das Karmchand (82) Peter Singer (50) Hemchandra (83) Prophet Mohammad (51) Henry Burgsan (84) R.H. Townee (52) Immanuel Kant (85) Raheem (53) Ivan Ilich (86) Ram Manohar Lohiya (54) Jai Shankar Prasad (87) Ramana Maharshi (55) Jambhojee (88) Ramanujacharya (56) J. Krishnamurti (89) Ramkrishna Paramhansa (57) Jean Ziegler ("Hunger is man made massacre") (90) Ravindra Nath Tagore (3)

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Economists (105) Marshall (106) Michael Albert etc. (91) Rayachandra (92) Rudolf Steiner (i) "Love and its meaning in the world" (ii) "Towards social renewal" (iii) "The fundamental social law") (93) Ruskin (94) Saint Francis of Assissy (95) Saint Paul (96) Saint Peepa (97) Shankaracharya (98) Shri Arvindo (99) Thoreau (100) Tolstoy (101) Tulasidasa (102) Vang Pee (103) Varnadski Vladimir (104) Vinoba Systems (107) Anekantavada (108) Capitalism (109) Consumerism (110) Feminism (111) Marxism (112) Socialism (113) Sufism Concepts (114) Art of giving (115) Competition Vs Co-operation (116) Equity Vs Equality (117) Exploitation and Slavery (118) Incentive Vs Motivation (119) Money and Power (120) Ownership Vs Stewardship (121) Scarcity Vs Abundance Other Titles (135) African Tradition (136) Australian Aboriginal Tradition (137) Black Elk (138) Heyemeyosths Storm (139) Pueblo Indians Resources (122) Labour (123) Land-Water-Air-Forest-Energy (124) Property Phrases and Idioms (140) Cut your coat according your cloth (141) Greed can never treat Sanskrit (142)Kevalagho bhavati kevaladi (143) Ma gridhah kasyasviddhanam (144) Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah Prakrit (145) Muccha pariggaho vutto (146) Natthi eriso paso (147) Sanchinanti Mandabuddhee Rajasthani (148) Lobha ro thoba nee Aparigraha in relation to various disciplines (125) Balanced development and Aparigraha (126) Capabilities centred approach and Aparigraha (127) Commodity centred approach and Aparigraha (128) Democracy and Aprigraha (129) Human resource development and Aprigraha (130) Human rights and Aparigraha (131) Intuitional approach and Aparigraha (132) Modern Architecture and Aparigraha (133) Quality of life and Aparigraha (134) Traditional rural architecture and Aparigraha

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aparigraha : jaina nIti-mImAMsA meM paMca mahAvratoM kI avadhAraNA ke aMtargata aparigraha ko eka mahAvrata mAnA gayA hai, jisakA zAbdika artha hai asaMgraha arthAt AvazyakatA se adhika vastu kA saMgraha yA svAmitva na rkhnaa| yaha, daraasla, ahiMsA kA Arthika AyAma hai| ise svAmitvamukti yA svAmitva-tyAga bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM yA saMpadA kA saMgraha lobha-vRtti kA pariNAma hotA hai, jo anya ke Arthika jIvana para AghAta ke binA saMbhava nahIM hotaa| mahAvIra ke anusAra dukha para vijaya Asakti aura kAmanA para vijaya prApta hone se hotI hai| isalie jaina-siddhAMta meM aparigraha ko ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka vrata mAnA gayA hai aura yaha pada mukhyata: jaina mahAvrata ke rUpa meM hI samajhA jAtA hai| jo muniyoM ke lie mahAvrata hai, vaha sAdhAraNa gRhasthoM ke lie aNuvrata kahA gayA hai, arthAt sAmAnya gRhastha se muniyoM jaise tyAga kI to apekSA nahIM kI jAtI, lekina unase bhI svAmitva bhAvanA tathA saMgraha aura upabhoga se saMbhava sImA taka mukta hone kI sAdhanA kI ummIda kI jAtI hai| gRhastha ke lie ise parigraha-parimANa tathA bhogopabhoga parimANa ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai| parigraha ko do rUpoM meM dekhA gayA hai-dravya-parigraha aura bhaav-prigrh| kevala vastuoM se bAhya mukti hI paryApta nahIM hai, vastuoM ke prati kAmanA yA icchA se bhI mukti hone para hI vAstavika aparigraha saMbhava hai| isalie mAnasika aparigraha vRtti tathA bAhya aparigraha abhyAsa donoM ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| lekina, aparigraha kI avadhAraNA kevala jaina nIti-mImAMsA taka hI sImita nahIM hai| jainetara nIti-mImAMsAoM meM bhI aparigraha kI avadhAraNA ko keMdrIya mAnA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM satya aura ahiMsA ke sAtha dAna aura AtmatyAga kA mahattva darzAyA gayA hai (chaaNdogy)| IzopaniSada kahatA hai ki hama saMsAra kA sukhAnaMda tabhI prApta kara sakate haiM, jaba hama sAMsArika saMpadA ke vinAzajanaka dukha ke bojha se dabe hue na hoM; hama saMsAra meM rAjAoM ke samAna raha sakate haiM, yadi hama lolupatA kI bhAvanA ko bilkula hI Azraya na deN| hamArA sAMsArika sukhAnubhava hamArI nirdhanatA ke sAtha sIdhA saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| tyAga kI pukAra pRthaktava ke bhAva ko sarvathA miTA dene ke artha meM hai aura nirapekSa prema sAre dharma kA yathArtha sAra hai| bauddha darzana meM to tyAga kA mahattva spaSTa hI hai| vahAM Avazyaka nyUnatama se adhika kI icchA ko dharma-zikSA ke viruddha mAnA gayA hai| gautamI ko dharmasAra kA jJAna dete hue svayaM buddha kA yaha vacana hai| dAna kA mahattva to spaSTatayA vahAM hai hI, jo aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hotaa| bhAratIya SaDdarzanoM meM bhI sabhI aparigraha kI AvazyakatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| nyAyavArtika meM mithyAjJAna aura svArthaparaka manovRtti ko paraspara-saMbaMddha batAyA gayA hai aura mithyAjJAna hI dukha kA kAraNa hai| nyAyasAra tathA sarvasiddhAMta-sArasaMgraha meM pratyeka lAlasA ko tyAga dene tathA sAMsArika sukhoM se bacane kA Agraha kiyA gayA hai| vaizeSika darzana ke padArtha dharma saMgraha aura vaizeSika sUtra meM bhUtahita kI bhAvanA ko ahiMsA, satya, asteya Adi ke sAtha Avazyaka kartavyoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| bhUtahita kI bhAvanA sakArAtmaka aparigraha kA pariNAma hai| sAMkhya darzana meM niHsvArtha karma ko mokSa kA apratyakSa sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| sAMkhyakArikA kahatI hai (64) hai ki mokSa ke lie nAsmi (maiM nahIM hUM) aura nAham (ahaM bhAva ke abhAva) ke sAtha na me (merA kucha nahIM hai) kA bodha Avazyaka hai kyoMki na me kI anubhUti honA hI nAham aura nAsmi kA pramANa hai| isI taraha, yoga-darzana meM to spaSTataH hI aparigraha ko ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura jiteMdriyatA (brahmacarya) ke sAtha parigaNita kiyA gayA hai (pAtaMjala sUtra 2:30), jise jaina paMca mahAvratoM ke sAtha rakhA jA sakatA hai| zaMkarAcArya ke advaita darzana meM bhI upadeza sAhasrI (14:29) ke anusAra vyaktigata ahaMbhAva ke vicAra ko ayathArtha mAnane ke sAtha-sAtha vaiyaktika saMpatti kI yathArtha-pratIti kA bhI samApta honA Avazyaka hai; tabhI AtmA ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| rAmAnujAcArya kA viziSTAdvaita siddhAMta bhakti ko paribhASita karatA huA saba kucha ko tyAgate hue kevala Izvara-prApti ke prati prabala icchA ko mahattva detA tathA prANi-mAtra ke prati kalyANa-bhAvanA, dayA, ahiMsA, dAna Adi ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai, jo aparigraha-vRtti ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| (sarvadarzana-saMgraha, 4) / IsAiyata meM to IsA kA yaha kathana atyaMta prasiddha hI hai ki suI ke cheda meM se UMTa gujara sakatA hai, lekina eka dhanI vyakti kA svarga ke dvAra meM praveza nahIM ho sktaa| saMta pAla bhI kahate haiM ki hama cAhe jo kucha bhI kara leM, kiMtu jaba taka hama apanI svArthaparatA se sarvathA mukti nahIM pA lete, taba taka trANa saMbhava nahIM hai| aparigraha svArthaparatA se mukti kI hI sAdhanA hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki uparyukta nIti-mImAMsAeM kI pRSThabhUmi meM nivRtti-mArgI dArzanika siddhAMta haiN| lekina, islAma bhI, jo nivRtti-mArga kA niSedha karatA hai, prakArAMtara se aparigraha ko mahattva detA hai| halAla kI saMpatti para vyakti kA pUrNa svAmitva mAnate hue bhI islAma meM usake upayoga ke kucha niyama batAe gae haiM, jinake anusAra koI vyakti apanI saMpatti kA apane lie bhI vaisA upayoga nahIM kara sakatA, jo naitikatA tathA samAja ke lie hAnikAraka ho| zarAbakhorI, juA Adi to dUra usake rahana-sahana meM zAno-zaukata dikhalAne ko bhI ucita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vyaktigata saMpatti meM sAmAjika hissedArI ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kuraAna ke anusAra jahAM sAmarthyavAna vyakti kA yaha pharja hai ki vaha sahAyatA mAMgane vAle tathA vaMcita vyaktiyoM kI sahAyatA kare, vahAM aise vyaktiyoM kA usakI saMpatti meM haka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai logoM ke dhana-saMpatti meM mAMgane vAle vaMcita vyakti kA bhI haka hai| jakAta isI kA eka rUpa hai aura use islAma meM ibAdata eka rUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI kI nyAsitA kI avadhAraNA eka prakAra se aparigraha yA anAsakta svAmitva kA hI sAMsthAnika rUpa hai jo kevala vaiyaktika sadAzayatA para nirbhara nahIM krtaa| IzopaniSada ke IzAvAspamidam sarvam kI vyAkhyA karate hue mahAtmA gAMdhI kA niSkarSa hai ki sabhI kucha ko Izvara ko samarpita kara dene ke bAda apane lie AvazyakatA se adhika na lene kA upadeza hI isa maMtra meM diyA gayA hai| vaha mAnate haiM ki nyAsitA dvArA hI eka ahiMsaka ArthikI kA vikAsa saMbhava ho sakatA hai| nyAsitA, anAsakta svAmitva, aparigraha, zoSaNa mukti aura zoSaNa se utpanna pApa kA prAyazcita bhI hai| (5) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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adla ( nyAya) : ala arabI bhASA kA zabda hai aura usakA mUla zAbdika artha samAnatA aura barAbarI hai| adla (nyAya) kA zabda saMjJA aura vizeSaNa donoM arthoM meM istemAla hotA hai, saMjJA ke rUpa meM nyAya karane ke atirikta yaha allAha kA nAma bhI hai jo nyAya karatA hai aura nyAyapriya hai| vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM ala (nyAya) kA zabda nyAyazIlatA ke arthoM meM istemAla hotA hai| (nurugAta tIsarA bhAga 546) isI prakAra adala kA artha nyAya va nyAyazIlatA ke alAvA sIdhA, nyAyapUrNa aura saMtulana bhI haiN| adala (nyAya) ke buniyAdI artha ko sAmane rakhate hue TIkAkAroM ne kahA hai 1. adhikatA va nyUnatA ke bIca (rahane) kA dhyAna rakhanA aura yaha cIja (ala) samasta zreSThatAoM kI jar3a hai| (alajauharI, pR0166) 2. arthAta ApasI adhikAroM meM ThIka ThIka nyAya aura barAbarI kA dhyAna rakhanA aura hara hakadAra ko usakA haka pahuMcAnA aura atyAcAra na krnaa| (alakAsamI, 3850) 3. haka ko hakadAra taka pahuMcanA aura hara cIja ko ThIka usakI jagaha para rakhanA aura yaha (nyAya) jamIna meM mAno allAha kI tulA hai| ( phikarI, 134) unnIsavI sadI ke madhya meM usamAnI saltanata meM islAmI kAnUna kA jo saMkalana huA usameM ala va Adila kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI gayI hai: ala yA Adila vaha hai jisameM bhalAI ke pahalU burAI ke pahaluoM para hAvI hue hoN| Adila usa vyakti ko kahate haiM jisake aMdara bhalAI kA pahalU adhika ho aura jo anivArya rUpa se islAma ke batAe hue bhAvArtha ke anusAra acche AcaraNa vAlA ho / islAma kI buniyAdI kitAba kuraAna majIda meM ala (nyAya) kA zabda aneka sthAnoM para istemAla huA hai, jisakA kula milA kara yaha matalaba nikala kara sAmane AtA hai ki allAha kA hara kArya nyAya para AdhArita hai| kAyanAta kI vyavasthA se lekara mAnava samAja aura zarIra taka hara cIja meM usake nyAya kI vizeSatA ke darzana hote haiM / allAha Adila hai, ala (nyAya) ko pasaMda karatA hai aura manuSyoM ke bIca ala yAnI nyAya karane kA Adeza detA hai| kuraAna kI solahavIM sUraha nahala kI Ayata 90 meM allAha ne mAnava samAja ke sudhAra ke lie jina mUla cIjoM kA Adeza diyA hai unameM pahalI cIja ala (nyAya) hai| sUraha najama kI Ayata 16 ke tahata ala kI vyAkhyA karate hue bIsavIM sadI ke prakhyAta islAmI vicAraka saiyada abula AlA maudUdI likhate haiM- pahalI cIja ala ( nyAya) hai jisakI avadhAraNA do sthAI vAstavikatAoM kA mizraNa hai| eka yaha ki logoM ke bIca adhikAroM meM saMtulana sthApita ho / dUsare yaha ki hareka ko usakA haka belAga tarIke se diyA jaae| urdU bhASA meM isa bhAvArtha ko iMsApha zabda se abhivyakta kiyA jAtA hai| magara yaha zabda bhrama paidA karane vAlA hai| isase vyartha meM yaha avadhAraNA paidA hotI hai ki do logoM ke bIca adhikAroM kA vibhAjana Adhe-Adhe kI buniyAda para ho aura phira isI se ala (nyAya) kA artha samAna adhikAroM kA vibhAjana samajha liyA gayA hai jo prakRti ke pUrI taraha khilApha hai| asala meM nyAya jisa cIja kI mAMga karatA hai vaha saMtulana hai na ki samAnatA / kucha sthitiyoM se to nyAya niHsaMdeha samAja meM maujUda logoM ke bIca samAnatA cAhatA hai jaise nAgarika adhikAroM meM, magara kucha dUsarI sthitiyoM meM samAnatA pUrI taraha nyAya ke viruddha hai jaise mAM bApa aura saMtAna ke bIca sAmAjika va naitika samAnatA aura ucca darje kI sevAeM karane vAloM aura nimna stara kI sevA karane vAloM ke bIca vetana kI samAnatA / allAha taAlA ne jisa cIja kA Adeza diyA hai vaha adhikAroM meM samAnatA nahIM balki saMtulana hai aura isa Adeza kA takAjA hai ki hara vyakti ko usake naitika, sAmAjika, Arthika, kAnUnI aura rAjanItika va sAMskRtika adhikAra pUrI ImAnadArI ke sAtha die jaaeN| (taphahImula kuraAna bhAga-2-565 ) eka aura vidvAna ala (nyAya) ke bAre meM bAta karate hue likhate haiM- AdezoM va kaSToM (zarao AdezoM) meM bhI yahI rAha vAlA usUla najara AtA hai, AtmA aura zarIra meM se kisI kI jarUratoM kI avahelanA nahIM kI gaI balki hara mAmale meM nyAya ke lie bIca kI rAha ko dhyAna meM rakhA gayA hai| islAma meM sAMsArika icchAoM aura zArIrika vAsanAoM meM DUba jAne se rokA gayA hai magara saMsAra ko pUrI taraha tyAga dene (saMnyAsa) kA Adeza bhI nahIM diyA gayA arthavyavasthA meM phijUlakharcI aura kaMjUsI ke bIca saMtulita rAstA apanAne kA hukma diyA gayA hai| (pro0 hAphija ahamadayAra, hikmate kuraAna, lAhaura, julAI - sitaMbara 2009, pR0 1 ) nyAya ke bAre meM islAma kI uparokta avadhAraNA kI vyAkhyA se yaha bAta pUrI taraha spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki islAma mAnava samAja meM saMtulana ko pasaMda karatA hai| vaha eka aise mAnava samAja kA nirmANa karanA cAhatA hai jisameM hara vyakti aura vastu ko usakA ucita aura ThIka ThIka sthAna prApta ho| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba kuraAna majIda meM paigambare islAma hajarata muhammada salla0 kI jimmedAriyoM ko vyakta kiyA gayA to spaSTa rUpa se batAyA gayA - aura mujhe Adeza diyA gayA hai ki maiM tumhAre bIca nyAya karUM / (zUrA - 15 ) kuraAna meM eka anya sthAna para allAha ne manuSyoM ko ekezvaravAda ke sAtha jisa cIja kI zikSA dI hai vaha ala (nyAya) hai aura isake lie mIjAna aura kista ke zabda istemAla kie gae haiN| (dekheM sUraha rahamAna kI AyateM 8 va 9) ina AyatoM meM allAha ne kAyanAta kI vyavasthA meM nyAya va saMtulana kA ullekha karate hue logoM ko batAyA hai ki tuma jisa kAyanAta meM rahate ho, vaha eka acchI-bhalI va saMtulita kAyanAta hai| kAyanAta kI eka-eka vastu kI banAvaTa se lekara mAnava jIvana ke saMsAdhanoM taka hara hara cIja meM saMtulana pAyA jAtA hai, ataH allAha apanI sRSTi arthAta manuSyoM se bhI mAMga karatA hai ki yadi ve cAhate haiM (6)

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ki samAja zAMti kA ghara bane to usameM nyAya dvArA saMtulana sthApita kareM kyoMki yadi koI kisI kA haka mAratA hai to mAno vaha prakRti se vidroha karatA hai- yahAM taka ki bar3e bar3e atyAcAra to dUra rahe yadi koI nApa tola ke aMdara mAmUlI DaMDI bhI mAratA hai to mAno vaha kAyanAta kI vyavasthA se vidroha karatA hai aura isa saMsAra kI vyavasthA meM bAdhA DAlane kA prayAsa karatA hai| kuraAna majIda ke anusAra zuaiba kI kauma (madayana) kevala isI vajaha se vinaSTa kara dI gaI ki vaha mApa-taula meM beimAnI karatI thii| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx arAjakatAvAda : sAmAnyataH, arAjakatA kA artha avyavasthA tathA azAMti se liyA jAtA hai| lekina, eka rAjanItika avadhAraNA ke rUpa meM arAjakatA kA artha hai rAjasattA kI anupasthiti / ise kisI bhI prakAra kI sattA kI anupasthiti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| eka rAjanItika vicAradhArA ke rUpa meM arAjakatAvAda sattA kI upasthiti ko vyakti kI svataMtratA ke lie AghAta mAnatA hai tathA usake svataMtra vikAsa ke lie yaha Avazyaka mAnatA hai ki vaha kisI bhI prakAra kI sattA ke dabAva se mukta ho| arAjakatAvAda prakArAMtara se eka zoSaNa-vihina vyavasthA kI kalpanA karatA hai, jisameM sattA yA balaprayoga kA koI sthAna ho| arAjakatAvAdI vicAraka kevala rAjya saMsthA ke abhAva para hI nahIM saMpatti kI saMsthA ke abhAva para bhI bala dete haiN| prasiddha phrAMsIsI arAjakatAvAdI prUdoM (Proudhon) kI prasiddha sUkti hai : saMpatti corI hai| prUdoM kA mAnanA hai ki apane AvAsa tathA buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM kI svastha pUrti se adhika saMpatti rakhanA eka aparAdha hai| ise jaina-darzana ke aparigraha vrata ke saMdarbha meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prUdoM ne bAjAra-vyavasthA ko bhI zoSaNa aura bala para AdhArita mAnate hue parasparavAda ke AdhAra para Arthika prakriyA ko vikasita karane kI bAta kahI, jisameM svazAsI utpAdaka Apasa meM nyAyasaMgata vinimaya kara skeN| prUdoM isIlie jamIMdArI, pUMjIvAdI aura rASTravAda ko asaMgata ThaharAtA hai| prasiddha arAjakatAvAdI vicArakoM meM prUdoM ke atirikta gaoNDavina, kropATakina, kArlamArksa, eMgelsa, bAkunina, jArja sArela, tolastoya aura mahAtmA gAMdhI kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| amarIkI vicAraka naoNjika (Nozick) ko ardha-arAjakatAvAdI vicAraka mAnA jAtA hai| mikhAila bAkunina bhI eka sAmyavAdI vicAraka thaa| usakI mAnyatA hai ki manuSya bhaya ke kAraNa sattA ke sammukha jhukatA hai-cAhe vaha dharma (Izvara) kI sattA ho yA rAjya kii| pratyakSavAdI vijJAna kI sahAyatA se dharma kA bhaya dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura vidroha dvArA rAjya ke bhaya kA aMta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha rAjya kA aMta hone para prUdoM ke vicAroM ke anukUla saMghIya vyavasthA kA sujhAva detA hai jo choTe-choTe par3ausI samUhoM se banI hogii| bAkunina bhI nijI saMpatti kI avadhAraNA ko nahIM svIkAra karatA tathA utpAdana ke sAdhanoM ko sAmUhika svAmitva meM rakhanA cAhatA hai| arAjakatAvAdI vicArakoM meM rUsI vicAraka priMsa kropATakina kA atyaMta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| unake pArasparika sahAyatA (Mutual Aid) kI avadhAraNA ne mAnava-vikAsa kI naI dRSTi vikasita karane meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nirvAha kiyA hai| kropATakina kA mAnanA hai ki pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA eka aMtarjAta pravRtti hai aura vikAsa kI prakriyA saMgharSa ke bajAya sahayoga para AdhArita hai| kropATakina mAnate haiM ki upayukta zikSA aura sahayogamUlaka arthavyavasthA dvArA manuSya meM isa pArasparika sahayogI kI pravRtti ko aura adhika vikasita kiyA jA sakane para rAjya svataH hI nirbala hokara samApta ho jAegA-kyoMki rAjya kA AdhAra bala hai, pArasparika sahayoga nhiiN| kropATakina kI vyavasthA meM nijI saMpatti kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, isalie viSamatA kA bhI nhiiN| arAjakatAvAdI vicArakoM meM tolastoya kA mahattva isalie hai ki vaha vyakti ke naitika jIvana para adhika jora dete haiN| vaha mAnate haiM ki Izvara kA rAjya hamAre bhItara hai, isalie use kisI bAharI rAjya kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai| yadi sabhI naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karate raheM to rAjya kI koI jarUrata hI nahIM raha jaatii| tolastoya bala para AdhArita rAjya ko anaitika mAnate haiM kyoMki vaha senA ke bala para burAI kA pratikAra karanA cAhatA hai, jabaki tolastoya burAI ke bhI apratikAra (Non-resistance) kI bAta karate haiN| vaha bhI nijI saMpatti kI avadhAraNA ko viSamatAjanaka batAte hue khArija kara dete haiN| arAjakatAvAdI vicArakoM meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kA sthAna bahuta viziSTa hai kyoMki vaha vyakti aura vyavasthA donoM ko satyAgraha kI prakriyA se gujArakara jisa svarAjya kI kalpanA karate haiM, usameM pratyeka vyakti na kevala svataMtra aura AtmAnuzAsita hai, balki anya ke prati uttaradAyI bhii| satyAgraha kA tAtparya anya ke prati apane naitika kartavya kA Agraha bhI hai| vaha Arthika-rAjanItika vikeMdrIkaraNa tathA grAma-svarAjya kI prakriyA ke mAdhyama se eka zoSaNa-vihina samAja kA svapna dekhate haiN| mahAtmA gAMdhI kA rAjanItika Adarza zakti-keMdra ke rUpa meM rAjya kA lopa tathA svAyatta grAma-gaNataMtroM kI saMghIya vyavasthA hai, jisameM koI kisI kI prabhusattA ke dabAva meM nahIM hai| isIlie vaha pirAmiDAkAra rAjanItika saMracanA kI jagaha sAmudrika valaya ke rUpa vAlI rAjanItika saMracanA kA Agraha karate haiN| utpAdana ke bar3e sAdhanoM para vyaktigata svAmitva ke sthAna para vaha TrasTIzipa kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| isa prakAra, arAjakatAvAda eka aisI avadhAraNA hai jo manuSya kI uttama prakRti meM vizvAsa rakhatI tathA sattA ke sabhI rUpoMrAjya, saMpatti aura dharma-saMsthAna ko sahI mAnava-vikAsa meM bAdhA mAnatI hai| arAjakatAvAdI vicAraka rAjya ko hI asvIkAra nahIM karate; ve utpAdana ke sAdhanoM para vaiyaktika svAmitva ko Arthika viSamatA tathA rAjya kI damana-zakti ke upayoga ke lie bhI jimmedAra

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mAnate haiN| ve svaicchika saMghIya vyavasthA ko rAjya kA vikalpa mAnate haiN| manuSya svataMtra hai tathA svaicchika pArasparika sahayoga hI manuSyasamAja ke kalyANa-naitika aura bhautika kalyANa-kA AdhAra ho sakatA hai, saMpatti kA saMgraha nhiiN| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX kvekaravAda : iMglaiMDa meM satrahavIM zatAbdI meM sthApita rilIjiyasa sosAiTI oNpha phreMDsa ke sadasya ko kvekara kahA jAtA hai aura saMgaThana ko kvekrvaad| eka IsAI saMgaThana kI taraha prAraMbha hue isa saMgaThana meM kAlAMtara meM anya dharmoM ke anuyAyI bhI sadasya ho sakate haiM, jo isa saMgaThana ke buniyAdI siddhAMtoM se sahamata hoM kyoMki ve siddhAMta aise haiM, jinheM kisI bhI dharma kA anuyAyI svIkAra kara sakatA isa saMgaThana kI sthApanA kA zreya jArja phaoNksa ko diyA jAtA hai, jisakA vizvAsa thA ki manuSya Izvara ke sAtha sIdhe saMbaMdha sthApita kara sakatA hai, isake lie kisI madhyastha-carca yA purohita Adi-kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kvekaravAdI, isIlie, kinhIM bAhya dhArmika saMskAroM meM yakIna nahIM rkhte| unakA vizvAsa hai ki jIvana apane meM hI pavitra hai| kvekaravAda ke mUla siddhAMta mUlata: cAra vaktavyoM (Testimony) meM vyakta kie gae haiM, jinameM samaya-samaya para saMzodhana-parivardhana bhI hotA rahatA hai| ye kathana haiM-(1) TesTimani oNpha pIsa, (2) TesTimani oNpha ikveliTI, (3) TesTimani oNpha iMTigriTI (TUtha) aura (4) TesTimani oNpha siNplisittii| inakA sArAMza yahI hai ki pratyeka manuSya kA jIvana zAMti, samAnatA, prAmANikatA (satya) aura sAdagI ke lie samarpita honA caahie| use vaiyaktika stara para to aisA jIvana jInA hI hai| sAtha hI, ina AdarzoM ke lie kAma bhI karanA hai| zAMti ke vaktavya kA tAtparya hai kisI bhI taraha kI hiMsA ko anucita mAnate hue ahiMsaka jIvana jiinaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bahuta se kvekaravAdI isa hada taka ahiMsA ke samarthaka aura yuddha-virodhI haiM ki ve apane dezoM meM na kevala sainika sevA se inakAra kara dete-balki sainika kAmoM ke lie Aya kara cukAne se bhI manA kara dete haiM kyoMki unakI rAya meM yadi unake paise kA istemAla sainika karma yA yuddha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai to yaha prakArAMtara se unake dvArA hiMsA kA samarthana hogaa| aise loga amerikA meM apane kara kA hissA AMtarika revenyU sevA ke nilaMba khAte meM jamA karavA dete haiM, jisakA istemAla revenyU sevA isa vAde ke AdhAra para kara sakatI hai ki use sainika kAryoM meM nahIM lagAyA jaaegaa| yUropIya mAmaloM kI kvekara kauMsila yUropIya saMsada meM isa bAta ke lie prayAsarata haiM ki yuddha kA virodha karane vAle logoM kA kara senA ke lie kharca na kiyA jaae| kvekara loga kaI pradezoM meM zAMti sthApita karane kA kArya karate rahate haiN| unake saMgaThana ko 1947 I0 zAMti kA nobala puraskAra bhI diyA gayA hai| samatA ke vaktavya ke anusAra sabhI manuSyoM meM kisI bhI kAraNa se koI asamAnatA nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai kyoMki AdhyAtmika rUpa se saba samAna haiM-liMga, jAti, saMpradAya Adi kisI bhI AdhAra para asamAnatA kA virodha karane ke kAraNa nArIvAdI AMdolanoM, raMgabheda virodhI AMdolanoM tathA gulAmI-virodhI AMdolanoM meM kvekaravAdI hamezA sakriya hissA lete rahe haiN| prAmANikatA yA satya ke vaktavya kA Azaya yaha hai ki pratyeka kvekara ko apanA nijI jIvana kvekaravAda ke siddhAMtoM ke anusAra jInA hogaa| isI taraha, sAdagI ke vaktavya kA tAtparya hai ki pratyeka kvekara ko apanI jarUrata se adhika istemAla nahIM karanA caahie| yaha eka prakAra se jaina-aparigraha ke siddhAMta se milatA-julatA hai| isake aMtargata paryAvaraNa ke sarokAra bhI A jAte haiM, kyoMki yadi hama prakRti se utanA hI lete haiM, jo hamAre lie atyAvazyaka hai, tabhI paryAvaraNa vinAza se bacanA saMbhava ho pAtA hai| kvekaravAda kA asara bahuta gaharA rahA hai aura khAsa taura para yUropa aura amerikA meM zAMti, samatA aura paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa ke lie na kevala jAgarUkatA phailAne balki, unake lie kie gae sakriya AMdolanoM meM kvekaravAdiyoM kI prabhAvI bhUmikA rahI hai| emanesTI iMTaranezanala, grInapIsa, oNksaphema jaise AMdolanoM meM ve sakriya rahe haiN| jona eDamsa, viliyama kUpara, paoNla Dagalasa, eDiMgaTana, krisTophara phrAI, harbaTa hUvara, bena kiMgsale, philipa nola bekara, thaoNmasa pena aura josepha Telara jaise kaI dArzanika vaijJAnika, lekhaka-kalAkAra tathA arthazAstrI aura rAjanItijJa kvekara AMdolana ke sadasya rahe haiN| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx kumArappA, je0sI0 : (4 janavarI 1892 - 30 janavarI 1960 I0) kumArappA kA janma taMjAvUra meM 4 janavarI 1892 I0 ko huaa| pitA zrI esa0 DI0 kAraneliyasa madrAsa sarakAra ke sArvajanika nirmANa vibhAga meM adhikArI the, jinakA sthAnAMtaraNa hote rahatA thaa| IsAI samudAya ke dhArmika-AdhyAtmika bhAvanA se ota-prota isa parivAra meM kumArappA ko IsA ke prema evaM ahiMsA kI sIkha milI thii| prAraMbhika zikSA ke bAda 1913 I0 meM vilAyata gae aura pAMca varSa taka adhyayana kara 1919 I0 meM snAtaka kI upAdhi prApta kii| varSa 1919 I0 se 1924 I0 taka baMbaI meM cATarDa ekAuMTeMTa ke rupa meM kArya kiyaa| varSa 1924 I0 meM kAraneliyasa eMDa DAvara ke nAma se svataMtra ADiTiMga pharma kI sthApanA kii| isI kArya ke daurAna unakA amerikA adhyayana-zodha ke lie jAnA-AnA hotA rhaa| pro0 kumArappA kI ruci vittIya prabaMdha meM thii| 1928 I0 meM amerikA meM rahate hue sArvajanika vitta vyavasthA aura bhAratIya daridratA viSaya para prabaMdha taiyAra kiyaa| isa adhyayana ke daurAna unheM aMgrejoM ke anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI anubhUti huI aura isa prakAra kumArappA kI soca rASTravAda kI ora jhuka gii|

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isa zodha prabaMdha ke prakAzana kI bAta calI to mitroM ne salAha dI ki isakI bhUmikA ke lie gAMdhIjI se saMparka karanA ucita hogaa| unhoMne apanA prabaMdha baMbaI (muMbaI) ke maNi bhavana pahuMcA diyaa| gAMdhIjI ne nizcita tArIkha ko unheM sAbaramatI Azrama, ahamadAbAda meM mulAkAta ke lie samaya diyaa| varSa 1929 I0 meM gAMdhIjI ke sAtha mulAkAta ne kumArappA ke jIvana evaM vicAra ko badala diyaa| gAMdhIjI ne isa prabaMdha ko yaMga iMDiyA meM prakAzita karane kI icchA vyakta kii| sAmAnya jhopar3I meM grAmINa bheSa (veza) meM carakhe para katAI karate gAMdhI se milane para unheM arthazAstra kI kuMjI milI, jisase arthazAstra ke tAle ko kholane ke lie pUrA jIvana samarpita kara diyA aura gAMdhI ke nirdeza ke anusAra arthazAstra ke vicAra aura vyavahAra ke prayoga prAraMbha kie| dAMDI yAtrA ke samaya rAjasva aura hamArI daridratA para lekha prakAzita huaa| kumArappA gujarAta vidyApITha meM prAdhyApaka banAe gae aura isa avadhi meM 1930 I0 meM gAMdhIjI kI salAha para mAtAra tAlukA kA vistRta Arthika sarvekSaNa kiyaa| yaha bhArata kA prathama Arthika sarvekSaNa thaa| yaha eka aisA sarvekSaNa thA jisameM bhAratIya gAMva kI, kisAnoM kI garIbI kI sthiti kA prAmANika vizleSaNa kiyA gayA thaa| yojanA nirmANa meM AdhArabhUta sarvekSaNa kI bhUmikA ko sthApita karane vAlA yaha maulika sarvekSaNa mAnA jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI kI adhyakSatA evaM kumArappA ke maMtritva meM a0bhA0 grAmodyoga saMgha kI sthApanA huii| grAmodyoga saMgha ke salAhakAra samiti meM zrI ravIMdranAtha ThAkura, zrI je0sI0 bosa, zrI pI0sI0 rAya, zrI sI0vI0 ramaNa, zrI jamAla muhammada, zrI jI0DI0 biralA, zrI saoNma higinabAthama, zrI ema0e0 aMsArI, zrI rAbarTa mekakArisana Adi the| a0bhA0grA0 saMgha ke pAMca kArya mAne ge| 1. zodha 2. utpAdana 3. prazikSaNa 4. vistAra aura saMgaThana 5. pracAra prkaashn| 20 varSoM taka kumArappA ne a0bhA0grA0 saMgha ke mAdhyama se aneka zodha prayoga kie, sAhitya-prakAzana kiyaa| grAmodyoga patrikA kA hiMdI-aMgrejI meM prakAzana ullekhanIya hai| kumArappA ne 30 se adhika pustakoM kA prakAzana kiyA jo ki artha-vicAra evaM prayoga kI dRSTi se Aja bhI paThanIya hai| pro0 je0sI0 kumArappA ne Adhunika pAzcAtya Arthika vicAra ko saMdarbhagata rakhate hue sthAyI samAja vyavasthA ke rupa meM arthavicAra evaM vyavahAra ke aneka prayoga kie| isa vicAra ko saMbodhana kI dRSTi se kaI samAnArthI zabdoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| gAMdhI ne sarvodaya, grAma svarAjya, rAmarAjya jaise zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| bIsavIM sadI meM zrI I0epha0 zumAkara ne buddha ke nAma se zAMtilakSyI bauddha arthavyavasthA khaa| ise smAla ija byuTiphula jaise zabdoM se saMbodhita kiyaa| kumArappA ne use sthAyI samAja vyavasthA kahA jo ki samagra ciMtana ko pratidhvanita karatA hai| unakI maulika pustaka kA zIrSaka hai sthAyI samAja vyavasthA, jisameM aparigraha para AdhArita samAja vyavasthA kI khoja hai tathA yaha zIrSaka kumArappA ke artha vicAra kA AdhAra hai| isameM prakRti aura sAdagI para AdhArita sthAyI samAja-vyavasthA ke sUtra haiN| kumArappA ne arthazAstra ke bAre meM jo vicAra rakhe, usameM udAharaNa dekara loka jIvana evaM vyavasthA kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| unake vicAra spaSTa evaM sAmAnya jana kI pakar3a kI sImA meM hai| ataH, unake vicAra ko unhIM kI bhASA meM samajhanA ucita hogaa| sthAyI samAja vyavasthA kI bhUmikA meM gAMdhIjI ne likhA hai isakA pUrA matalaba (pustaka kA) samajha meM Ane ke lie ise kama se kama do yA tIna bAra dhyAnapUrvaka par3ha jAnA cAhie; grAmodyoga ke isa DaoNkTara ne isa prabaMdha dvArA yaha batalAyA hai ki ina udyogoM dvArA hI deza kI kSaNabhaMgura maujUdA samAja vyavasthA ko haTA kara sthAyI samAja vyavasthA kAyama kI jA skegii| unhoMne isa savAla ko hala karane kI koziza kI hai ki kyA manuSya kA zarIra usakI AtmA se zreSTha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM isI ko sAdA rahana-sahana aura UMcA vicAra kaha sakate haiN| (mo0ka0 gAMdhI, 20-08-1945) kumArappA ne sthAyI evaM asthAyI vyavasthA ko sthAyI evaM kSaNabhaMgura ke rupa meM vizleSaNa kiyaa| kudarata meM aisI kucha cIjeM haiM, jisameM pratyakSa rupa se koI jAna nahIM dikhAI detI aura jo bar3hatI nahIM aura istemAla hone para khatma ho jAte haiN| dharatI (paryAvaraNa/prakRti) meM kaI padArthoM kA saMgraha hai jaise--koyalA, peTrola, lohA, tAMbA, sonA aadi| inakA istemAla karane se yaha saMgraha samApta hogA, kama hogA, ataH inheM hama kSaNabhaMgura kaha sakate haiN| dUsarI ora prakRti kA aisA cakra hai, jisameM adhikAMza cIjeM, usa cakra kI prakriyA meM svata: hI naSTa hotI, punaH janma letI, bar3hatI hai| paryAvaraNa cakra ke kAraNa eka dAne (bIja) se saikar3oM dAne paidA hote, eka Ama kA bIja (paudha) bar3hakara per3a se asaMkhya Ama phala ke rupa meM detaa| pattiyAM eka varSa meM janma se vRddha hokara giratI aura khAda ke rupa meM poSaNa detI hai| kumArappA prakRti kI isa vyavasthA, isa cakra ko sthAyI mAnate haiN| isa paryAvaraNa cakra ko sthApita rakhanA, usakA saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana karane kI vyavasthA hI sthAyI vyavasthA hai aura yaha prAkRtika artharacanA kA AdhAra hai jisameM vyakti ke jIvana meM ni:svArthI mUlya kA honA Avazyaka hai| kumArappA kA mAnanA hai ki kSaNabhaMgura prAkRtika saMsAdhana para AdhArita vyavasthA kSaNabhaMgura hogI, asthAyI hogI sAtha hI svArtha, parigraha, hiMsA evaM zoSaNa para AdhArita hogI--use bar3hAne vAlI hogii| isa vicAra kA Aja kI paristhiti, vizva meM sthApita vyavasthA evaM nIti ke saMdarbha meM sthiti vizrUSaNa kareM to samajha adhika majabUta ho skegii| Aja kA arthazAstra, usakA vyAvahArika svarupa kSaNabhaMgura saMsAdhanoM para AdhArita hai--nirbhara hai| apane Asa-pAsa, gAMvaghara kI gatividhiyoM, deza-paradeza kI gatividhiyoM ko dekheM to pAte haiM ki pUrA vizva kSaNabhaMgura saMsAdhanoM ke dohana-zoSaNa meM juTA hai; use apane kabje meM rakhane, usa para Adhipatya jamAne meM juTA hai| Aja kI vyavasthA tela, khanija, lohA, UrjA-saMsAdhanoM kA zoSaNa-dohana kara dharatI ko khAlI kara dene meM juTI hai| hamArI artha-vyavasthA isI kSaNabhaMgura saMsAdhanoM para nirbhara hai| deza kI khetI, udyoga sabhI usI

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para nirbhara ho gaI hai| khetI, per3a-paudhe, jo ki hameM sthAyI AdhAra dete rahe haiM, unheM hamane, DIjala, yaMtra, rAsAyanika khAda Adi kA gulAma banA diyA hai| jala ke dohana evaM durupayoga ne prakRti ko, dharatI evaM paryAvaraNa ko pyAsA banA diyA hai| sAra rupa meM kaheM to Aja kA arthazAstra-artha vyavahAra kSaNabhaMgura saMsAdhanoM para nirbhara hai| isa paranirbhara tathA parigraha se pUrNa arthavyavasthA meM sthAyI samAja vyavasthA kI kalpanA kaise kI jA sakatI hai jisameM svArthI mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA ho? yaha ciMtana evaM ciMtA kA viSaya hai jo pro0 je0sI0 kumArappA kI soca kI gaharAI meM jAne ke lie utsAhita karatA hai| pro0 kumArappA kA mAnanA hai ki kudarata (prakRti) kI vyavasthA kAyama rakhane yA bigAr3ane kI tAkata akele manuSya meM hai--anya prANI to kudarata kI vyavasthA ke anurupa calate hI haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki anya prANI sthAyI samAja vyavasthA ke poSaka haiN| kumArappA ne sabhya evaM susaMskRta samAja ke lie aparigrahI yA sthAyI vyavasthA ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx grega, ricarDa bI0 : (1885-1974 I0) ricarDa bI0 grega pahale amerikI samAja-dArzanika ciMtaka the, jinhoMne svaicchika sAdagI aura ahiMsaka pratirodha ke kSetra meM apanA dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA thaa| mArTina lUthara kiMga (jUniyara), beyArDa raskina, alDaoNsa haksale se prabhAvita grega kA janma 1885 I0 meM koloreMDo meM huA thaa| 1907 I0 meM hArvarDa se snAtaka kara 1911 I0 meM vakAlata kI DigrI prApta kii| hArvarDa ke eka prazikSita vakIla ke rUpa meM tIna varSa taka kArya karake vaha vyApArika saMgaThanoM se jur3a ge| prathama vizva yuddha ke daurAna grega ne relamArga karmacAriyoM ke lie pracAra aura madhyasthatA kA kArya kiyaa| 1920 I0 ke prAraMbha meM unhoMne gAMdhI ke kAryoM ke bAre meM eka Alekha par3hA, jisase prabhAvita hokara unhoMne gAMdhI se milane aura bhArata kI saMskRti ko jAnane ke lie bhArata jAne kA nirNaya kiyaa| bhArata meM apane cAra sAla ke pravAsa meM grega ne bhAratIya saMskRti kA adhyayana kiyaa| grega kA ahiMsA evaM zAMti saMbaMdhI ciMtana unake sudRr3ha sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai| ahiMsaka pratirodha, svaicchika sAdagI kA mahattva Adi unake lekhana ke keMdra biMdu the, kiMtu isake atirikta bhI unhoMne ahiMsA, zAMti evaM gAMdhI vicAra ke saMbaMdha meM bhI apanA ciMtana prastuta kiyaa| grega dvArA likhita pramukha pustakeM haiM --paoNvara oNpha nAna-vAyaleMsa, e kaMpAsa phora sivilinezana, ikonomiksa oNpha khaddara, vailyU oNpha vAlaMTarI siMpalisiTI, gAMdhIja satyAgraha aadi| grega ne sAdhAraNa tarIke se jIvana jIne kI mahattA para eka dArzanika ciMtana prastuta kiyA, jise unhoMne vailyU oNpha vAlaMTarI siMpalisiTI arthAt svaicchika sAdagI kA mahattva nAma diyaa| vizva ke aneka dharma-darzanoM meM sAdagIpUrNa jIvana kI mahattA ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai aura ricarDa bI0 grega usI paraMparA ko Age bar3hAte hue sAdagIpUrNa jIvana jIne kI vakAlata karate haiN| sAdagI kA tAtparya hai--AMtarika rUpa se jIvana ke uddezya kA ekAkI honA evaM ImAnadArI va niSThA kI bhAvanA honA tathA bAhya rUpa se avyavasthAoM se prabhAvita na honaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki sAdagI vyakti kI icchA evaM zaktiyoM kA Adezita va nirdezita rUpa hai| grega ke anusAra sAdagIpUrNa jIvana jInA eka vyakti ke nivAsa sthAna kI jalavAyu, usake caritra, rIti-rivAja aura saMskRti para nirbhara karatA hai| Adhunika bhogavAdI yuga kI AlocanA karate hue grega kahate haiM--vartamAna ke vaijJAnika-takanIkI anveSaNoM ne jahAM eka ora camatkArika upalabdhiyAM arjita kI hai vahIM, dUsarI ora, Aja bhI kaI dezoM meM AdhArabhUta suvidhAoM se vaMcita logoM kI sthiti atyaMta dayanIya hai| vizva ke sarvAdhika saMpanna rASTra amerikA kI janasaMkhyA kA eka bar3A bhAga pAnI aura bijalI jaisI AdhArabhUta suvidhAoM se vaMcita hai| praudyogikI ke vikAsa ne saMpUrNa vizva meM berojagArI ko bar3hAyA hai, naitika samasyAoM ko janma diyA hai| Adhunika jIvana meM guNAtmaka tattva gauNa hote jA rahe haiM aura mAtrAtmaka saMbaMdhoM kI pradhAnatA bar3hatI jA rahI hai, jabaki manuSya ke sAmAjika jIvana kA sAra guNAtmaka saMbaMdhoM meM haiN| sAdagIpUrNa jIvana isa lakSya ko pAne kA eka ucita sAdhana grega ne sAdagIpUrNa jIvana kA Arthika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika, AdhyAtmika, manovaijJAnika, vyaktitva, svAsthya Adi kaI AdhAroM para mahattva spaSTa kiyA hai| Arthika AdhAra para grega sAdagIpUrNa jIvana kI viziSTatA ko batalAte hue kahate hai ki arthazAstra ke tIna bhAga haiM-- utpAdana, vitaraNa aura upbhog| sAdagIpUrNa jIvana upabhoga ko prabhAvita kara eka mAnaka taya karatA hai| Adhunika arthavyavasthA ke mukhya doSoM-lAlaca aura pratispardhA kA samAdhAna saMyamita jIvana zailI hI kara sakatI hai| samAja meM vyApta zoSaNa ko rokane kA prathama upAya yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti sAdagIpUrNa jIvana jie| vilAsitA kI vastuoM kA utpAdana pUMjI aura zrama ko samAjotpAdaka vastuoM ke utpAdana se vimukha kara dete haiM aura unakA durupayoga hone lagatA hai| yaha pravRtti AdhArabhUta vastuoM kI mAMga ko bar3hA detI hai aura majadUrI kI dareM kama ho jAtI hai / phalasvarUpa, majadUra kA zoSaNa hotA hai aura use niraMtara saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai| ataH, jo vyakti vartamAna Arthika vyavasthA meM parivartana cAhate haiM, unake lie Avazyaka hai ki ve svayaM sAdagIpUrNa jIvana jIkara icchita dizA kI ora apane jIvana ko saMcAlita kreN| sAdagI ke rAjanaitika AdhAra ko spaSTa karate hue grega kahate haiM--gAMdhI, lenina jaise kaI rAjanaitika vyaktitva hue haiM, jinhoMne sAdagIpUrNa jIvana vyatIta karake apanA amiTa rAjanaitika prabhAva chodd'aa| unakI sAdagI unakI rAjanaitika zakti kA mahattvapUrNa aMga thii|lNbe samaya taka sAdagI kA jIvana jIkara eka netA apanI niHsvArthatA aura ImAnadArI ko darzAkara janasAdhAraNa meM vizvAsa arjita kara letA hai, jo usakI rAjanaitika zakti kA mukhya AdhAra banatA hai| isa AdhAra para arjita rAjanaitika zakti majabUta aura sthAI hotI hai| ataeva, yadi sabhI zAsaka-varga sadaiva sAdagIpUrNa jIvana vyatIta kareM (10)

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to saMpUrNa rASTra kI naitika ekatA, AtsammAna evaM sahanazakti ko bar3hAyA jA skegaa| dhArmika dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para bhI grega ne sAdagIpUrNa jIvana kI mahattA ko spaSTa kiyA hai| hiMdU, bauddha, IsAI, islAma Adi sabhI dharmoM meM sAdagI kI jIvana zailI para bala diyA gayA hai| grega ke anusAra sAdagIpUrNa jIvana jInA una logoM ke lie atyAvazyaka hai, jo vAstava meM dharma kA pAlana karate haiM, kyoMki yaha dharma ke prati vinamratA kA eka rUpa hai| jIsasa ke pravacanoM kA ullekha karate hue grega ne kahA-mAnava mAtra ke prati prema aura mAnavIya ekatA ke lie sAdagIpUrNa jIvana eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai| prema mAnavIya ekatA ko sAkAra karane kI bhAvanA hai aura sAdagIpUrNa jIvana se prema kI bhAvanA banI rahatI hai| samAja meM vyApta amIra va garIba kI khAI ko pATane ke lie evaM donoM vargoM meM prema kI abhivyakti ke lie sAdagIpUrNa jIvana eka sazakta kar3I bana sakatA hai| grega manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sAdagI ke mahattva ko svIkAra kara use mAnasika svAsthya kA eka sAdhana mAnate haiN| vipula dhana-saMpadA kI upalabdhatA nirNayoM aura cunAva kI samasyA paidA karatI hai, jisase dhIre-dhIre taMtrikA taMtra meM tanAva paidA hone lagatA hai aura svAsthya para viparIta prabhAva par3atA hai| sAdagI kA siddhAMta isa tathya ko samajhatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti apane cAroM ora ke paryAvaraNa se prabhAvita hotA hai| sAdagIpUrNa vyaktitva kI vyAkhyA karate hue grega kahate haiM--vizva meM sAdagI se jIvana jIne vAle kaI aise vyakti hue haiM jinhoMne laMbe samaya taka janamAnasa ko AkarSita kiyaa| jaise -buddha, jIsasa, mohammada sAhaba, sukarAta, saMta phrAMsisa, kanphyuziyasa, lenina, gAMdhI aadi| grega kA mAnanA thA--vyaktitva kA sAra anya logoM se bhinnatA meM nahIM varan anya logoM ke sAtha saMbaMdhoM meM hai| apane uccatama rUpa meM yaha prema kI kSamatA aura usakA abhyAsa hai| eka vyakti prema aura sevA se anya logoM kA vizvAsa jItatA hai to vaha usakI khuzI evaM vyakttvi kI sthAI suMdaratA bar3hAne ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| grega kA mata hai ki sAdagI kA yaha dRSTikoNa mUlataH AMtarika dRSTikoNa para nirbhara karatA hai| ataH sAdagI kA artha hai--kucha nizcita icchAoM ko anya icchAoM meM parivartita kara denA aura isa prakriyA kA sabase acchA sAdhana hai--vyakti apanI kalpanAoM ko naI icchAoM kI ora nirdezita kre| sAdagI ko vikasita karane ke lie kucha anya tattvoM kI apekSA hai, jaise-samUha ke dabAva kA virodha karane kI zakti, pratikUla TippaNI kA sAmanA karane kI zakti, paraspara saMbaMdhoM ke bIca adhika saMvedanazIla, zArIrika suMdaratA ke bajAya naitika suMdaratA para adhika jora, sahanazIlatA evaM icchA shkti| ahiMsA aura sAdagI ke paraspara saMbaMdha ko abhivyakta karate hue grega kahate haiM ki jo loga ahiMsA meM vizvAsa karate haiM, unake lie sAdagI atyaMta Avazyaka hai| adhika saMpatti kI AkAMkSA vyakti meM anya logoM ke prati IrSyA, asaMtoSa evaM hInatA kI bhAvanA ko janma detI hai, jo kAlAMtara meM hiMsA kA rUpa le letI hai| isa prakAra adhika saMpatti ahiMsA ke siddhAMta ke sAtha asaMgata ho jAtI hai| yadi vyakti sAdagIpUrNa jIvana jItA hai to usake pAsa utanA hogA hI nahIM, jise khone kA Dara use hogaa| apanI isa jIvanazailI se vyakti apanI ImAnadArI va ni:svArthatA se janatA para apanA prabhAva chor3egA aura ahiMsaka pratirodha meM yaha mahattvapUrNa sAbita hogaa| ricarDa bI0 grega kA sAdagIpUrNa jIvana kA ciMtana jahAM saMyamita jIvana zailI kI mahattA ko prastuta karatA hai, vahIM unakA ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha para ciMtana grega kI ahiMsA para vyApaka dRSTi ko prastuta karatA hai| gAMdhI aise vyakti hue jinhoMne ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha ke siddhAMta ko vikasita kiyaa| gAMdhI ne saMgaThita evaM sAmUhika rUpa se kaThina paristhitiyoM meM ahiMsaka pratirodha kA prayoga kara isa siddhAMta ke vistAra ko siddha kara dikhaayaa| ahiMsaka pratirodha ko spaSTa karate hue grega kahate haiM : jaba kisI vyakti para dUsare dvArA hiMsA yA bala kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to vaha bhayabhIta nahIM hai| vaha hiMsA dvArA Akramaka ko kaSTa pahuMcAne kI apekSA svayaM kaSTa sahana karake hiMsA kA naitika virodha karatA hai| yahI naitika virodha ahiMsaka pratirodha kahalAtA hai| jApAna meM eka vizeSa prakAra kI ju-jutsu nAmaka kuztI hotI hai jisameM virodhI zArIrika bala kharca nahIM krtaa| vaha Akramaka ko bala prayoga karane detA hai aura aMta meM use thakA kara harA detA hai| ahiMsaka pratirodha bhI isa prakAra kA eka naitika dvaMdva hai| isameM AkrAMta vyakti kI ahiMsA aura sadbhAvanA ke kAraNa Akramaka kI anaitika zakti thaka jAtI hai| ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha meM AkrAmaka ke zArIrika bala prayoga ko jItane ke lie ucca buddhi ke sAdhana kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| ahiMsAtmaka saMgharSa kA uddezya virodhI ko hAni pahuMcAnA, dabAnA, apamAnita karanA athavA usakI icchA ko kucalanA nahIM hai| ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha kA uddezya virodhI kA hRdaya-parivartana kara usakI dhAraNA aura vicAradhArA ko badalanA hotA hai, jisase vaha ahiMsaka pratirodhI ke sAtha milakara saMtoSajanaka hala nikAlane meM sahayoga de ske| __pUMjIvAda se vyApta azAMti ke saMbaMdha meM grega ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha kI bhUmikA ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha hiMsA kI apekSA uccatara dhAraNAoM ko utpanna karatA hai| yaha apane virodhiyoM aura darzakoM para apanA jabaradasta asara DAlakara pUMjIvAda kI purAnI dhAraNAoM ko dUra karatA hai tathA navIna evaM ucca manovRttiyoM ko punarjIvita karatA hai| phalasvarUpa, ve dhAraNAeM naSTa ho jAeMgI, jisase zAsaka varga ko bala milatA hai| grega ke matAnusAra samAja meM vyApta varga-bheda ko na to hiMsA dvArA aura na hI zAsaka varga kI sattA chIna lene se samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake lie Avazyaka hai ki zAsaka varga ke vicArAdarza, dhAraNAoM, mAnyatAoM evaM una dRSTikoNoM ko parivartita kiyA jAe jina para unakA lobha aura abhimAna avalaMbita hai aura yaha kevala ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha se hI saMbhava hai| ataH ricarDa bI0 grega kA ciMtana aparigraha evaM ahiMsA-zAMti ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| grega kI sAdagIpUrNa (11)

Page #12
jIvana zailI kI avadhAraNA evaM ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha kI kriyAvidhi Adhunika bhautika jagata kI samasyAoM kA eka sthAyI samAdhAna prastuta kara sakatI hai| ricarDa bI0 grega ne sAdagI evaM ahiMsA kI zakti ko vyaktigata stara se lekara vaizvika samasyAoM taka ke samAdhAna ke saMdarbha meM prastuta kara vizva jagata ko eka anupama mArga sujhAyA hai| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx smAla ija byuTiphula: smAla ija byUTiphula pazcima ke arthazAstrI I0 epha0 zumAkara (1911-1977 I0) dvArA likhita pustaka hai| pichale sAloM meM jisake kaI saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiM va jo sabhI pramukha bhASAoM meM anUdita kI jA cukI hai-zumAkara ke arthazAstrIya ciMtana kA nicor3a hai| bhArata me zrI jayaprakAza nArAyaNa va anya sarvodayI ciMtakoM kA dhyAna unakI ora adhika AkarSita huA kyoMki gAMdhIvAdI Arthika vicAroM ko zumAkara artha-darzana kI pRSThabhUmi pradAna karate haiM tathA alpatama parigraha se jIvana-yApana kI vRtti kA poSaNa karate haiN| zumAkara Adhunika kahe jAne vAle una arthazAstriyoM kI sarvamAnya va prAraMbhika saMkalpanA ko hI cunautI dete haiM jo yaha mAnatI hai ki utpAdana kI samasyA hala kara lI gaI hai aura eka arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM isa bAta para ciMtA prakaTa karate haiM ki mAnava-samAja apanI buniyAdI pUMjI-prakRti-pradatta saMsAdhanoM-ko Aya samajhakara aMdhAdhuMdha kharca kie jA rahA hai aura ise hI vaha bhUla se utpAdana kI samasyA ko hala karanA samajha baiThA hai| jisa raphtAra se ina saMsAdhanoM ko kharca kiyA jA rahA hai, use dekhate hue yaha pUMjI laMbe samaya taka calane vAlI nahIM hai kyoMki yaha pratisthApya yA riplesebala nahIM hai| adhikAMza arthazAstrI isa khatare kI ora se yaha kahakara AMkha mUMda lete haiM ki isa samasyA kA hala ANavika UrjA va tadanaMtara UrjA ke nae rUpoM va saMsAdhanoM kI khoja dvArA nikAla liyA jaaegaa| zumAkara arthazAstrIya tarka-darzana ke AdhAra para isa tarka ko nakArate evaM khataranAka bhI mAnate haiM kyoMki bhaviSya meM kabhI UrjA ke nae rUpoM va saMsAdhanoM kI khoja apane Apa meM eka anizcita sthiti hai, jisake AdhAra para philahAla upalabdha pUMjI ko vinaSTa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isake atirikta, ANavika UrjA kA prayoga pUre paryAvaraNa ko dUSita karatA hai aura isa prakAra manuSya jAti ke astitva ko hI khatare meM DAlatA hai| zumAkara una arthazAstriyoM meM nahIM haiM jo artha-vyavasthA ko kisI svacAlita bAjAra ke niyamoM se aura mAnava-jIvana ko artha-vyavasthA se pUrNata: va anivAryataH niyaMtrita mAnate haiN| ve aise arthazAstrI haiM jo apane Arthika siddhAMtoM ko mAnavavAdI tattvamImAMsA kI buniyAda para vikasita karate haiM aura isalie aisI kisI bhI artha-vyavasthA kI siphAriza nahIM karate jo manuSya ke Arthika kAryavyApAroM kA saMcAlana svayaM manuSya ko koI mahattva die bagaira karatI hai| ve Adhunika udyogavAda kA virodha eka ora jahAM zuddha Arthika tarkoM ke AdhAra para karate haiM, vahIM, sAtha hI sAtha, isa tathya para bhI pUrA bala dete haiM ki vaijJAnika aura takanIkI zakti ke atireka meM Adhunika mAnava ne prakRti ke sAtha anAcAra karane vAlI utpAdana-praNAlI aura manuSya ko vikRta karane vAle samAja kI racanA kara lI hai| isIlie zumAkara usa samucita va mAnavamukhI prodyogikI ko tarajIha dete haiM jo manuSya ke zrama va sRjanAtmakatA para AdhArita ho tathA prakRti pradatta UrjA ke saMsAdhanoM kA alpa prayoga karatI ho| lekina isake lie hameM arthazAstra meM utpAdana ke tarka ko chor3anA hogA aura jIvana meM yaha mAnanA hogA ki bhautika vastuoM kI upalabdhi kevala eka sImA taka sukhakAraka hai aura usake bAda ve aneka burAiyAM paidA karatI haiM isIlie zumAkara apane ciMtana ko bauddha arthazAstra kahate haiM kyoMki takanIka va lakSyoM ke bAre meM vaha madhyama mArgI hai| Arthika saMgaThana va svAmitva ke savAloM para bhI zumAkara ne vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki vartamAna udyogavAda kA saMgaThana vyaktigata svAmitva para AdhArita aura adhinAyakavAdI hai jabaki nijI udyama sArvajanika vyaya se khar3I kI gaI dRzya va adRzya donoM prakAra kI AdhArika saMracanA kA bahuta adhika lAbha uThAtA hai aura isIlie isa prakAra nirmita parisaMpattiyoM ko nijI nahIM balki sArvajanika saMpatti mAnanA caahie| isIlie ve svAmitva ke DhAMce meM parivartana ke lie skaoNTa beDara kaoNmanavailtha kA namUnA prastuta karate haiM jahAM svAmitva eka kaoNmanavailtha kA hai, para usake alaga-alaga sadasyoM ko koI vyaktigata svAmitvAdhikAra nahIM die gae haiM aura isa prakAra vaha sAmUhika svAmitva kI sthApanA na hokara nijI svAmitva kA aMta hai| yaha prakArAMtara se mahAtmA gAMdhI ke nyAsitA siddhAMta kA hI eka rUpa hai| sahI sthiti yaha hai ki isa pharma meM svAmitva kA sthAna parisaMpattiyoM ke prabaMdha aura prayoga ke viziSTa adhikAroM va uttaradAyitvoM ne le liyA hai| isameM pharma ke sAmAjika uttaradAyitva bhI sannihita haiN| isa prakAra zumAkara arthazAstra ko eka tatvamImAMsIya AdhArabhUmi dete hue utpAdana praNAlI, Arthika-vyavasthA va svAmitva Adi se sabaMdhita rUr3higrasta mAnyatAoM meM krAMtikArI parivartana kI mAMga karate haiN| lekina, isake lie Adhunika mAnava ke dRSTikoNa meM buniyAdI badalAva kI jarUrata hai kyoMki ......buniyAdI saMsAdhana manuSya hai, prakRti nhiiN| samasta Arthika vikAsa kA mUlamaMtra mAnava-mastiSka kI upaja hai aura isIlie zikSA sabase mahAna saMsAdhana hai| zumAkara una arthazAstriyoM meM haiM jo arthazAstra ko bAkI jIvana se kATakara svayaM bhU banAkara nahIM dekhate aura isalie artha-vyavasthA va jIvana ke anya pakSoM ke aMtassaMbaMdhoM para pUrNa vicAra karate haiN| ve aise pahale arthazAstrI haiM jo arthazAstrIya ciMtana kI prakriyA meM tattvamImAMsakoM, saMtoM va lekhaka-kalAkAroM ke maMtavyoM ko paryApta va ucita mahatva dete haiM aura isI kAraNa apane adhyayana meM kevala AMkar3oM aura Arthika rapaToM tathA arthazAstriyoM kA hI nahIM balki buddha, kanphyUziyasa, rasela, hoila, gAMdhI aura Ara0jI0 kAligavuDa tathA kIrkegArDa, kAphkA, bAyarana, zeksapiyara va AnaMdakumAra svAmI (12)

Page #13
Adi kA bhI ullekha karate haiM aura isIlie svAbhAvika lagatA hai zumAkara kA yaha niSkarSa ki hama daraasala eka tattvamImAMsIya roga ke zikAra haiM, isalie isakA ilAja bhI tatvamImAMsIya honA caahie| zumAkara ko arthazAstra kA tattvamImAMsaka kahA jA sakatA hai aura smAla ija byUTiphula ko aparigraha ke Arthika pahalU ko tArkika aura vyAvahArika rUpa se prastuta karane vAlI kRti| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx sthAyI arthavyavasthA : mahAtmA gAMdhI, vinobA bhAve, je0sI0 kumArappA Adi vicArakoM dvArA iMgita upabhoga kI sImA para AdhArita asaMgraha mUlaka sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA eka vaikalpika arthavyavasthA kA prArUpa dene meM samartha hai| isa upabhoga kI sImA para AdhArita sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA kI avadhAraNA mukhyata: nimnalikhita AdhAra-zilAoM para TikI . aparigraha kA mahattva ujAgara karanA + prakRti aura manuSya ke bIca dvaita bhAva ko nakAranA manuSya meM nihita naitikatA ko svIkAra karanA zArIrika zrama kA mahattva samajhanA - vikeMdrIkaraNa, kiMvA grAma svAvalaMbana ko artha vyavasthA kA AdhAra bnaanaa| upabhoga kI sImA para AdhArita sthAyI arthavyavasthA kA pramukha AdhAra hai-aprigrh| ata: ise aparigrahamUlaka arthavyavasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jise mahAvIra ne visarjana ke siddhAMta ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai jisakA tAtparya hai anya kA sAtha sAjhA (Adhunika arthazAstra ke vitaraNa se bhinn)| visarjana Arthika asamAnatA aura garIbI ko, jo parigraha aura saMgraha kA rUpa hai, dUra karane kA sAdhana hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI kI TrasTIzipa kI avadhAraNA bhI aparigraha athavA visarjana kA hI dUsarA rUpa hai| vartamAna Arthika vyavasthA adhika se adhika mAMga utpanna karane meM vizvAsa rakhatI hai aura aisI vastuoM aura sevAoM kI mAMga ko bhI bar3hAvA detI hai jinakI vAstava meM koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| vijJApanoM evaM anya pracAra-prasAra ke sAdhanoM se upabhoktA ko prabhAvita kara mAMgoM meM satat vRddhi karate rahane kA prayAsa rahatA hai| vartamAna vyavasthA ke aMtargata adhikAdhika mAMgoM kI tuSTi karane ke prayatna meM svAbhAvikataH prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA avirala dohana ho rahA hai jisake kAraNa yaha vyavasthA eka TikAU vyavasthA nahIM bana pA rhii| sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA aparigraha ke siddhAMtoM para TikI hai| isa vyavasthA meM mAMga aura AvazyakatAoM meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| kRtrima mAMga ko nakArA gayA hai aura AvazyakatAoM para bhI niyaMtraNa rakhane para jora diyA gayA hai| sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle vyakti una sAdhanoM kA upayoga bhI AvazyakatA se adhika nahIM kareMge, jo dikhane meM asImita lagate hoN| upabhoga kI sImA para AdhArita prastAvita isa sthAyI arthazAstra aura Adhunika arthazAstrIya siddhAMta eka mAmale meM parasparonmukha haiN| donoM hI kAmanAoM, jarUratoM aura mAMgoM meM bheda karate haiN| manuSya asImita kAmanAeM rakha sakatA hai| unakA sAdhanoM dvArA samarthita honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| jarUrateM jIvana kI buniyAdI AvazyakatAeM haiM, jo bhautika jarUratoM ke alAvA anya bAtoM para bhI nirbhara karatI hai| mAMge ve kAmanAeM hai aura jarUrateM haiM, jinheM pUrA karane ke lie kisI manuSya ke pAsa Avazyaka sAdhana upalabdha hote hoN| arthazAstra meM vikAsa (Development) aura saMvRddhi (Growth) meM aMtara kiyA jAtA hai yadyapi Ama bolacAla meM aisA nahIM hotaa| vikAsa saMvRddhi kI apekSA eka vyApakatara avadhAraNA hai| vastutaH saMvRddhi vikAsa kA hissA hai| sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA prakRti aura manuSya ke bIca dvaita bhAva ko nakAratI hai| prastAvita sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA caraacara ko samAhita kara, Arthika vyavahAra ko samagra dRSTi se dekhane para bala detI hai| vartamAna arthavyavasthA kI soca eka pratiruddha vyavasthA (Close System) ke dAyare meM hai| prakRti ke sabhI aMgoM ko manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie Avazyaka sAdhana mAtra hI samajhA gayA hai| isake phalasvarUpa bhUmi aura jala kA asImita dohana aura pradUSaNa spaSTataH dikhAI dene lagA hai| zanaiH zanaiH, isa vikRta soca se utpanna hue pariNAmoM kI gaMbhIratA kA bhAna hone lagA hai| jalavAyu meM ho rahe parivartana ne, jo mahada aMzo meM vartamAna utpAdana praNAlI aura jIvana zailI kI dena hai, spaSTa kara diyA hai ki yaha Arthika vyavasthA TikAU nahIM hai| isake viparIta sthAyI arthavyavasthA kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA yaha hai ki sabhI Arthika kriyAkalApoM kA prabhAva samagra vizva para par3atA hai--cAhe ve utpAdana se saMbaMdhita ho athavA upabhoga se| ise svIkAra karane para Arthika gatividhiyoM meM samAja aura prakRti ke prati uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA svAbhAvika hI ujAgara ho jAtI hai| aparigrahamUlaka sthAyI Arthika vyavasthA kA dhyeya prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA kama se kama apavyaya karanA aura Ane vAlI pIr3hI ke lie TikAU vyavasthA pradAna karanA hai| isa vyavasthA meM manuSya ko prakRti kA eka avibhAjya aMga mAnA gayA hai| isalie vartamAna pradUSaNa bar3hAne vAlI aura turaMta lAbha kA dhyeya poSita karane vAlI vyavasthA ke dUSaNa isa arthavyavasthA meM nahIM rheNge| saMkSepa meM, yaha (ahiMsaka) Arthika vyavasthA vivRtta vyavasthA (Open System) ko AdhArabhUta mAnatI hai| vaha saMkIrNa, mAnava-keMdrita dRSTikoNa ko nakAratI hai| eka dUsarA mahattva kA aMtara ina donoM vyavasthAoM meM mAnava meM nihita naitikatA kI avadhAraNA ko lekara hai| vartamAna vyavasthA meM manuSya ko homo ikaoNnomikasa (Homo Economicus), apane Arthika hita ko sarvopari samajhane vAlA prANI, mAnA gayA hai| lekina, vaikalpika vyavasthA meM manuSya ko nItiniSTha hone aura Arthika hAni-lAbha se Upara uThakara mAnavIya saMbaMdhoM kA sammAna karane (13)

Page #14
mAhA vAlA cetanAzIla prANI samajhA gayA hai| yadyapi, yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki vaicArika stara para vartamAna vyavasthA utpAdaka athavA upabhogakartA ke svArtha ko hI sarvopari samajhakara bRhada samAja kalyANa ke prati udAsIna hai| gAMdhIjI ke zabdoM meM, saccA nItizAstra vahI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo nItizAstra hone ke sAtha-sAtha acchA arthazAstra bhI ho| vaha durbala logoM kI kImata para zaktizAlI logoM dvArA dhana saMcaya (parigraha) saMbhava karane vAle arthazAstra ko mauta kA paigAma batAte hue usI arthazAstra ko saccA mAnate haiM jo sAmAjika nyAya sunizcita kara ske| vartamAna arthavyavasthA ke purodhA eDama smitha ne yaha siddha karane kI koziza kI thI ki vyakti apane svArtha kI pUrti karane kI prakriyA meM eka-dUsare ke sahAyaka bana jAte haiN| eka adRzya hAtha (Invisible Hand) vyakti ke svArthoM kI pUrti ke daurAna sArvajanika hita ko phalita karatA hai| paraMtu, aba taka ke anubhava spaSTa rUpa se yaha batalAte haiM ki yaha adRzya hAtha garIboM aura hAziye para khar3e logoM kA sahAyaka siddha nahIM huA hai| vartamAna Arthika vyavasthA ke kAraNa sAdhana-bahula aura sAdhanahIna ke bIca meM Arthika aMtara kama hone kI bajAya bar3hatA hI jA rahA hai| isI prakAra kI dhAraNA vartamAna meM pracalita chana-chana kara pahuMcane vAle pariNAma (Percolation Effect) ke siddhAMta meM nihita hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki Arthika vikAsa se cAhe nimnatama varga ko sIdhA lAbha nahIM pahuMce, lekina, yadi vikAsa kI gati paryApta ho to dhIre-dhIre, chanakara, Arthika vikAsa ke lAbha nimnatara stara taka pahuMca jAte haiN| aba taka kA anubhava batAtA hai ki tejI se bar3hate Arthika vikAsa ke daurAna bhI chana-chana kara pahuMcane vAlA prabhAva bahuta hI dhImI gati se, aura vaha bhI garIbI kI rekhA ke nikaTa ke parivAroM taka hI pahuMca pAtA hai| aMtima chora para baiThe vyakti ke lie yaha prabhAva mRgatRSNA hI siddha huA hai| isa vaikalpika arthavyavasthA meM manuSya apane sAmAjika aura naitika uttaradAyitva ko samajhate hue apane svArtha ko hI sarvopari nahIM mAnegA, sarvajana hitAya kI bAta socegA, aura usake lie tyAga kI bhAvanA bhI asahaja nahIM hogii| yadi usake pAsa dhana kamAne ke sAdhana bhI haiM to unakA upayoga vaha TrasTI kI taraha karegA, kevala vyaktigata svArtha yA mAtra apane parivAra ke kalyANa ke lie saMgraha nahIM kregaa| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM Arthika vikAsa vahIM taka svIkArya hai, jahAM taka vaha tIna buniyAdI zartoM ko pUrI karatA hai-(1) sAdhanoM kI pavitratA aura ahiMsA (2) naitika mUlyoM kA nirvahana (3) svArtha para niyNtrnn| adhikAMza Adhunika Arthika vikAsa ina tInoM AdhArabhUta siddhAMtoM kA pAlana karatA nahIM lgtaa| kaI rUpoM meM apavitra sAdhana apanAe jAte haiM aura hiMsA kI jAtI hai| bahuta se vizAla udyoga-jaise mAMsa, matsya tathA murgI utpAdana Adi-pratimAha lAkhoM pazuoM aura pakSiyoM kI hatyA karate haiM-jaMgaloM meM zikAra ko chor3a bhI deM to| zramikoM ke zoSaNa aura bAla zrama jaise anya kaI tarIkoM se bhI hiMsA kI jAtI hai| lekina, koI bhI yaha samajhatA nahIM lagatA ki isa hiMsA kI Arthika aura sAmAjika kImata bhI kitanI adhika hai| kaI tarIkoM se naitika mAnyatAoM kA atikramaNa hotA hai, jaise alkohala peyoM kA utpAdana, khAdya vastuoM evaM auSadhiyoM meM milAvaTa, guNavattAhIna vastuoM kA utpAdana, phareba bhare anubaMdha, samaya para bhugatAna na karanA, kaMpanI ke zeyaradhArakoM ko jhUThI yA bhrAmaka sUcanAeM denA aadi| svArtha para niyaMtraNa ke siddhAMta kA atikramaNa to svayaM eka niyama hI bana gayA hai| sabhI Arthika gatividhiyoM jaise niveza, utpAdana, vitaraNa, AmadanI evaM upabhoga Adi meM svArthavRtti para niyaMtraNa kiyA jAnA caahie| vaikalpika sthAyI arthavyavasthA kA cauthA AdhAra zrama kA mahattva hai| ise gAMdhI jI ne aura una manISiyoM ne, jinase gAMdhI prabhAvita hue the,zramotpanna bhojana (Bread Labour) kA nAma diyA hai| isa vyavasthA meM kevala dimAgI sUjhabUjha se sAdhanoM para adhikAra jatA unake dohana karane ke prayatnoM ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zArIrika zrama ko mahattva dene ke kAraNa isa vaikalpika vyavasthA ko mazInI-virodhI bhI samajhA gayA hai| paraMtu yaha hakIkata nahIM hai| isa vyavasthA ke aMtargata aMdhAdhuMdha mazInIkaraNa kA virodha isalie ucita ThaharAyA gayA hai kyoMki hamAre jaise deza meM jahAM berojagArI aura ardha berojagArI kA pramANa abhI bhI bahuta bar3A hai, mazInIkaraNa una samasyAoM ko aura bhI jaTila banA degaa| zArIrika zrama ko mahattva dene ke lie naitika aura mAnavIya pakSa kA tarka bhI diyA jA sakatA hai| mazIna vyakti ko utpAdana prakriyA se alaga kara detI hai aura mArksa ke zabdoM meM, zramika alagAva (Alienation of Labour) kI prakriyA ko sudRr3ha karatI hai| isa vaikalpika vyavasthA kA uddezya manuSya ko eka yaMtravata yA yaMtrAdhIna prANI banAnA nahIM hai| isa vyavasthA kA eka aura AdhAra vikeMdrIkaraNa, kiMvA grAma svAvalaMbana hai| svAvalaMbana kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki hara vyakti yA parivAra apanI sabhI AvazyakatAoM ko svayaM pUrA kreN| isakA sahI artha hai ki buniyAdI AvazyakatAeM, mukhyataH bhojana aura kapar3e kI pUrti grAma stara para hara parivAra svayaM apane zrama se kreN| grAma svAvalaMbana meM yaha bhI nihitArtha hai ki aMtatogatvA grAma samAja ke hara sadasya ko roTI aura kapar3A muhaiyA karAne kA uttaradAyitva samAja kA hai, jise vyakti kI sAmartha na hone para sAmUhika prayAsoM se pUrA kiyA jaay| isa prakAra ke svAvalaMbI grAmINa samAja meM mudrA kA mahattva kama ho jAegA, aura adhikAdhika vyavahAra bArTara athavA pAsapar3ausa ke AdAna-pradAna se saMbhava ho skegaa| mudrA vyavahAra kI sImAeM isa vyavasthA meM samajhI gaI haiN| mudrA ke mAdhyama se bhaviSya kA sahI Akalana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| udAharaNArtha, galata nItiyoM ke kAraNa viziSTa prAkRtika sAdhanoM ke kSaraNa kA bhaviSya meM par3ane vAle prabhAva kA mUlyAMkana sahI rUpa meM mudrA meM nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ahiMsaka Arthika vyavasthA ke pakSadharoM kA maMtavya hai ki isa vyavasthA meM, anya sabhI prAvadhAnoM ke sAtha-sAtha grAma svAvalaMbana para bhAra dene se, vyakti vikAsa aura grAma svarAja taka kI yAtrA pUrI kI jA (14)

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sakegI aura, phalasvarUpa, eka samanvita, saMtulita samAja kI nIMva rakhI jA skegii| uparokta sabhI avadhAraNAoM kA zAstrIya vivecana kara eka saMpUrNa vidhA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| mukhyataH, gAMdhI, vinobA aura kumArappA ne alaga-alaga prasaMgoM para inakI carcA kI hai| unhoMne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai sahayogI samAja aura aparigrahamUlaka ahiMsaka arthavyavasthA kA mUla srota bhAratIya jIvana darzana aura usase prabhAvita samAja vyavasthA hai| gAMdhI ko ina vicAroM ko aura paripakva karane kI preraNA pazcima ke bhI kaI ciMtakoM se, vizeSakara raskina, thoro aura, TaoNlasTaoNya se bhI milI thii| vartamAna arthavyavasthA kI visaMgatiyoM ke kAraNa aba mukhya dhArA se jur3e arthazAstriyoM ne bhI isa ora socanA zurU kiyA hai| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx anekAMta : anekAMta kI maulika dRSTiyAM do haiM-nirapekSa aura sApekSa / astitva kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie nirapekSa dRSTi kA prayoga karanA caahie| saMbaMdhoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie sApekSa dRSTi kA prayoga karanA caahie| anekAMta kA pahalA sUtra hai saapeksstaa| prakRti ke sabhI aMgoM ko nirapekSa bhAva se mAtra manuSya kI AvazyakatA pUrti kA sAdhana mAnakara hI vikRti kA vistAra ho sakatA hai; saMpanna ko vipanna se nirapekSa mAnakara hI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko bar3hAvA mila sakatA hai; eka jAti ko dUsarI jAti se nirapekSa mAnakara hI paraspara virodhI hitoM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai; eka saMpradAya ko dUsare saMpradAya se nirapekSa mAnakara hI virodha kA tAnA-bAnA bunA jA sakatA hai| eka vyakti, eka jAti, eka saMpradAya aura eka rASTra, dUsare vyakti, dUsarI jAti, dUsare saMpradAya aura dUsare rASTra se sApekSa hokara hI jI sakatA hai, sApekSa hitoM ko siddha kara sakatA hai| vargabheda aura virodhI hitoM ke siddhAMta kI sApekSatA ke saMdarbha meM samIkSA karanA jarUrI hai| sApekSatA ke AdhAra para virodhI hitoM meM bhI samanvaya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| virodhI hitoM kI nirapekSatA ke AdhAra para mImAMsA kI jAe to usakA phalita hotA hai saMgraha, parigraha, Asakti, saMgharSa, hiMsA aura sAdhanazuddhi ke siddhAMta kA prihaar| anekAMta kA dUsarA sUtra hai smnvy| vaha bhinna pratIta hone vAle do vastu-dharmoM meM ekatA kI khoja kA siddhAMta hai| jo vastu dharma bhinna haiM, ve sarvathA bhinna nahIM haiN| unameM abhinnatA bhI hai, ekAMta bhI hai| usa abhinnatA ke sUtra ko jAnakara hI samanvaya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sRSTi saMtulana (ikolaoNjI) kA siddhAMta samanvaya kA siddhAMta hai, eka padArtha se dUsare padArtha ke saMbaMdha kA siddhAMta hai| maiM akelA hUM-isa siddhAMta ke AdhAra para sRSTi-saMtulana kI sthApanA nahIM kI jA sktii| maiM akelA nahIM hUM, dUsare kA bhI astitva hai| hama donoM meM saMbaMdha hai| usa saMbaMdha ke AdhAra para hI hamArI jIvana-yAtrA calatI hai| isa saMbaMdha kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para sRSTi-saMtulana kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| anekAMta kA tIsarA sUtra hai saha-astitva / jisakA astitva hai, usakA pratipakSa avazyaMbhAvI hai-yat sat tat sprtipkssm| pratipakSa ke binA nAmakaraNa nahIM hotA aura lakSaNa kA nirdhAraNa bhI nahIM hotaa| cetana aura acetana meM atyaMtAbhAva hai| cetana kabhI acetana nahIM hotA aura acetana kabhI cetana nahIM hotaa| phira bhI unameM saha-astitva hai| zarIra acetana hai| AtmA cetana hai| zarIra aura AtmAdonoM eka sAtha rahate haiN| nitya aura anitya, sadRza aura visadRza, bheda aura abheda-ye paraspara virodhI haiM, phira bhI inameM saha-astitva hai| eka vastu meM ye eka sAtha rahate haiN| nitya anitya se sarvathA viyukta nahIM hai aura anitya nitya se sarvathA viyukta nahIM hai| yaha saha-astitva kA siddhAMta jitanA dArzanika hai, utanA vyAvahArika hai| praNAlI, ruci, mAnyatA-ye bhinna-bhinna hotI haiM, inameM virodha bhI hotA hai| saha-astitva kA niyama ina saba para lAgU hotA hai| lokataMtra aura adhikanAyakavAda, pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda-ye bhinna vicAra vAlI rAjanItika praNAliyAM haiN| inameM saha-astitva ho sakatA hai| yA tU rahegA yA maiM, hama donoM eka sAtha nahIM raha sakate-yaha ekAMtavAda hai| isa dhAraNA ne samasyA ko jaTila banA diyaa| eka dhArmika vicAradhArA ke loga yaha soceM-mere dharma kI vicAradhArA ko mAnane vAlA hI isa duniyA meM rahe, zeSa sabako samApta kara diyA jAe-isa vicAradhArA ne dhArmika jagata kI pavitratA ko naSTa kiyA hai| aparigraha, sahabhAgitA, ahiMsA, maitrI, bhAIcArA-ye dharma ke pramukha avadAna haiN| ekAMtavAdI dRSTikoNa ne jarUrata ko icchA meM, sahayoga ko zoSaNa meM, saMyama ko saMgraha meM, sAdagI ko dikhAve meM, maitrI ko zatrutA meM, ahiMsA ko hiMsA meM, bhAIcAre ko virodha meM badalane kI bhUmikA nibhAI hai| saha-astitva kA siddhAMta sahiSNutA aura vaicArika svataMtratA kA mUlya svIkAra karatA hai| yadi hama sabako apanI ruci, apane vicAra, apanI jIvana praNAlI aura apane siddhAMta meM hI DhAlane kA prayatna kareM to vaicArika svataMtratA aura sahiSNutA arthahIna ho jAtI haiN| prakRti meM nAnAtva hai| nAnAtva prakRti kA sauMdarya bhI hai| yadi saba per3a-paudhe eka jaise ho jAeM, yadi saba puSpa eka jaise ho jAeM to sauMdarya kI paribhASA kA bhI koI artha nahIM rhtaa| anekatA meM ekatA aura ekatA meM anekatA kA siddhAMta satyaM zivaM suMdaraM-tInoM ke samanvaya kA siddhAMta hai| yaha samanvaya hI saha-astitva kI AdhAra-bhUmi banatA hai| samanvaya ekatA kI khoja kA sUtra hai, kiMtu usakI pRSThabhUmi meM rahI huI anekatA kA asvIkAra nahIM hai| isI AdhAra para hama vyakti aura samAja kI samIcIna vyAkhyA kara sakate haiN| (15)

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hara vyakti meM vaiyaktika aura sAmudAyika donoM prakAra kI cetanA hotI hai| kucha vicAraka vyakti ko adhika mahattva dete haiM aura kucha samAja ko adhika mahattva dete haiN| yaha samanvaya ke siddhAMta kA atikramaNa hai| vaiyaktika vizeSatAoM ko chor3akara hama vyakti kA sahI mUlyAMkana nahIM kara skte| janmajAta vaiyaktikatA ke sAta AdhAra haiM-(1) zarIra racanA, (2) AnuvaMzikatA, (3) mAnasika ciMtana kI zakti, (4) bhAva, (5) saMvedana, (6) saMvega, (7) jJAna athavA grahaNa kI kssmtaa| vaiyaktika vizeSatAoM kI upekSA kara kevala samAja-racanA kI kalpanA karane vAle apanI kalpanA ko sAkAra nahIM kara paate| yadi samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda ke sAtha janmajAta vaiyaktika vizeSatAoM kA samIkaraNa hotA to samAja-racanA ko svastha AdhAra mila jaataa| samAjIkaraNa ke lie jina AdhAra sUtroM kI AvazyakatA hai, ve janmajAta vaiyaktika vizeSatAoM se jur3e hue haiN| samAja-racanA kA eka AdhAra hai-parasparopagraha athavA parasparAvalaMbana / samAja-racanA kA dUsarA AdhAra hai-sNvednshiiltaa| samAja-racanA kA tIsarA AdhAra hai-svAmitva kI siimaa| samAja-racanA kA cauthA AdhAra hai-svataMtratA kI siimaa| samAja-racanA kA pAMcavAM AdhAra hai-vikAsa-bhASA kA vikAsa, bauddhika vikAsa, ciMtana kA vikAsa, zilpa aura kalA kA vikaas| ___ saMgraha naya abhedapradhAna dRSTi hai| usake AdhAra para samAja-nirmANa hotA hai / vyavahAra naya bhedapradhAna dRSTi hai| usake AdhAra para vyakti kI vaiyaktikatA surakSita rahatI hai| vyakti aura samAja-donoM kA samanvaya sAdhakara yadi vyavasthA, niyama, kAnUna banAe jAeM to unakA anupAlana sahaja aura vyApaka hogaa| kahIM vyakti ko gauNa, samAja ko mukhya tathA kahIM samAja ko gauNa, vyakti ko mukhya karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| yaha gauNa aura mukhya kA siddhAMta samIcIna vyavasthA ke lie bahuta upayogI hai| bheda ko gauNa kie binA samAja nahIM banatA aura abheda ko gauNa kie binA vyakti kI svataMtratA surakSita nahIM rhtii| anekAMta kA yaha gauNa-mukhya kA siddhAMta vyavasthA kI saphalatA ke lie bahuta upayogI tAratamya manuSya kI prakRti hai| ruci kI bhinnatA hai| sabake vicAra bhI samAna nahIM haiN| AcAra bhI sabako eka jaisA nahIM hai| aneka bhASAeM, aneka saMpradAya, isa bahuvidha anekatA ko ekatA ke sUtra meM piroe rakhane kA lokataMtra kA eka siddhAMta hai-maulika adhikAroM kI smaantaa| asamAnatA ke AdhAra para pRthakkaraNa kI nIti kA nahIM, kiMtu asamAnatA meM samAnatA ke sUtra ko khojane kA prayatna hai loktNtr| sadRzatA ke AdhAra para ekatA ko puSTa kara sakate haiN| visadRzatA ke AdhAra para vyakti kI vizeSatAoM kA upayoga kara sakate haiN| isalie samAnatA aura asamAnatA-donoM kI sImA kA bodha karanA jarUrI hai| yAMtrika samAnatA kA Agraha samAja ko yogya pratibhAoM se vaMcita kara detA hai| asamAnatA kA ekAMgI Agraha samAja kI akhaMDatA ko khaMDita kara detA hai| isalie asamAnatA aura samAnatA meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA darzana vikasita honA caahie| paryAvaraNa kI samasyA bar3ha rahI hai| usakA sabase bar3A kAraNa hai Arthika pralobhana / Arthika pralobhana ko bar3hAne kA sabase bar3A kAraNa hai mithyA avdhaarnnaa| Arthika, vikAsa kA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa zArIrika svAsthya, mAnasika zAMti, bhAvAtmaka saMtulana aura paryAvaraNa vizaddhi se nirapekSa bana gyaa| yaha Arthika vikAsa kA ekAMtavAda mAnavIya mastiSka ko yAMtrika banAe hue hai| hara manuSya ke mana meM Arthika sAmrAjya sthApita karane kI lAlasA prabala ho uThI hai| anekAMta kI cAra pramukha dRSTiyAM haiM-dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhaav| kisI bhI vastu kA mUlyAMkana dravya sApekSa, kSetra sApekSa, kAla sApekSa aura bhAva sApekSa honA caahie| nirapekSa mUlyAMkana aneka ulajhaneM paidA karatA hai| Arthika vikAsa ke lie zArIrika svAsthya, mAnasika zAMti, bhAvanAtmaka saMtulana aura paryAvaraNa vizuddhi gauNa ho jAeM, yaha arthanIti kI viDaMbanA hai| yadi arthanIti ke keMdra meM manuSya ho aura usakA upayoga Arthika sAmrAjya ke lie na kiyA jAe to eka saMtulita arthanIti kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| manuSya-nirapekSa arthanIti kI makar3I apane hI jAla meM phaMsI huI hai| ekAMgI yA nirapekSa dRSTikoNa dvArA kabhI use bAhara nahIM nikAlA jA sktaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne upabhoga kI sImA kA jo sUtra diyA thA, usakI vismRti Aja kI bar3I samasyA hai| anekAMta ke Aloka meM use phira dekhane kA prayatna Avazyaka hai| __artha saMgraha ke lie pUrI svataMtratA, upabhoga ke lie bhI pUrI svataMtratA-svataMtratA kA yaha ekAMtavAda Arthika viSamatA aura paryAvaraNa ko dUSita karane kA hetu bana rahA hai| garIbI, paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa, saMgharSa, zastra-nirmANa aura yuddha-ye saba ekAMgI Agraha kI niSpattiyAM haiN| AdhyAtmika aura bhautika-donoM dRSTiyoM ke samanvaya ke binA garIbI kI samasyA ko kabhI nahIM sulajhAyA jA sktaa| upabhoga-saMyama aura bhautika prayatna donoM ke samanvaya ke binA paryAvaraNa kI samasyA ko bhI nahIM sulajhAyA jA sktaa| Avega-saMtulana aura vyavasthA-ina donoM ke samanvaya ke binA saMgharSa ko nahIM TAlA jA sktaa| svatva kI sImA ke AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa aura anAkramaNa kI manovRtti kA vikAsa kie binA zastra-nirmANa ke saMkalpa ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mAnavIya dRSTikoNa ko vyApaka banAe binA tathA ahaM aura lobha ko niyaMtrita kie binA yuddha kI vRtti ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ukta virodhI samasyAoM meM samanvaya sthApita karanA sarala nahIM hai| inakI vakratA ko miTAne ke lie bhAvAtmaka saMtulana aura vyavasthA-ina donoM kA samanvaya Avazyaka hai| anekAMta ke dvArA virodhI pratIta hone vAlI ghaTanAoM meM bhI samanvaya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastu jagata meM pUrNa sAmaMjasya aura saha-astitva hai| virodhI kI kalpanA hamArI buddhi ne kI hai| anekAMta kI phalazruti hai-vyakti meM anAgraha kI cetanA paidA ho| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> xxxxxx (16)