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74: śramana, Vol 64, No. III, July-Sept. 2013
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Umāsvāmi prescibed five rules for observance of ahimsā. control of speech, control of thought, regulation of movement, care in lifting and placing things or object and examination of food and drink before taking in. (Tattvārthasūtra VII/4, see Jain Shugan 2010: 235-237). As other Christians, Quakers are familiar with following passage of the Jesus' Sermon on the Mount: "You have heard that it was said to the people long ago, 'You shall not murder, and anyone who murders will be subject to judgment.' But I tell you that anyone who is angry with a brother or sister will be subject to judgment." (The Gospel According to Matthew 5:21-22, New International Version) The internalization can be seen in words of Jinabhadra, a 6th and 7th century Jain monk: "It is the intention that ultimately matters. (...) From the real point of view, it is the evil intention which is violence whether it materializes into an evil act of injuring or not."Jinabhadra is quoted by Dundas 2002: 162. This author goes so far as to accuse Jainism of reluctance to cope with examples of what he calls "doctrine coming to terms with social and political reality": (Jaini 1998: 281) "(...) it is a serious indictment of a tradition so closely associated with the ideal of nonviolence that it could have remained ambivalent or at best noncommittal, on the subject of warfare."(Ibid.:313) Genesis 1:26, resp. 28, New International Version. An introduction to gender debate in Jainism is provided by Parekh 2012. “[Jesus said:) ... you have one Teacher, and you are all brothers.” (The Gospel According to Matthew 23:8, New International Version). In his treatise “Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes” dated 1754, Woolman refers explicitly to equality of people and to the idea of their brotherhood: “When we remember that all nations are of one blood (Gen. 3:20); that in this world we are but sojourners; that we are subject to the like afflictions and infirmities of the body, the like disorders and frailties in mind, the like temptations, the same death and the same judgment; and that the All-wise Being is judge and Lord over us all, it seems to raise an idea of a general brotherhood and a disposition easy to be touched with feeling of each other's afflictions. (Woolman 1971: 200) British Quaker Eric Baker (1920-1976) was one of the founding members of Amnesty International "Existence is characterized by origination, disappearance (destruction) and permanence. "(Tattvārthasūtra V.30, see Jain Shugan 2010: 189) Concise introduction to the doctrines of relativity is provided by Jain, Kamla 2012. Very briefly about nayas: Ibid.: 92. Weber, Max (1921/1978): Gesammelte Aufsætze zur Religionssoziologie. Bd. II. Tābingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). Even though they are less than 0.5% of total population of India, it is estimated that they contribute more than 5% of the GDP (gross national product). (Jain, Shugan 2012a: 1) More than 98% Jains are literate with more than 50% at least graduates. (Ibid.) - "Literacywise, in 2001 Jains with a figure of 94.1% were the most literate community,..." (Jain, Prakash 2011: 62) "Throughout their long history Jains have made tremendous contribution to the Indian culture and society which is quite disproportionate to the size of the community.” (Ibid.: 17).
