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The Dimensions of a Word: Bharthari's and... : 101
knows the six substance types through their attributes80. In that case learning and grasping the reality is not free from errors and therefore it is called kuśruta. There is the significant passage in Tattvārtha-sūtra: “Scriptural knowledge is the province of mind”82. As all the activities can be obscured by karma the same situation happens due to this particular genre of knowledge83, where a word (vyañjana) in texts is passing from one term into another84. The Notion of Sabda According to Mahāvīra's Prajñāpanā-sūtra language is the result of bodily efforts of livingbeings known as rational and is made of words caused by efforts (prāyogika, applicable, used), not naturally (vaisrasika). The above-mentioned process is possible on certain fundamentals - on the work of intellect and the precise capacity of expressing thoughts in speaker and in listener. Producing and expressing words is eventual due to the function of matter having impact upon the body, the organs of speech, the mind and the respiration86. The speech - physical and psychic87 - is whatever is spoken in the form of speech particles (bhāṣāvargana, multiplication, class, division of speech or language)88.
Tattvārtha-sūtra announces: "Sound, union, fitness, grossness, shape, division, darkness, image, worm light and cool light also (are forms of matter)"89. Sabda (word, name, technical term, sound, voice, term) is the transformation of matter particles capable of converting into sound (bhāṣāvarganās) as a result of colliding with matter. It is two fold-- one which takes part in the nature of languages (bhāṣātmaka) -- expressed (aksara") and not expressed (anaksara) -- and the other type which does not''. The word as a mode of matter (pudgala-paryāya) is an effort of embodied and corporeal human being, although the language apparatus (jada) are non-living beings.
“The language used to write the scriptures or the medium of communication between both civilized and novice persons to understand each other and interact are called expressed sound, e.g. Prakrita, Sanskrita etc. The sound created by living beings with two or more senses without alphabets/language to understand each other is called unexpressed sound”93.
Unexpressed sound is divided between contrived (prāyogika) of four kinds -- the sound produced from musical instruments covered with a diaphram (tata), the sound produced by stringed musical instruments (vitata), the sound produced by metallic musical instruments (ghana) and the sound produced by wind musical instruments (sucira)-- and natural (vaisrasika). It is worth considering that Tattvārtha-sūtra includes passages of precise, concrete, biological and mechanical descriptions, such as those which analyze following activities (yoga) of speech", understood as a vibrations of the space-points of the soul: right activities of speech (satyavacana-yoga), wrong activities of speech (asatya-vacana-yoga), activities of the bilateral speech (ubhaya-vacana-yoga) -- simultaneously correct and incorrect, and activities of the neutral speech (anubhaya-vacana-yoga-- neither correct nor false”.
Human language is a significant kind of means for comprehending the meaning through sound symbols (akṣarātmaka, “that whose nature is a syllable") or word-formed signs (sabdātmaka, "that whose nature is a word”)97. We can find a lot of different, advanced classifications sup
