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48 : śramaņa, Vol 64, No. 1, Jan.-Mar. 2013 regional languages. There are twelve primary canons called Anga pravişta and a vast corpus of secondary texts. Some examples of secondary texts are Uttarachyayana, Daśavaikālika and Āvaśyaka, Șațkhaņdāgama, Tiloyapaņñati, Samayasāra, Pravacanasāra, Ratnakaranda Śrāvakācāra, Mūlācāra, Jayadhavală etc. Tattvārthasūtra by Umāsvāti is considered as a holy text by all Jains and is a comprehensive text written in Sanskrit and aphoristic style. A number of devotional poems and pājās were written and are recited regularly by Jains. Bhaktāmtara Stotra, Kalyāņa Mandira Stotra, Sāmāyika pātha, twelve contemplations, self-critique / reflections (Alocanā pātha or pratikramaņa mantras) are some of the popular devotional poems.
DOCTRINES The following statements indicate the main doctrinal aspects of Jainism:
> There are infinite numbers of souls, each soul being identified as a living being. Each soul has eternal existence and has capability to attain supreme soul status. All souls or jīvas (living beings) are equal and can achieve supreme şoul status (Paramātmā or Godhood) by their own strenuous efforts. 8 > No living being wants pain. Each living being is responsible for all its actions and the results thereof. Living beings help each other.'
> The cycles of birth-death-birth are called world (Saṁsāra). The pure soul stays forever at the summit of cosmos (Loka) in pure state and enjoys its true nature of infinite knowledge and bliss.
> Non-violence (Ahimsā) is the heart of Jain ethics. 'Non violence is the supreme religion'10 and Live and let live are the slogans most talked about by Jains to the extent that these act as emblems of Jainism. The holy Jain text Ācārārga defines Ahiṁsā as "none of the living beings ought to be killed or deprived of life, ought to be ordered or ruled, ought to be enslaved or possessed, ought to be distressed or afflicted and ought to be put to unrest or disquiet”."Later on Mahāvīra in Praśnavyākaraņa gives 60 synonyms
