Role Of Drstanta Indignagas Logic

Author(s): Shoryu Katsura
Publisher: Shoryu Katsura

Page 15

proof fromulation, while Dharmakirti, as is well known, adopted a new proof formulation which consists of the statements of pervsion (vyāpti) and a reason's being a property of the topic of a proposition (pakṣadharmatā) and which was adopted by the post-Dharmakīrti Buddhist logicians. Here is a sample of Dharmakīrti's formulation.
[vyāpti] [pakṣadharmatā]
"yat sat krtakam vā, tat sarvam anityam, yathā ghatādih" “san krtako vā śabda”24
[Proof 8]
3. In PS IV.3 and its Vrtti Dignāga tries to characterize the two examples by similarity (sādharmya) and dissimilarity (vaidharmya) or by implicative negation (paryudāsa) and simple negation (prasajya-pratişedha).
"In [the presence of] a proving property (sādhana, i.e. a reason) a property to be proved (sādhya) should be presented affimatively and [a reason should be shown to be] absent when a property to he proved is absent. Such being a case, an implicative negation (paryudāsa) [of a similar example) and a simple negation (nişedha) [of a dissimilar example) are of different characteristics."25
• The first half of the verse repeats the same formulation of the two examples, i.e., annvaya and vyatireka, as presented in PS IV.2. When Dignāga refers to the two kinds of negation in the second half, he must have in his mind the two kinds of examples in Proof 2 quoted above and the negative phrases, such as 'a-nityam' in the similar example and 'na anityam', which is actually expressed as ' nityam' by considering the double negation, in the dissimilar example. According to Dignāga, the negative particle 'a-' of 'a-nityam' (non-etenal) in the similar example should be interpreted as an implicative negation (paryudāsa), so that the negation of eternal things (nitya) implies/affirms the existence of non-eternal (anitya) things. The negative particle (na) of 'na anityam' (not non-etenal, i.e., eternal) in the
24 Vādanyāya of Dharmakirti, ed. by M.T. Much, Vienna, 19xx: 1.
25 PS[K] IV.3: bsgrub bya bsgrub las sgrub pa yis // bstan bya bsgrub bya med la med // de lta yin na ma yin par // dgag pa mthsan nyid mi mthun no // (vidhinā sādhane sādhyam khyāpyam sādhye 'sati tv asat / evam sati paryudāso nisedhaś ca vilaksanau //) PSV[K] 148a8-b3; PSV[V} D60a6-7; Kitagawa (19xx: 514-5).
Dignāga on Example - 15