Role Of Drstanta Indignagas Logic

Author(s): Shoryu Katsura
Publisher: Shoryu Katsura

Page 19

“Whatever is not produced by a human effort is eternal" (aprayatnānantarīyakam nityam eva), then one of the similar examples, i.e., lightening (vidyut), which is non-eternal but not produced by a human effort, should be regarded as eternal as well as being produced by a human effort, which is absurd. In order to avoid such an absurd consequence, Dingāga suggests the following formulation:
(proposition] "anityaḥ śabdaḥ” [reason] "prayatnānantarīyakatvāt" [similar ex.] "anityam eva prayatnānantarīyakam, yathā ghato vidyuc ca" (dissimilar ex.] "aprayatnānantariyakam eva nityam, yathākāśam" [Proof 10]
There may arise an objection: If the domain of a reason should be restricted to the domain of a property to be proved as in Hetucakra No. 8 (=Proof 10), then the other type of reason (in Hetucakra No. 2=Proof 8), whose domain is coextensive with that of a property to be proved, would not be a proper reason because there is no restriction of a reason (hetvavadhārana). Dignāga answers by saying that the restriction (avadhārana) is made in accordance with a speaker's intention (vaktrabhiprāyavaśāt); in other words, a speaker chooses which property to be restricted, so that it can become a reason. So in Hetucakra No. 2, not a property of being non-eternal (anityatva) but a propety of being a product (krtakatva) is chosen to be restricted as a proper reason, though their domains are theoretically co-extensive.32
31 PSV[K] 148b8-149a3: ma khyab pa la yang rtsol ba las byung ba nyid kyi gtan tshigs la nyes pa 'di yod de / glog la sogs pa rnams rtag pa nyid dang/rtsol ba las byung ba nyid kyi nyes pa yod do Il rtsol ba las byung ba ma yin pa ni rtag pa nyid yin la mi rtag pa yang rtsol ba las byung ba nyid yin no zhes gal te de latr nges par gzung na skyon dir 'gyur ba yin na/gang gi tshe rtsol ba las byung ba ma yin pa nyid ni rtag ces nges par gzung ba yin gyi /rtsol ba las byung ba'o zhes ma yin pa de'i tshe nyes pa med pa yin te / de Itar na rtag pa ni rtsol ba las byung ba la med par brjod pa yin no ll de bzhin du mi rtag pa nyid ni rtsol ba las byung ba las zhes bya ba (avyāpiny api prayatnānantarīyakatve hetāv asty ayam dosah/vidyudādinām nityatvam prayatnānantarīyakatvam ca prasajyata iti doso 'sti / asty ayam dosah yady evam avadhāryeta aprayatnānatariyakam nityam evety anityam ca prayatnānantarīyakam eveti / yadā ty evam avadhāryate aprayatnnantarīyakam eva nitym na prayatnānatiyakam iti tadā nāsti kaścid doṣaḥ / evam nityatvasya prayatnānatarīyake abhāva ukto bhavati / tathā anityam eva prayatnānatariyakam iti /) Cf. PSV[V] D60b3-5); Kitagawa (19).
32 PSV[K] 149a3-4: 'dir / gal te yang gtan tshigs nges par gzung ba'i phyir don gzhan med par 'gyur ba , de ita na brjod pa po'i bsam pa'i dbang gis nges par bzung ba'i phyir </>
Dignāga on Example - 19