Role Of Drstanta Indignagas Logic

Author(s): Shoryu Katsura
Publisher: Shoryu Katsura

Page 24

absent) in the similar instances (sajatiya) and which is absent in the absence of the (similar instances]; the reversed is 'incompatible' (viruddha) (reason] and the rest is 'indeterminate' (aniscita) [reason)."41 . As is well known, of the nine types of reasons in his Hetucakra, Dignaga accepts only two as valid reasons, namely, No. 2 "a property of being produced' (krtakatva) and No. 8 'a property of being produced by a human effort' (yatnaja). The difference between the two valid reasons lies in the fact that the former pervades the whole domain of similar instances (sapaksa), while the latter is present only in part of it. He then points out that in order to include the latter under the valid reason, the second characteritic of a valid reason shoulde be restricted in the following manner: "It is present only in the similar instances" (sajatiya eva san). He also notes that the two example statements present the second and the third characteristics of a valid reason (anvaya & vyatireka), while the reason statement present the first characterisitic, i.e., a reason's being a property of the topic of a proposition (paksadharmatva). 42 Now by rejecting the reversed formulation of a similar example, Dingaga seems to think that a reason is properly restricted to the domain of a property to be proved and, consequently, that the second characteristic of a valid reason is shown by a similar example. Therefore, it is meaningful to formulate a similar example. The above remark has been made in order to include Hetucakra No. 8 as a valid reason, for the reversed formulation of a similar example is possible at least theoretically in the case of Hetucakra No. 2. Dignaga admits that by restricting a reason to the similar instances (sajatiya eva san), one can assume the negation of its presence in the dissimilar instances (vijatiye sattvam), which may suggest that it is unnecesary to formulate a dissimilar . 41 tatra yah san sajatiye dvedha(Idvidha) casams tadatyaye /sa hetur viparito 'smad viruddho 'nyas tv aniscitah 77=NMukh v. 7(AWBERRE. DE ZA PTI TE) Quoted in Nyayavarttika-Tatparyatika (ed. by A. Thakur, New Delhi, 1996): 247. do 42 PSV[K] 149b6-8: 'on te bkag pa ni don med pa yin te </. ma yin te > mthun pa'i phyogs la yang rnam pa gnyis zhes brjod pa'i phyir ro // phyogs kyi chos ni gtan tshigs kyis brjod pa'i phyir 'dir ni gtan tshigs lhag ma bstan par bya ba yin te / de la gdon mi za bar rigs mthun pa kho na la yod zhes nges par gzung bar bya'o ( zhe na) / (atha narthas tatpratisedhe, na, san dvidha ceti vacanat / hetusesas catra pradarsitavyah paksadharmatvasya hetunaivoktatvat / tatravasyam sajatiya eva sann ity avadharyam eva ) Cf. PSV[V] D61a1-2; Kitagawa (19...). Dignaga on Example - 24