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the naraka state there is pain all the time, and it may last a million years or 10 years or a billion years. Still it comes to an end. There is also hinsâ in the deva state. In the deva state there is more pleasure than pain.
Now with regard to what extent this first vow causes us to refrain from killing, or how much and what kinds of killing the layman may take a vow to refrain from.
In order to steer clear of killing it is well to know the various ways in which killing is done ; this can be learned by observation of the conduct of the people, but a few of the ways may here be mentioned :
1. Hunting, fisliing etc. 2. Vivisection. 3. The taking of feathers, skins, etc. for dress. 4. Killing for food, meat, game, fish etc. 5. In war. 6. For private revenge.
7. For religious purposes (so-called), as in sacrifices,
8. Killing insects, such as fies, gnats, &c because you think they trouble you.
9. Capital punishment. etc. etc.
For the sake of illustration the following analysis is made of the state of mind of a person who is hunting, for sport. There are three factors, (a) in
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