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the being, then it is an atichāra or partial transgression of the vow.
As a matter of fact the philosophy teaches that persons who take these vows (vratins) and shrāvakas ought not to keep such animals as have to be tied up, but if obliged to tie animals up, it should be done in such a way that in case of fire they can easily be let loose, and at once; or if it is a child or human being, it should be tied so that he himself could undo it in case of fire. If the tying when done for a necessary cause is done with care and thought for the life of the beings, then it is not an atichāra. A shrāvaka is a man (or woman, of course) who hears the teaching of the monk ; a shrāvaka is a hearer, not a teacher
2. Vadha; is the name of the second atichára. It means to strike with a whip, to hit, or to beat with a stick or cane. This can be done for necessary cause, or without a necessary cause. If done without a necessary cause then it is an atichāra of the vow. If it is done for any necessary reason and is done with due care and caution not to injure, then it is not an atichāra. But it is always better to intimidate than to strike or beat; and beating should never be done on a tender or delicate part of the body. Docking horses tails would come under this.
3. Chhavichchheda ; means to cut, pierce, etc. (the ears, for instance).
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