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Causes. Lies and falsehoods are spoken by reason of certain states of mind ; certain states of mind are forces which impel to the speaking of falsehoods. These states are :
1. Anger; when in anger you make false statements (they may be true, but injurious), and even may tell intentional lies when angry.
2. Pride. 3. Deceitfulness. 4. Greed, 5. False attachment. 6. False aversion-batred. 7. Laughing and joking.
8. Fear. All nations that are under the control of other nations tell lies through fear. Any form of slavery induces lies.
9. False politeness.
10. Sorrow. We ignorantly blame others when we are in sorrow.
These causes may impel to the telling of such lies as are not possible to be avoided by the layman; it is only gross falsehoods that he undertakes to avoid.
So the second vow would be something like this: “I shall refrain from telling falsehoods about any person, animal, or thing, knowingly and with · the intention of injuring some one ; " or, stronger :
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