Jainism and Democracy

Author(s): Indra Chandra Shastri
Publisher: I A S S Jain Conference New Delhi

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JAINISM AND DEMOCRACY
attitude, which makes the man extravagant seeking happiness in external objects and taking body and other material things as his own self.
2. Misra Mohaniya : The cause of mixed attitude fluctuating between right and wrong.
3. Samyaktva Mohaniya : Mohaniya without the potency of perversion.
Charitra Mohaniya is further divided into 25 types :
1-16_Four degrees of the effect of anger (Krodha), Conceit (Māna), Crookedness (Maya) and greed (Lobha) each. These degrees are known as Anantanubandhi, Apratyakhyani, Pratyakhyanavarana and Sanjvalana respectively.
17-25—Nine semipassions (no-kasāyas) of laughter (hasya), liking (rati), disliking (arati), fear (bhaya), grief (soka) hatred (jugupsa), sexual desire of a female (striveda), sexual desire of a male (purushveda) and sexual desire of the third gender (Napunsakaveda).
The aspirant climbs higher and higher by gradually subduing the above-mentioned degrees of passions. This is beautifully shown in the Jaina theory of fourteen Guñasthanas. The first four Guñasthanas are mainly related with different aspects of Darsana Mohaniya and five to twelve with those of Cartira Mohaniya. The last two are the stages of complete realization, one with activity and the other without activity.
Pujyapāda in his 'Samadhi Tantra' sums up these stages in three categories of Bahiratman, Antarātman