Jainism and Democracy

Author(s): Indra Chandra Shastri
Publisher: I A S S Jain Conference New Delhi

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JAINISM AND DEMOBRACY
semi-passions also, namely, (1) laughter, (2) liking, (3) disliking, (4) fear, (5) grief and (6) hatred. By the end of nineth he subdues three types of sexual desire in addition to the sanjvalana degree of anger, conceit and crookedness. Then, there remains the sanjvalana degree of greed only, which is subdued by the end of the tenth.
The tenth guṇasthāna is known as Sukşma-samparāya on account of its subduing all the passions except sanjvalana type of greed.
The eleventh guṇasthāna is Upasanta-Mohaniya, meaning a complete subsidance of Mohaniya. This stage lasts for a short period only after which the subsided passions rise again and the aspirant falls down. In his backward movement he may stop at the sixth, fifth or fourth stage or come down to the bottom. But, this position does not last for unlimited period. Within a specified period, known as Ardha pudgala parāvartam as the maximum he makes fresh attempts with a renewed strength and ultimately succeeds by adopting the course of Ksapaka sreņi.
The twelveth guṇasthāna is Ksiņa-Mohaniya showing the complete destruction of Mohaniya. The aspirant with Ksapaka sreni does not undergo the eleventh stage and reaches the twelveth direct.
The thirteenth guṇasthāna is Sayogikavalin. At the end of the twelveth the aspirant destroys other ghāti karmans also and attains all the four infinities. He attains Infinite knowledge (Kavalajnāna) due to the