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FIVE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
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Division of Knowledge
The term knowledge denotes a judgement. It is the stage of conclusion in the process of thinking. But in discussing the psychology of thinking one has to consider the preceding stages also, beginning with the first sensation or inclination of the soul to know the object. We have stated above that the comprehensive Jaina term, for this purpose, is Upayoga. It is divided as follows :--
1. Nirākāra Upayoga or Darsana.
2. Sākāra Upayoga or Jñāna. Nirākārā Upayoga or Darśana
There is much controversy about the actual position of Darśana. Commonly it is held as the first general appearance, apprehending mere existence. But this view does not hold good with the conception of Vyāñjanāvagraha which is defined as the first contact between senses and the object, and which is accepted as the first -stage of jñāna. No appearance, whether general or particular, is possible before that contact; and thus, the possibility of darsana before that a stage is out of question. On the other hand it is accepted unanimously that darśana must precede the first stage of jñāna. In order to remove this anomaly some Achāryas have accepted Avagraha and Tha, the first two stages of knowledge preceding the judgement (avaya) as Darśana. But, it is a rough estimate. The point has been dis.cussed elaborately by Brahmānanda, the commentator on BỊhaddravya Sangraha and in Dhavlā by Vireśwara. Both of them hold that Darśana in actual sense, is the
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