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Jaina Karmology (d) The species bond has two varieties : (i) Primary species and (ii) secondary or sub-species. 2. The term 'Tad' (of it) in aphorism 8.3 indicates bondage and, hence, the aphorism means 'there are four types of bondage through which karmas are bound with the living beings. 3. It is to be surmised that whenever mass-points are received by the living beings, they are transformed into karmas with four types of bonds as indicated in the aphorism 8.3. 4. The aphorism indicates that the karmic species are bondable and the living being is the bonder. 5. Vidyānanda explains these varieties of bondage in different order placing species bond first followed by mass point bond (associated with the living), duration and intensity bond. This seems to be a little better order. It is psychologically satisfying also. In contrast, Kundakunda has stated a better psychological and logical order of these four bond in Samayasara, 290. His order is (i) mass point (ii) species (iii) duration and (iv) fruitional intensity bond. All these bonds begin to form simultaneously as soon as mass-point bond is there. Mahaprajna has also followed this order. The change of earlier order has not been commented by earlier or current scholars. 6. In contrast with the above definition, Pancasangraha has mentioned the configuration bond as a multitude of all the rest of the three types of bonds. 7. The ancient scholars have illustrated the nature of these bonds through the example of medical sweet balls or tablets. As they are made from many constituents, some tablets are wind-removing, some are bile-removing, some are cough-removing, some are killing and some are intoxicating. Similarly, some karma obscures knowledge, some deludes and some causes pain and pleasure etc..
Some tablets are not denatured for two days or four days etc., similarly karmas are also associated with the living souls for different periods.
Some tablets are sweet or bitter. Similarly the karmas have high or low intensities of fruition.
Some tablets are weighing light or heavy. Similarly, the different karmas also have different kinds of atomic aggregations numerically.
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