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modal forms. It is like the fact that milk and butter can be beneficial for the growth and development of each of the senses. Similarly, as the milk of earthy nature serves the growth of the eye of firy nature, the non-living karma can also serve the cause of the living soul.
(g) There could be many types of bondages varying from one (in general) to numberable, innumerable and infinite depending upon the specificity of the factors and their strengths and experiencing potencies like the army and its different groups.
(h) The order of the eight primary karmic species in 8.4 has been justified on logical and psychological grounds. The knowledge has the highest mark for identifying the livingness or soul. The other species in order are either low-ranking or gradually dependent on the preceding factors.
2. The mattergies capable of converting into karmas are existing throughout the universe. They are received by the living beings due to their mental, vocal and physical activities. These activities have different potencies due to which the received mattergies form different indivisible and innumerable natures showing various visible effects in different degress. However, all these effects have been grouped in eight primary varieties descried in 8.4.
3. The aphorism has the coupling compound in its second part so that all the names of karmas like knowledge-obscuring etc. added together to make up eight primary species. Though there is no word in the aphorism to indicate this number, but it could be implied by counting.
4. All these eight primary species of karmic bondage have their independent meaning, causes (of influx) and purpose. Therefore, they are different from each other. Their different causes of influx (influxing doors) have been described in chapter 6 in aphorism 10-27, a summary of which is given below:
No.
Species
1-2 Knowledge and conation obscuring Spite,
3a Good Sensation-producing karma
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Influxing doors
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concealment,
impediment,
jealousy, blasphemy, disregard about true knowledge and conation.
Compassion, restraint etc.
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