Book Title: Jain Studies and Science
Author(s): Mahaveer Raj Gelada
Publisher: Jain Vishva Bharati

View full book text
Previous | Next

Page 149
________________ JAIN MATHEMATICS AND KARMAVAD/139 TYPES OF MATHEMATICS In the Sthananga-sutra, ten types of Mathematics are described in the chapter dealing with numerate terms. Mahapragya has presented a detailed note on this mathematical learning, which is complete in itself. This ancient mathematical style will be interesting for the readers. 1. Parikarma (Operators) - In the Indian system, there are eight basic mathematical operations - (i) addition, (ii) subtraction, (iii) multiplication, (iv) division, (v) square, (vi) square-root, (vii) Cube, (viii) Cube-root. But, out of these operations, the majority of them were not employed effectively in the canonical texts. According to Brahmagupta, there are twenty possible mathematical operations: (i) addition, (ii) subtraction, (iii) multiplication, (iv) division, (v) square, (vi) square-root, (vii) cube, (viii) cube-root, (ix-xiii) five rules for simplifying fractions, (xiv) the rule of three expressions, (xv) complex rule of three expressions, (xvi) rule of five expressions, (xvii) rule of seven expressions, (xviii) rule of nine expressions, (xix) rule of eleven expressions, (xx) rule of commutation. From the ancient times, the Hindu mathematicians recognized that all the operations of mathematics are based on the two fundamental operations - addition and subtraction. The operations of doubling and halving were regarded important by the Egyptians, Greeks and Arabians, who were ignorant of the decimal system. 2. Calculations -- According to Brahmadatta, there are eight types of treatment in which the above mathematical operators can be used to perform calculations: (1) Mixed (Mishrak) - four basic operations viz. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. (2) Series (shredhi) - progressions (3) Area (Kshetra) - geometry of closed figures (4) Volume (Khata) - dealing with excavation and volumes involved therein (5) Sets (Chati) - treatment of sets (6) Permutation-Combination (Krackchic) - statistical analysis Jain Education International For Personal & Private Use Only www.jainelibrary.org

Loading...

Page Navigation
1 ... 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272