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process of making denominators similar. (Vice, history of Hindu Mathematics. p. 179). The upper part is called 'numerator' and the lower part is called 'denominator'.
For example, 1/2 and 1/3. Its meaning as Kala Savarna will be 31 6; 2/6 respectively.
5.4. Yavat-tavat: As the name suggests, it means the multiplication
series can be extended up to as far as possible. It is also used in summation of series.
5.5.
Varga (Square): The word varga means 'pankti' or row, or assembly (Samudaya). But in mathematics, its meaning is 'vargaghat' and 'vargakshetra' or its area. The predecessor preceptors have given its general definition as a square region (Samacaturastra). The product of two numbers is also square. The word Kriti is also used for varga implication, but rarely. This is also called 'Samadurasighata' Various scholars have described its various processes.
5.6. Ghana (Cube): This has been used to indicate solid cube and
product of three equal numbers in geometrical and mathematical implications. The opinion of Aryabhatta is the product of three equal numbers and a solid with twelve equal angles (as well as sides) is also a cube. The word Vrnda has also been used at some places with the meaning as ghana (cube). This is also called 'Samatrirasaghata'. There is also difference in the processes of calculating the cube. According to statement of Sridhara, Mahavira and Bhaskara, the cube is the product of three equal numbers.
5.7. Varga-varga (Square-Square): Multiplication of square by
square. This is also called 'samacaturghata' (raised to power four). First the original number is multiplied by the same number. Then the product is multiplied by the same product. Whatever number results, is called varga-varga phala (square of square). For example 4 x 4 = 16, 16 x 16 = 256.
5.8. Krakach: In Kala mathematics, it is called 'treatment of Saw
Mathematics (krakaca-vyavahara). This is a kind of putiganita. This gives the knowledge of sawing of wood and toiling of stones.
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