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(iii) Fungi lack chlorophyll hence they live as parasites. Fungi like penicillum and yeasts have been put to the benefit of mankind.
(iv) Lichens are associations of an algae and a fungus living together, former preparing food while the latter absorbing water and minerals. They grow on tree trunks and other moist places.
2. Bryophyta they develop root like structures called rhozoids. Their life cycle shows alternation of generations;' the main plant is a gametophyte on which the sporophyte3 (asexual stage) grows as a dependent body, e.g. Mosses with the stem axis bearing leaves. [cf, plants growing on plants (vṛkṣayonika) in Sūtrakṛitānga Sūtra]..
3. Pteridophyta (pteros=fern). The plant body is with roots stem and leaves, highest group of cryptogams. The main plant is a sporophyte while the gametophyte is very small.
B. Phanerogams are the most advanced type of plants with flowers and seeds. They are divided into two sub-divisions:
1. Gymnosperms (Bymno-naked, sperma-seed). They possess simple, unisexual flowers. The seeds Are not enclosed in the fruit hence they are naked seeds e.g. pines
2. Angiosperms (Gr. angion - case). They are the most highly advanced group of plants, commonly referred to as flowering plants. The
1. An important feature of life and reproduction, obvious in many plants and a few animals, e.g., COELEHTERATA and flatworms. It is seem as the successive alternation of 2 or more types of a single organism. It is most important where the basis of the alternation is the number of sets of chromosomes in the cell nucleus; an individual with two sets (DIPLOID generation) creates another with 1 set (HAPLOID generation) which then gives another diploid generation. The two generations may, or may not, look alike but reproduction is different. The haploid generation produces sexual cells that fuse to start the diploid generation which later, during the production of spores, reduces the number of chromosome sets to 1 again; e.g., in ferns diploid sporophyte is the typical plant, haploid sexual gametophyte is a small button-sized flat green THALLUS.
2. Plant body in which each cell has a haploid cell nucleus and which produces sex cell (gamets) for fusion.
3. Plant body in which each cell has a nucleus with 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid) and which can produce reproductive spores with only one set of chromosomes (haploid). The familiar body of seed plants, ferns and others but not that of mosses.
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