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may obtain nutriment there from but is still separated from its mother by membranes of the fertilized egg.
Phrase, "tao kāyāo abhinivaṭṭamāṇā amdam vegaya janayamti, poyam vegayā jaṇayamti" refers to this alternative manners of birth of the young from the mother's womb: “abhinivaratmāna" means emerges out from the mother's body; "amdam" means egg; and "potam" means fully developed infant.
These sub-human vertebrate animals are of three kinds:
1. Aquatic animals 2. Land animals 3. Aerial animals (1) AQUATIC ANIMALS: Para 77 deals with aquatic animals, (jalacara). Their subdivision in this scripture is identical to that given above in Uttaradhyayana, viz., fishes, turtles and tortoises, crocodiles and alligators, Magaras, whales & dolphins. Some of them are born as eggs and some are brought forth as fully developed young animal. Their varieties caused by (difference of) colour, smell etc., are counted by thousand.
(2) LAND ANIMALS: Pp. 78 to 80 deal with two types of terrestrial or land animals (sthalacara)-quadrupeds and reptiles, the latter again being of two kinds-snakes and lizards. All these are again sub-divided into many kinds as under: the quadrupeds are of four kinds on the basis of the shape of their feet.'
i. Solidingular animals with solid hoof, as horses; (ekakhura) ii. Biungular-animals with cleft hoof as cattle; (dvikhura)
iii. Multiungular-animals as elephants; (gandipada)
iv. Animals having toes with nails, as lions; (sanakhapada)
1. In Biology the term 'UNGULATES' was used-it is now obsolete for hoofed mammals, (UMGULA means hoof, talon er claw) such as ARTIODACTYLA AND PERISSODACTYLA. The former meant-even toed ungulate mammals, with the aid of each foot lying between the 3rd and 4th toe-as cattle, hippopotamus, pigs, camels, giraffe, dear, sheep, antelopes. The latter meant ungulate mammals which walk on hoofed toes with weight-hearing aid along 3rd toe, which is larger than the others in most cases e.g., rhinoceros, horse, tapir.
JAIN BIOLOGY
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