Book Title: Indian Antiquary Vol 60
Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications
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ON THE MODERN INDO-ARYAN VERNACULARS
(FEBRUARY, 1981
(6) More nearly related to the Outer Languages8. Eastern Hindi (EH.)
.. .. .. .. .. 22,567,882
24,511,647 c. Outer Languages(a) North-Western Group: 9. Lahndā (L.) ..
5,652,264 7,092,781 10. Sindhi (S.) .. ..
.. 3,371,708 3,069,470 (6) Southern Language: 11. Marathi (M.)
18,797,831 18,011,948 (c) Eastern Group: 12. Bihāri (B.)
34,342,430 37,180,782 13. Oriyā (0.) ..
.. 10,143,165 9,042,525 14. Bengali (Bg.)
.. 49,294,099 41,933,284 15. Assamese (A.)
.. . 1,727,328 1,447,552
Total .. 229,560,145 226,059,019 In the above, Census figures for Hindi, Eastern Hindi, and Bihüri are not those given in the published Census Report. The latter are certainly wrong, and have been adjusted so as to agree more nearly with the actual facts.
1 The letter after each name indicates the conventional sign by which it is roferred to in these pages. 2 Including the mixed Khåndēsi dialect. 8 Including the mixed Bhil dialects.
1 Nearly all the speakers of this language inhabit Nēpal, a country which was not subject to the Census of 1911, and to which the Linguistic Survey did not extend. The figures here given refer only to tem. porary residents in India.
6 In the Census, nearly all the speakers of Central Pahari were classed as speaking Hindi.
4. These fifteen languages form the subject of the present work. In addition we shall consider the Dardic (Drd.) or Modern Pisaca languages. Of these, only Kāšmiri came fully under the operations of the Census of 1921, the number of speakers recorded being 1,268,854, According to the more accurate results of the Linguistic Survey, these figures should be corrected to 1,195,902. The Dardic languages are the following:
(a) Kafir, or Western, Group. (Kf.). (6) 9. Khówár (Kh.). 1. Bašgali (BX.).
(c) Dard, or Eastern, Group. (Drd. Gr.). 2. Wai-ala (Wai.).
10. şiņā ($.). 3. Veron (V.).
11. Kāšmiri (Kš.). 4. Aškund (Ad.)
12. Maiya (My.). 5. Pašai (Paš.).
13. Garwi (Grw.). 6. Tirāhi (Tir.).
14. Torwāli (Trw.). 7. Gawar-bati (Gwr.).
8. Kalākā (KI.). 5. Returning to the IAVs. proper, it can be gathered from the names of the various groups that the Midland language occupies the centre of the northern Indian plain, corresponding to the ancient Madhyadēša, while the Outer languages lie round it in a band on the West, South, and East. Between this Outer band and the Midland language lie the intermediate languages, representing the latter shading off into the former. There is no hard and fast geographical frontier between each language, for, unless separated by some physical obstacle, such as a wide river or a range of mountains, languages of the same family are not separated by boundary-pillars, but insensibly merge into each other. For instance, P. is classed as an Intermediate language, and the adjoining L. as an Outer language, and yet it is impossible to say where P. ends and L. begins. We shall now proceed to consider these languages in detail,
