Indian Antiquary Vol 60

Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications

Page 359

OCTOBER, 1931]
69. We find an exactly similar state of affairs in the vocabularies of the IAVs. Omitting foreign words, such as those borrowed from Dravidian or Munda, from Persian, Arabie, or English, their respective vocabularies may each be divided into three classes, Tss., Tss., and Tbhs. The last class consists of words that the IAVs. have received from the Secondary Prakrits, whether in those Prakrits they were Tbhs. descended from the Primary Prakrits, or Tss. (including sTss.) borrowed at that stage from Sanskrit. From the IAV. point of view, their ultimate origin is immaterial, so long as they were inherited from Secondary Prakrit. The Tss. and sTss. of the present day are loan-words, borrowed from Sanskrit in modern times by the modern vernaculars themselves, not by their secondary progenitors. To take an example. The IAV. ajñā, a command, is borrowed direct from Classical Skr. Its sTS. form, which we meet in some IAVs., is agya, and one of its Tbh. fcrms is the H. an, derived from the secondary Pr. ana. So also, räjä, a king, is a Ts., but ray or rão, a gentleman, is a Tbh. It is not often that such complete sets of three or two are in use at the same time. Frequently only a Ts. or a Tbh. occurs by itself. Sometimes, as in the case of rājā, we find the Ts. and the Tbh. forms of a word both in use, but each with a different meaning. Thus, the Skr. vamsa, has the two meanings of 'family' and 'bamboo,' and connected with it we find the H. sTs. bans, a family, and the H. Tbh. bas, a bamboo.3
1 For Tss. and sTss. in IAV., see Bs. Cp. Gr., ii, 11; Hl. Gd. Gr., xxxviii; Bhn. 131.
2 Many Primary Pr. words, which have survived unchanged into the IAVs., and which are hence Tbhs., are liable to be confused with Tss. Thus, the Primary Pr. kara-, a hand, remained kara- in the Secondary Prs., and is still kar(a) in H. As kar(a) is also a pure Skr. word, it is generally looked upon as a Ts. in H., but it can equally correctly be looked upon as a Tbh. In a book called Theth Hindi-kä Thath, by Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay, from which the author designedly excludes all Ts. words, many honest Tbh. words have also been excluded owing to this misapprehension. Nevertheless, it and another work by the same author, Adhkhile Phul, are invaluable records of Tbh. Hindi.
3 For these specializations, see Bhn. 13. He quotes :
T8.
vēdanā, any pain.
garbhisi, a pregnant female.
tāpa-, heat.
hrdaya-, heart.
pinda-, a ball.
cēṭaka-, an attendant.
gaves, search.
rājā, a king.
keana-, a moment. kubja, a hunchback.
and several others.
HISTORICAL
STS. vārtā, a tale. marag, a road.
karam, fate.
garabh, core. sarav, all.
Tbh.
M. ven, the pains of childbirth.
M. gabhan, only used with respect to the lower animals. M. G. tav, esp. the heat of fever, Kb. exhaustion.
M. hiyya, courage.
P. G. pand, the body.
H. cela, a disciple; Bg. cèle, a boy.
M. Ng
gavas-, find.
IAV. ray or rão, any respectable gentleman.
(Pr. chapa), M. san, a festival.
M. khuja, a dwarf; kubada hunchbacked;
Divatia (GLL., 389) compares the following sTss. and Tbhs. in Gujarāti:
Tbh. vät, conversation. mag, room, space. kām, work, action. gabh, fœtus.
său, complete.
[ 69-70
70. It will therefore be understood that the IAV. Tss. are really foreign words, and as little belong to the modern languages as do the few Latin words now in use in French or Italian. They are merely an addition to the vocabulary, and in no way affect the grammatical structures of the languages that employ them. They thus, like borrowed foreign words in all languages, rarely change their forms in the processes of grammatical accidence. For instance, the Tbh. H. ghōrā, a horse, has an oblique case ghore, because it is a Tbh., but rājā, a king, does not change in the oblique case, because, and only because, it is a Ts. Grammatical
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