Indian Antiquary Vol 60

Author(s): Richard Carnac Temple, Charles E A W Oldham, S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarka
Publisher: Swati Publications

Page 344

$39.40]
ON THE MODERN INDO-ARYAN VERNACULARS
(Avaust, 1931
Gawars, & tribe living in the Narsat country, at the junction of the Bašgal and Citrāl rivers. Kalāšā (KI.) is the language of the Kalāšā Kāfirs, who live in the Doab between the same two rivers. Gwr. and Kl. are both spoken in territory within the sphere of British influence, and we have more information about them than about most of tlae other Käfir languages. Biddulpho has given a vocabulary of Gwr. under the name of Narisati, and Leitner's Dardistan is largely taken up with information about Kl. All the Käfir languages are strongly influenced by the neighbouring Pašto. Pašai, the most southern member of the group also shows traces of the influence of the Indo-Aryan languages of the Western Panjab, and Kalāša, on the other hand, is, as might be expected, influenced by Khowar, the language regarding which we now proceed to speak.
1 E.8., the aspiration of a final surd, the change of nig ton, and the sligion of medial m.
2 JRAS., 1862, pp. I ff. For the language, see Morgenstierno in Mrgn. Rep., pp. 44 ff., and a much fuller account entitled "The Language of the Ashkun Kafire” in Norok 2'idsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, II (1929), 192 ff.
3 JASB., VII, 783. 4 Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, oxvi.
6 E.g., there can be little doubt but that they owe the presence of the cerebral to the influence of Pašto.
39. Khāwār (Kh.), the language of the Kho tribe, ocoupies a linguistio position midway between the Käfir and the Dard group of the Dardio languages. It is the language of Upper Citrāl and of a part of Yasin, and is also called Citräli or Catrāri. Boing spoken in a tract under the British sphere of influence, we have a fair amount of information concerning it. There is a great deal about it in Leitner's Dardistan, under the name of Arnyia,' and we have grammars by Biddulph (Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, cxxi) and O'Brien.!
1 See E. Kuhn, Die Verwandtachaftsverhältnisse der Hindukush Dialetto, in Album Kern, 29 ft.
Published in 1895. This work would have been more valuable if the author had consulted his predecessors, Biddulph and Leitner.
40. The principal genuine language of the Dard group (Drd. Gr.) is Sinal (S.), the language of the Şin tribe, inhabiting the country north of Kasmir, including Gurēz, Drās, Ciläs, and Gilgit. In former days these people extended far to the East, over Baltistān into Tibet, at least up to Khalatse, beyond Leh in Ladakh. Full accounts of this great tribe and of its language will be found in Biddulph's Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh and in Leitner's Dardistan.3 The people of Gurēz still call themselves Dards, a name which has survived from the name of the great nation, the 'Derdai' of Megasthenes and the Daradas or Daradas of the MBn. There are several dialects of şiņā, the most important of which are Gilgiti of the Gilgit valley, Punidli of north-West Gilgit, Astört of the Astör valley, Oilasi of the Indus valley from near Astor to Tangir, Gurēzi of the Gurëz valley, and the two Brökpä, or Highland, dialects of Drās and of Dah-kanü. The last-named is spoken in a couple of isolated villages in Baltistan, surrounded by speakers of the Balti dialect of Tibetan. It differs so widely from even tho Brokpă of Dras, that Drās and Dah Hanû people have to use Balti as a lingua franca, when they communicate with each other. The name Derd' has been extended by Europeans to include all the Aryan languages spoken on the south side of the Hindukus, and is the basis of the name 'Dardic' which I here use for the Modern Pisāca Languages.
1 The word is pronounced with a cerebral, and a cerebral , with the strong accent on the last syllable. The presence of the cerebral is secondary, being due to the proximity of the cerebral , exaotly as ooours under the well-known rule of Sanskrit. An original cerebral does not, so far as I am aware, ooour in the Language. It may be added that the samo rule for the cerebralization of nooours also in Burudeskt, sco Lorimer, se quoted below, pp. 188-9.
See A. H. Francke, A Languags Map of Western Tibet, JASB., vol. LXXIII, Pt. i (1994), pp. 362 ft., and The Darde of Khalates on Western Tibet, MASB., 1906, pp. 413 d.
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