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282
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
(NOVEMBER, 1878.
have confidence. In the foregoing extract this To exemplify further the differences here noticed, word occurs twice, once in the active form, wracon, and to enable the Tamil or Malay&lma scholar to and once in the causal, wrappiccu, and in both compare the two dialects, I add another extract Casos retains the radical signification, to convey from the Kéralotpatti, with an interlined translawhich in Malayalma it is not necessary that it tion into Tamil. The figures refer to the variation should appear in a compound form.
of the two languages noticed in the remarks. Mal. Srimân Sankarachariyudě charitram churukki yěludi yirikunnu. Åyada: Kerala khandattinkal Tam. Sriman sankardehuriyudeiya sarittiram surukk' eludi yirukkinradu. Ad'avadu: Kerala kandatt il Ålavâykka kilakka KAladi yệnna desattil Kaipalli yệnna 'taravadaya 'illattil kaliyugain Ålavdyukku kilakke Kalali yenra desattil Kaipalli yénra piranda vilatt' agirattil kaliyugam mavâyirattaññatt' onnêmadil chingañayaril bravananakshatrattinkal avadarichcha, muppatt' étta můdyiratt' ainutt' ond dvadil dvani masattil tiruvonanaţsattirattil a vadarittu, muppattettu 'vayasinagam smartta matatte pramâņichchu, dikka® vijayam kaļichchu tiriyo keraļattinkal érisivavayasinulle smartta madattei pramdrittu, tikkuvi jayam kondu tirumba keralattil tirukivapêruril mahadevaně kshetra munbil irikkunna mandabatinkal ninna tipatta "kaivalya pådril mahadevanadu kshetra munbil irukkinra mandabattil ninyu devígamdy motsa padavikk' ēlun 'allugayum cheydu. appôl tiruvayasa muppatt' étt' atre yâgunnu, ēnnada 'kondu padavikk' elund' autár. appoludu tiruvayasu muppatt" éttumatram dgudu. ēndadinál ikkeralarajyam nâla khandattilum brahmakshatriyavaisya sadra nâlu varnnatinnum idil Okurassia ikkeralarajyam nálu kandattilum pirama sattiriya vaisiya būdira nálu varnattilum idil tainda kilparishagalkkum innanê sakala prajagalkkum jaga guru náthandy irikkunna Sriman Sankarachari kt! kulangaluk-kum s agala prajagalukkum jaga guru nádandy irukkinra Sriman Šan kardchari kalpichch' irikkunna Acharavui anachâravum ariñña nadakkunavarkk' allåde môksham "lábhikka ill' kalpite rukkinra dsdramum andsdramum arindu na lakkinravarkk' alldde motsam a deiyavillei ěnn' atre nischayam. yenbadu táne nissayam. A summary of the history of the prosperous departed this life and ascended to the joys of Sankaracharya.
Heaven from the Mandapam in the front of the holy It is in this wise. He became incarnate in the place of Mahadeva in Sribi va-pêror in Kêraprovince of Keralam, in the Désam called Kaladi, Inm; at that time the age of the holy man did not to the south of Aluvy, in the Illam of the place exceed thirty-eight years. Thenceforth in the four of his birth, called Kaipalle, in the 3501st year of provinces of the kingdom of Kerala the four castes the Kaliyugam (A.D. 400- too early), in the month of Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sadras, of August, and under the Lunar constellation have obtained salvation by observing that which Sravanam ; within the age of thirty-eight years he ! should be dono and that which should not be dono established everywhere the Smarta sect, having as taught by the prosperous Sankarachâri, the chief travelled through every quarter ; returning he teacher of the world, and by no other means."
* Similar variations are common in all languages; they bave been too frequently overlooked by grammarians; and the principles of etymology, therefore, capable as this science is of precision, and leading as it does to the most interesting results, are still too obscure to invite research, tuo indefinite to inspire confidence. He who shall conquer the difficulties which the absurd speculations of the idle
r the ignorant have thrown in his way, and establish etymology on the firm basis of truth and reason, will suggest to the philosopher new and important speculations on mankind, and open to the historian views of the origin and connection of nations, which he can derive from no other source. The European etymologist must not, however, coutent himself with extending his researches to the Latin, the Greek, or the Teutonic only, nor must be amuse himself wad mislead his readers by theories founded on fancied resemblances to Hebrew and Arabic roots : for with these languages neither the ancient nor modern dialects of Europe have any radical connection. It is in India that he must Beck the foundation of etymology, being assured that it is on this alone that any durable structure can be erected. It is not intended here to enter further into this subject : that the assertion is generally true will be now admitted by many, though the extent to which it is true is known but to few. A single instance may illustrate it. By what possible interchange of letters can bis, though the connection in sease is evident, be derived from color, rather, how can by radical connectiou bet woou them be shown The real
etymology of the word bis can only be known by reference to the Sanskrit, and by the application of rules which govern the permutation of letters in the Prakrita. The crude form, frequently used in composition, of the word signifying treo in Sanskrit is dui, composed of the radical letters d u (which before vowels changes regularly to v or w), and : when this crude noun is declined, dva is substituted for it, and its proper form, therefore, in the nominative dual feminine is duau, which in Prakrit, in which this word has also several other forms, becomes do, and in Latin duo. This establishes the nataral connection between dui and duo. In some instances dui loses ita first letter, as in the word meaning twenty, which, formed from it by the affix mati, is not dvir jati, but visat (viginti). One of the leading canons of permutation in the Prikrits is vabayor abhedam, 'between va and ba there is no difference,' and in these dialects the latter is constantly substituted for the former, vishati becoming under this rule, and by the omis. sion of the nasal and of the final syllable, bisa. From the crude noun dvi is derived the adverb dvih, 'twice,' the final aspirate of which is substituted for 8, so that the primary form, usd also under certain rules in composition, is dois. Hence the derivation of bis is clearly indicated, and there can be no doubt but that it is formed, first, by dropping the d of duis, which then becomes vis; secondly, by changing into b, whence bis. To prove that twice and dis are not only of the same derivation, but the same as bis, would now be superfluous.
