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166 THE NINE CATEGORIES OF "May my sin be forgiven.' Greater faults a layman will confess privately to a sādhu at intervals of two or four months, or whenever he specially feels the need of confession, and will perform the penance given to him. A sadhu should confess a grave sin at once, for if he should wait even till the time of Padikamanum some karma will have accumulated, and more still if he should wait for the big fortnightly Pakkhi Padikamaņum. The accumulation of karma will be worse if he does not confess till the quarterly Comāsi (Caturmāsi) Padikamanum, and his last chance comes at the annual Samvatsari Padika. maņuṁ. If he misses that and continues with his sin un. confessed, though to all outward seeming an ascetic, he has ceased to be a true sādhu, and if he dies, he will slip far down the ladder of birth (Adhogati). Similarly, if a layman should nurse the sin of anger unconfessed and unrepented of, despite all the opportunities these various services give, he would
undoubtedly pass to hell on his death. ii. Vinaya. Another interior austerity on which the Jaina lay great
stress is reverence (Vinaya), for this, duly paid, destroys a great accumulation of karma. Both laity and ascetics should show respect to all who are their superiors in knowledge (Fñāna vinaya); in faith (Darśana vinaya); and in character (Caritra vinaya). They must keep their minds (Mana vinaya) in an attitude of humility towards their superiors; and do them honour by politeness when speaking to them (Vačana vinaya); and by salutation and bodily service (Kāya vinaya); and should observe all the old customs of reverence prescribed in the religious books (Kalpa vi. naya) to be performed either in the house or in the monasteries. Under this last heading is included all the reverence a wife should show her husband. On rising in the morning
1 A great many Indian gentlemen were being almost unconsciously influenced by the chivalrous way in which they saw Englishmen treat ladies, when the crude militant 'suffragette' movement arose. It is impossible to over-estimate the evil that this movement did to the cause
