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FUNDAMENTAL TRUTHS
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by bodily austerity (Kāyakleśa), such as sitting to do meditation in summer on heated stones in the full glare of the sun, or in winter in the coldest places that can be found, without wearing sufficient clothing. There is one such austerity which is peculiar to Jaina ascetics, Loča, or pulling out the hair by the roots. It is said to be most profitable, as showing to the ascetic how hard a life he will have to undergo, and at the same time proving to others that he has strength of mind enough to endure it. If the sādhu is ill, the following words are quoted to him: Ločevā mundevā kattevā, i.e. if the pulling out of the hair cannot be endured, hair cutting or shaving may be employed.1
There is another austerity which might almost be de- vi. Sai scribed as the avoidance of temptation by control (Sarii. linata. līnatā) in four ways: first by governing the senses (Indriya sailīnată) and not allowing the eyes, for instance, to look at anything beyond a certain distance; then by controlling anger, deceit, pride and greed (Kaṣāya saıilīnatā); or by refraining as much as possible from the exercise of intellect, speech, or body (Yoga sailīnatā), sitting silent, for instance, in a cramped position; and lastly, by being very careful where one goes to stay, and previously ascer. taining that no woman lives near (Viviktacaryā). Karma is also dried up by the right use of six interior The six
interior or spiritual austerities.
austeri The first of these, confession and penance (Prāyaśċitta), is ties. binding on both ascetics and laity. The ascetic must con- i. Prāyaś.
bu ċitta. fess to the chief guru, and the layman to whatever sādhuc he chooses; and they must perform the penances allotted to them, according to the rules laid down in the sacred books. Also cvery morning and every evening when they engage in Padikamaņum ? they must confess their faults generally in the following Māgadhi formula: Miċċhāmi dukkadam, 3
1 Dr. Jacobi (S.B, E., xxii, p. 308, note 1) says he is not aware that removing the hair is resorted to in the case of nuns, but the writer knows as a fact that it is regularly done. 2 Sanskrit Pratikramana.
3 Sanskrit Mithyāme duskritam.
