First Principal of the Jaina Philosophy

Author(s): Hirachand Liladhar Zaveri
Publisher: Jaina Vividh Sahitya Shastramala

Page 48

THE JAIN PHILOSOPHY
actually is in its present phenomenal state. For instance, a red-hot piece of iron can be called fire, although it is a piece of iron; also in the same way a soul can be called what it actually is (a cat, a man), . although it is essentially a pure soul. Souls are pure,' but, when they are under the influence of karma, they can be called what the karma actually makes them, cat, man, etc.; an angry being, etc. The name of this eighth way of comprehending a thing is karmopadhi sapeksha-asuddha dravyarthika-naya.
9. In the ninth one considers a substance or thing as permanent, while regarding it as changing from one thing to another at a given moment. For example when a gold necklace is broken and made into bracelets, the 'gold remains permanent, the necklace is destroyed, and the bracelets come into existence (are originated). The name of this is utpada-vyaya-sapekshasatta-grahaka-asuddha dravyarthika-naya.
10. In the tenth one conceives the qualities of a thing as distinct from the thing endowed with these qualities. For example, ‘knowledge, etc., are the qualities of the soul: if some one wished to assert that, as it 'John's book' book is separate from John, so in the soul's knowledge ‘knowledge' is distinct from soul, he can do so under this tenth subdivision of the first class of aspects. The name of this tenth