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Preface
of the Universe. The five extended substances (pañcāstikayasPrinciple of motion up to Matter) and Time (kāla)-the sixth substance are permanent in their nature and fixed in number as the sole constituents of the Universe. All except Matter are non-corporeal, i. e. they are not endowed with its characteristics-colour, taste, smell and touch, etc. In the midst of the series of eternal and infinite changes occurring in them, they persist as substances-permanent-in-change (pariņāmïnityadravyas), for they are eternal, independent and permanent categories of Reality from the substantial point of view, yet they are also changing in nature from the modal point of view.
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Dharmastikaya and Adharmastikaya (principles of motion and rest) are the neutral and conditional causes of motion and rest respectively of Jiva (Soul) and Pudgala (Matter). Ākāśa is that which functions as locus in which other substances manifest themselves or exist with their respective modes without exception or itself gives room to them. Jiva (Soul) is a colourless, smelless, tasteless and touchless, non-corporeal, living eternal and permanent and constant substances of the Universe, having an attribute of consciousness. Pudgala is conceived as a permanent substance as well as stuff of which the material universe is constituted, undergoing changes by the process of integration and disintegration. Kala (Time) is accepted as an objective reality. It is one substance having an infinite number of moments as its states. It is constitutionally dynamic in the sense that it changes into moments by virtue of its intrinsic constitution like other substances. The concept of time as mode is inspired by the modal point of view, for it is opined that moments emerge and perish without relation to any underlying continuing substance.
Jain Education International
Bhuta of the Cārvākas, Prakṛti of the Samkhya-Yoga, Jadadravya of the Nyaya-Vaiseṣika and the Mimāṁsakas, Rūpa of the Buddhists, Maya of the Sankara-Vedanta, Acit of the Ramanuja-Vedanta and Pudgala of Jaina philosophy are only diverse views on the subject-Matter.
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