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v) Vyutsarga — It consist in renouncing the feeling of 'l' and ‘my'. Acharya Akalanka says that vyutsarga may be referred as renunciation, non-attachment, fearlessness and giving up of hunger and thirst and things of the world. For the sake of righteousness, vyutsarga aims at self-denial and renunciation.245
vi) Dhyana - Dhyana is one of the most practised austerities to realise the ultimate self and attain divinity.
Dhyana means concentration of mind. According to the Yogashastra of Hemachandrasuri : 'Dhyana leads to the knowledge of the self and knowledge of self leads to the destruction of the karmas which is nothing but Moksha.”246 Acharya Umasvati (Umaswamy) states that mental concentration on one object is dhyana which extends up to one muhurta (48 Minutes).247
In Panchastikaya we observe, “In a person who has neither desire nor aversion and who is free from ignorance, attachment to sense pleasures and from the activity of thought, speech and body, there flames forth the fire of meditation that burns out all karmas”. 248
Dhyana has been classified into four types viz., Arta dhyana, Raudra dhyana, Dharma dhyana and Shukla dhyana. The Arta dhyana and Raudra dhyana are the result of hatred, greediness, attachment and detachment, etc. and hence these should be discarded. While Dharma dhyana and Shukla dhyana are the result of equanimity, self control, etc. towards divinity.
I. Arta Dhyana (sorrowful concentration) : The word arta is derived from 'r' meaning agony and anguish and accordingly it stands for the mental condition of suffering from agony and anguish. Arta dhyana is of four types249 viz., i) Amanognya : When a person is confronted with an undesirable object and directs his entire attention towards getting rid of the disagreeable objects and non-occurrence of such confrontation in the future.250 ii) Manognya : When a person is confronted with a desirable object
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THE CONCEPT OF DIVINITY IN JAINISM
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