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Biology in Jaina Treatise on Reals
volitional states under different karmic attachments. These transformations are themeleves called the nature of the soul in terms of these volitions
It is not correct to say that the soul cannot be subjugated by the kamas as it is non-material. In fact, the karmic association creates the specific capacity of subjugation. Moreover, the living soul is material with respect to karmic attachment and non-material with respect to knowledge etc. It is due to its material aspects that we see its subjugation by alcohol. The alcohol cannot subjugate the non-conscious senses. The pleasures and pains cannot be the qualities of non-living entities, otherwise, a dead body should also have these feelings. (k) However, it is a fact that the karmically subjugated soul is still fine and it is very difficult to prove its existence. Nevertheless, there are certain specific differentia which may lead to confirm the existence of the living soul. 2. Though, the volitions of actorship and enjoyership seem to be manifested by the living only, but, on finer observation, we find them in other realities also. Some examples are given in the text. Some others, more visible, are given here: (a) Karmic bonding, karmic fruition and karmic shredding are common to both the living and mattergy. These are the associated processes. (b) Mercury reacts with gold and, thus, is the enjoyer of gold.
Any material kept in the lake of salt is eaten by the salt through physical and/or chemical reactions. (d) The digestive fire of the stomach enjoys the metabolism of food materials and the oven-fire enjoys the burning of wood. 3. The livingness has two varieties- (i) physiology-based and (ii) consciousness-based. The first is dependent on vitalities while the other on marks of consciousness. Here, the second type of livingness in intended which is common to all the living beings and independent of any causes. 4. There are other common inherent volitions also represented by the word 'ca' in 2.7.12. These may include moving upwards, substantivity, attractivity etc. which are found in the living and other realities. 5. Many of these volitions like existence, separateness, substantivity and others are dependent properties. Some of them represent modal properties while others indicate intrinsic properties 6. The salvated beings are the living beings not only with respect to earlier standpoints, but also with respect to psychical vitalities of knowledge etc. The vitalities may be destructional rather than inherent but vitalities and livingness are inherent in each other. Moreover, vitalities represent physiological life which is not intended here. The livingness of the salvated can be proved to be inherent on the basis of defining it in terms of consciousness. 7. These are eternal characteristics of the living because, otherwise, there will not arise non-essential qualities in it like the quartz. The different volitions
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